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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>The '''joint decision trap''' was identified by the [[political scientist]], [[Fritz W. Scharpf]] in a 1988 scholarly article, {{cite book |last= Scharpf|first= Fritz W.|title= 'The Joint-Decision Trap. Lessons From German Federalism and European Integration'|year= 1988|series= Public Administration, Vol. 66, No. 2|pages= 239–78}}<ref name=SM-AT-W-03/> It is understood to be a situation in which there is a tendency for government decisions to be taken at the [[lowest common denominator]] in situations where the decision-makers have the ability to veto the proposals. It is a common challenge for [[Federalism|federal]] governments such as [[Germany]] and the [[European Union]].<ref name=SM-AT-W-01/><ref name=SM-AT-W-02/><ref>{{cite news|title=Who governs the environmental policy in the EU? A study of the process towards a common climate target|url=http://www.cicero.uio.no/publications/detail.aspx?publication_id=50&lang=NO|accessdate=7 November 2010|newspaper=Cicero}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Systems thinking#Applications|Anticipatory thinking]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2|refs=<br />
<ref name=SM-AT-W-01>{{cite web|title=The Joint-Decision Trap Revisited|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/events/EventsArchive/Seminal%20Contributions/FritzScharpf.doