1980fast: /* Christianity */ No period for incomplete sentence

2018-10-19T00:42:35Z

‎Christianity: No period for incomplete sentence

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{{short description|Religious concept with varied meanings}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2016}}
{{Philosophy of religion sidebar |expanded=God}}
'''Holy Spirit''' is a term found in [[English translations of the Bible]] that is understood differently among the [[Abrahamic religions]].<ref name="Levison2002">{{cite book |last1 = Levison |first1 = John R. |title = The Spirit in First-Century Judaism |publisher = Brill |location = Boston |isbn = 0-391-04131-2 |page = 65 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkn3PISMaA8C |quotation = Relevant Milieux : Israelite Literature : The expression, holy spirit, occurs in the Hebrew Bible only in Isa 63:10–11 and Ps 51:13. In Isaiah 63, the spirit acts within the corporate experience of Israel... |year = 2002 }}</ref><ref name="CanerCaner">{{cite book |last1 = Caner |first1 = Emir Fethi |last2 = Caner |first2 = Ergun Mehmet |title = More Than a Prophet: An Insider's Response to Muslim Beliefs about Jesus and Christianity |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MkcooJC8Q9EC&pg=PA43 |year = 2003 |publisher = Kregel Publications |location = Grand Rapids, MI |isbn = 978-0-8254-9682-0 |page = 43 |quotation = In Surah al-Nahl (16:102), the text is even more explicit: Say, the Holy Spirit has brought the revelation from thy Lord in Truth, in order to strengthen those who believe and as a Guide and glad tidings to Muslims." }}</ref> The term is also used to describe aspects of other religions and belief structures.

== Etymology ==
The word ''[[spirit]]'' (from the Latin ''spiritus'' meaning "breath") appears either alone or with other words, in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Old Testament]]) and the [[New Testament]]. Combinations include expressions such as the "Holy Spirit", "Spirit of [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]]", and in Christianity, "Spirit of [[Christ (title)|Christ]]".{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|p=153}}

The word ''spirit'' is rendered as רוּחַ (''ruach'') in Hebrew-language parts of the Old Testament.<ref name="Caulley2001"/> In [[Biblical Aramaic|its Aramaic parts]], the term is ''rûacḥ''.<ref name="Levison2009">{{cite book|last=Levison|first=John R.|title=Filled with the Spirit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLD6yi3XbkUC&pg=PA129|year=2009|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-0-8028-6372-0|page=129}}</ref> The Greek translation of the Old Testament, the [[Septuagint]], translates the word as πνεῦμα (''[[pneuma]]'').<ref name="Caulley2001">{{cite book |last = Caulley |first = Thomas Scott |editor-last = Elwell |editor-first = Walter A. |title = Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g8O4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA568 |year = 2001 |publisher = Baker Academic |location = Grand Rapids |isbn = 978-1-4412-0030-3 |page = 568 |chapter = Holy Spirit }}</ref> This is the same word that is used throughout the New Testament, written originally in Greek.{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|p=154}}

The English term ''spirit'' comes from its Latin origin, ''spiritus'', which is how the [[Vulgate]] translates both the Old and New Testament concept.<ref>{{cite web |title = spirit (n.) |last = Harper |first = Douglas |work = Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = August 29, 2016 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=spirit }}</ref> The alternative term, "Holy Ghost", comes from [[Old English]] translations of ''spiritus''.<ref>{{cite web |title = ghost (n.) |last = Harper |first = Douglas |work = Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate = August 29, 2016 |url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ghost }}</ref>

== Comparative religion ==
The Hebrew Bible contains the term "[[Holy Spirit in Judaism|spirit of God]]" (''ruach hakodesh'') in the sense of the might of a unitary [[God in Judaism|God]]. This meaning is different from the [[Christianity|Christian]] concept of "[[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]" as one personality of [[God in Christianity|God]] in the [[Trinity]].<ref>{{cite book |last = Espín |first = Orlando O. |editor-last1 = Espín |editor-first1 = Orlando O. |editor-last2 = Nickoloff |editor-first2 = James B. |title = An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA576 |year = 2007 |publisher = Liturgical Press |location = Collegeville |isbn = 978-0-8146-5856-7 |page = 576 |chapter = Holy Spirit }}</ref>

The Christian concept tends to emphasize the [[morality|moral]] aspect of the Holy Spirit more than [[Judaism]], evident in the epithet {{em|Holy}} Spirit that appeared in Jewish religious writings only relatively late but was a common expression in the Christian New Testament.<ref>{{cite book |last = Dunn |first = James D. G. |editor-last = Welker |editor-first = Michael |title = The Work of the Spirit: Pneumatology and Pentecostalism |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VsN-bkOLvjMC&pg=PA3 |year = 2006 |publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |location = Grand Rapids |isbn = 978-0-8028-0387-0 |page = 3 |chapter = Towards the Spirit of Christ: The Emergence of the Distinctive Features of Christian Pneumatology }}</ref>

According to [[Theology|theologian]] [[Rudolf Bultmann]], there are two ways to think about the Holy Spirit: "animistic" and "dynamistic". In animistic thinking, it is "an independent agent, a personal power which like a demon can fall upon a man and take possession of him, enabling him or compelling him to perform manifestations of power" while in dynamistic thought it "appears as an impersonal force which fills a man like a fluid".{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|p=155}} Both kinds of thought appear in Jewish and Christian scripture, but animistic is more typical of the Old Testament whereas dynamistic is more common in the New Testament.{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|pp=156–157}} The distinction coincides with the Holy Spirit as either a temporary or permanent gift. In the Old Testament and Jewish thought, it is primarily temporary with a specific situation or task in mind, whereas in the Christian concept the gift resides in man permanently.{{sfn|Bultmann|2007|pp=157}}

On the surface, the Holy Spirit appears to have an equivalent in non-Abrahamic [[Greco-Roman mysteries|Hellenistic mystery religions]]. These religions included a distinction between the [[spirit]] and [[Soul in the Bible|psyche]], which is also seen in the [[Pauline epistles]]. According to proponents of the [[History of religions school]], the Christian concept of the Holy Spirit cannot be explained from Jewish ideas alone without reference to the Hellenistic religions.{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=2}} However, according to theologian Erik Konsmo, the views "are so dissimilar that the only legitimate connection one can make is with the Greek term πνεῦμα [''[[pneuma]]'', Spirit] itself".{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=5}}

Another link with ancient Greek thought is the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] idea of the spirit as ''[[anima mundi]]''—or world soul—that unites all people.{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=5}} Some believe that this can be seen in Paul's formulation of the concept of the Holy Spirit that unites [[Christians]] in [[Jesus]] [[Christ (title)|Christ]] and love for one another, but Konsmo again thinks that this position is difficult to maintain.{{sfn|Konsmo|2010|p=6}} In his Introduction to the 1964 book ''[[Meditations]]'', the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth wrote:
<blockquote>
Another Stoic concept which offered inspiration to the Church was that of 'divine Spirit'. Cleanthes, wishing to give more explicit meaning to Zeno's 'creative fire', had been the first to hit upon the term ''pneuma'', or 'spirit', to describe it. Like fire, this intelligent 'spirit' was imagined as a tenuous substance akin to a current of air or breath, but essentially possessing the quality of warmth; it was immanent in the universe as God, and in man as the soul and life-giving principle. Clearly it is not a long step from this to the 'Holy Spirit' of Christian theology, the 'Lord and Giver of life', visibly manifested as tongues of fire at Pentecost and ever since associated – in the Christian as in the Stoic mind – with the ideas of vital fire and beneficient warmth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aurelius |first=Marcus |authorlink=Marcus Aurelius| title=Meditations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV7Teosv0bIC |year=1964 |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=25 |id={{ISBN|978-0-140-44140-6}} |isbn=0-14044140-9}}</ref></blockquote>

== Abrahamic religions ==
=== Judaism ===
{{Main|Holy Spirit in Judaism}}

The Hebrew language phrase ''ruach ha-kodesh'' ([[Hebrew]]: רוח הקודש, "holy spirit" also transliterated ''ruacḥ ha-qodesh'') is a term used in the Hebrew Bible ([[Tanakh]]) and Jewish writings to refer to the spirit of [[YHWH]] (רוח יהוה). It literally means "spirit of the holiness" or "spirit of the holy place". The Hebrew terms ''ruacḥ qodshəka'', "thy holy spirit" (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ), and ''ruacḥ qodshō'', "his holy spirit" (רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ) also occur (when a possessive suffix is added the [[definite article]] is dropped).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}

The "Holy Spirit" in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High God, over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts.<ref name="Encyclopedia Judaica">Alan Unterman and Rivka Horowitz,Ruah ha-Kodesh, Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia/Keter, 1997).</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Ezekiel 1.jpeg|[[Ezekiel]] receives divine command, represented by the [[Hand of God (art)|Hand of God]], [[Dura-Europos Synagogue]], 3rd century CE
File:Birdhea5.jpg|Early 14th-century [[Birds' Head Haggadah]]: two hands of God appear underneath the text of the ''[[Dayenu]]'' song, dispensing the [[manna]] from heaven<ref>[http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/galleries/viewItemE.asp?case=26&itemNum=199815 The Birds' Head Haggadah]. The Israel Museum Permanent Exhibitions.</ref>
File:Moses and burning bush.jpeg|God calling out from the [[Burning Bush]] to prophet [[Moses|Moshe]], wing panel wall painting, [[Dura Europos]]
</gallery>

=== Christianity ===
{{Main|Holy Spirit in Christianity}}
For the large majority of [[Christian]]s, the Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost, from Old English ''gast'', "spirit") is a member of the [[Trinity]]: The "Triune God" manifested as [[God the Father|Father]], [[God the Son|Son]], and Holy Spirit; each aspect itself being God.<ref name="Erickson103">{{cite book |first1 = Millard J. |last1 = Erickson |year = 1992 |title = Introducing Christian Doctrine |publisher = Baker Book House |page = 103 }}</ref><ref name="Hammond">{{cite book |first1 = T. C. |last1 = Hammond |editor1-first = David F. |editor1-last = Wright |year = 1968 |title = In Understanding be Men: A Handbook of Christian Doctrine |edition = 6th |publisher = [[Inter-Varsity Press]] |pages = 54–56, 128–131 }}</ref><ref name="Systematic_theology">Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine.'' Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: [[Zondervan]]. p. 226.</ref> Two symbols from the New Testament canon are associated with the Holy Spirit in Christian [[iconography]]: a winged dove, and tongues of fire.<ref>Luke 3:22, NIV</ref><ref>Acts 2:3, NIV</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2017}} Each depiction of the Holy Spirit arose from different historical accounts in the [[Gospel]] narratives; the first being at the [[baptism of Jesus]] in the [[Jordan River]] where the Holy Spirit was said to descend in the form of a dove as the voice of God the Father spoke as described in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]], and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]]<ref>Luke 3:22, NIV</ref>;the second being from the day of [[Pentecost]], fifty days after [[Easter|Pascha]] where the descent of the Holy Spirit came upon the [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]] and other followers of [[Jesus Christ]], as tongues of fire as described in the [[Acts of the Apostles]].{{bibleverse-nb||Acts|2:1–31}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=The descent of the Dove : a short history of the Holy Spirit in the church|last=Williams|first=Charles|publisher=Faber|year=1950|isbn=|location=London|pages=|via=}}</ref> Called "the unveiled [[theophany|epiphany of God]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Kasemann|first=Ernst|date=1960|title=The Beginnings of Christian Theology|trans-title=W.J. Montague, New Testament Questions of Today|language=German|location=102|publisher=Philadelphia: Fortress|isbn=978-1-316-61990-2}}</ref> the Holy Spirit is the one who empowers the followers of Jesus with spiritual gifts<ref>I Corinthians 13:4-11, NIV</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53143450|title=The Holy Spirit and power|last=Wesley|first=John|page=107|date=2003|publisher=Bridge-Logos|others=Keefauver, Larry., Weakley, Clare G.|isbn=088270947X|edition=[Rev. and updated ed.]|location=Gainesville, Fla.|oclc=53143450}}</ref> and power<ref>Acts 1:8</ref><ref>Johnson, Bill. ''When Heaven Invades Earth''. Destiny Image, 2005</ref> that enabled the proclamation of Jesus Christ, and the power that brought conviction of faith.

<gallery class="center">
File:Rom, Vatikan, Basilika St. Peter, Die Taube des Heiligen Geistes (Cathedra Petri, Bernini).jpg|Depiction of the Christian Holy Spirit [[Doves as symbols|as a dove]], by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], in the [[apse]] of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]]
File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|A depiction of the Trinity consisting of [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|God the Holy Spirit]] along with God the Father and God the Son
File:Абраз "Сашэсце Святога Духа".JPG|Pentecost icon depicting the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and Mary in the form of tongues of flame above their heads
</gallery>

=== Islam ===
{{Main|Holy Spirit in Islam}}

The Holy Spirit ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: روح القدس ''Ruh al-Qudus'', "the holy spirit") is mentioned four times in the [[Qur'an]],<ref>[http://searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3&translator=1&search=1&start=0 Qur'an search: روح القدس.] searchtruth.com.</ref> where it acts as an agent of divine action or communication. While there are similarities to the Holy Spirit mentioned in Christian and Jewish, it is unclear if these four references<ref>[http://searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3&translator=1&search=1&start=0 Qur'an search: روح القدس.] searchtruth.com.</ref> refer to the same Holy Spirit. The [[Muslim]] interpretation of the Holy Spirit is generally consistent with other interpretations based upon the Old and the New Testaments. On the basis of narrations in certain [[Hadith]] some Muslims identify it with the angel [[Gabriel]] (Arabic ''Jibrāʾīl'').{{citationeeded|date=April 2018}} The Spirit (الروح ''al-Ruh'', without the adjective "holy" or "exalted") is described, among other things, as the creative spirit from God by which God enlivened [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], and which inspired in various ways God's messengers and prophets, including [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]]. The belief in a "Holy Trinity", according to the Qur'an, is forbidden and deemed to be [[blasphemy]]. The same prohibition applies to any idea of the [[Dualistic cosmology|duality]] of [[God in Islam|God]] ([[Allah]]).<ref>Griffith, Sidney H. ''Holy Spirit'', [[Encyclopaedia of the Quran]].</ref><ref>[[Thomas Patrick Hughes]], ''A Dictionary of Islam'', p. 605.</ref>

== Other religions ==

Other religions reference a spirit that has a name resembling the Holy Spirit found in the Christian and Jewish faiths, but similar to Islam, this is a different spirit with a different purpose that is unique to those religions, as is seen below:

=== Bahá'í Faith ===
{{Main|Maid of Heaven}}

The [[Bahá'í Faith]] has the concept of the ''Most Great Spirit'', seen as the bounty of God.<ref name="saq">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-25.html |chapter = The Holy Spirit |pages = 108–109 |origyear = 1904–06 }}</ref> It is usually used to describe the descent of the Spirit of God upon the [[Manifestations of God|messengers/prophets of God]] who include, among others, Jesus, [[Muhammad]] and [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name="rob1">{{cite book |last = Taherzadeh |first = Adib |authorlink = Adib Taherzadeh |year = 1976 |title = The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1: Baghdad 1853–63 |publisher = George Ronald |location = Oxford, UK |isbn = 0-85398-270-8 |page = 10 |url = http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V1/p007-011Ch01.html?back=%3C }}</ref>

In Bahá'í belief, the Holy Spirit is the [[Conduit (spiritualism)|conduit]] through which the wisdom of God becomes directly associated with his messenger, and it has been described variously in different religions such as the [[burning bush]] to Moses, the [[Atar|sacred fire]] to Zoroaster, [[Baptism of Jesus|the dove]] to Jesus, the angel Gabriel to Muhammad, and the [[Maid of Heaven]] to Bahá'u'lláh.<ref name="abdo">{{cite journal |journal = Bahá'í Studies Review |volume = 4 |issue = 1 |year = 1994 |title = Female Representations of the Holy Spirit in Bahá'í and Christian writings and their implications for gender roles |url = http://bahai-library.com/abdo_female_holy-spirit |first = Lil |last = Abdo }}</ref> The Bahá'í view rejects the idea that the Holy Spirit is a partner to God in the Godhead, but rather is the pure essence of God's attributes.<ref name="saq2">{{cite book |author = `Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink = `Abdu'l-Bahá |year = 1981 |title = Some Answered Questions |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-190-6 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAQ/saq-27.html |chapter = The Trinity |pages = 113–115 |origyear = 1904–06 }}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===

The [[Hinduism]] concept of [[Advaita]] is linked to Trinity and has been briefly explained by [[Raimon Panikkar]], Professor of Comparative Religion and History of Religions, Department of Religious Studies of the University of California. He states that the Holy Spirit, as one of the Three Persons of the Trinity of "father, Logos and Holy Spirit", is a bridge builder between Christianity and Hinduism. He explains that “The meeting of spiritualistic can take place in the Spirit. No new 'system' has primarily to come of this encounter, but a new and yet old spirit must emerges."<ref name="MacPherson1996">{{cite book |author = Camilia Gangasingh MacPherson |title = A Critical Reading of the Development of Raimon Panikkar's Thought on the Trinity |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WHWdnYo82YkC&pg=PA41 |year = 1996 |publisher = University Press of America |isbn = 978-0-7618-0184-9 |pages = 41–32 }}</ref> In [[North India]], Indian Christians have associated the Hindu term [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] with the Holy Spirit. Atman is [[Vedas|Vedic]] terminology elaborated in [[Hindu scriptures]] such as [[Upanishads]] and [[Vedanta]] signifies the [[Ultimate Reality]] and [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref name="Kärkkäinen2010">{{cite book |author = Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen |title = Holy Spirit and Salvation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=buA7YKLWe6YC&pg=PA431 |year = 2010 |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |isbn = 978-0-664-23136-1 |page = 431 }}</ref>

=== Buddhism ===

In [[Buddhism]], Holy Spirit is compared to Buddha Nature as a [[Buddhist]] image or Christ consciousness, a oneness with an all encompassing plan. Hence, the Holy Spirit is considered the "means of which the faithful develop and journey to their spiritual goal."<ref name="Ragland2003">{{cite book |author = Thomas Ragland |title = The Noble Eightfold Path of Christ: Jesus Teaches the Dharma of Buddhism |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oHCIjZimIhIC&pg=PA107 |year = 2003 |publisher = Trafford Publishing |isbn = 978-1-4120-0013-0 |page = 107 }}</ref>

=== Sikhism ===

In [[Sikhism]], the [[Guru]] is the medium and the Holy spirit is stated to have moved from [[Guru Nanak]] to the nine [[Sikhism|Sikh]] Gurus who followed him culminating with [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the "tenth Guru Nanak".<ref name="Duggal1988">{{cite book |author = Kartar S. Duggal |title = Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VtuOZBTkHAMC&pg=PA39 |year = 1988 |publisher = Himalayan Institute Press |isbn = 978-0-89389-109-1 |page = 39 }}</ref>

=== Zoroastrianism ===
In [[Zoroastrianism]], the Holy Spirit, also known as [[Amesha Spenta#Doctrine|Spenta Mainyu]], is a [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostasis]] of [[Ahura Mazda]], the supreme Creator God of Zoroastrianism; the Holy Spirit is seen as the source of all goodness in the universe, the spark of all life within humanity, and is the ultimate guide for humanity to righteousness and communion with God. The Holy Spirit is put in direct opposition to its eternal dual counterpart, [[Angra Mainyu]], who is the source of all wickedness and who leads humanity astray.<ref>{{cite book |author = Mary Boyce |title = Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPlmnX7AgMEC&pg=PA12 |year = 1990 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |isbn = 978-0-22606-930-2 |page = 12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author = Meena Iyer |title = Faith and Philosophy of Zoroastrianism |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4lNPn6kQEAcC&pg=PA90 |year = 2009 |publisher = Gyan Publishing House |isbn = 978-8-17835-724-9 |page = 90}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Avatar]]
* [[Baptism with the Holy Spirit]]
* [[Barakah]]
* [[Cult of the Holy Spirit]]
* [[Deity]]
* [[Gender of the Holy Spirit]]
* [[God in Abrahamic religions]]
* [[Great Spirit]]
* [[Intercession of the Spirit]]
* [[Pneumatology (Christianity)|Pneumatology]]

{{div col end}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last = Bultmann |first = Rudolf |title = Theology of the New Testament |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Lhazug-q5YAC&pg=PA153 |year = 2007 |orig-year = 1951 |translator-last = Grobel |translator-first = Kendrick |publisher = Baylor University Press |location = Waco |isbn = 978-1-932792-93-5 |volume = 1 |at = § 14. The Spirit: 1 |ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last = Konsmo |first = Erik |title = The Pauline Metaphors of the Holy Spirit: The Intangible Spirit's Tangible Presence in the Life of the Christian |year = 2010 |publisher = Peter Lang |location = New York |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NGNYNuWP31EC |isbn = 978-1-4331-0691-0 |ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Marcus Aurelius |authorlink=Marcus Aurelius| title=Meditations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV7Teosv0bIC |year=1964 |location=London |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14044140-9}}
{{Refend}}

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Holy Spirit - Revision history

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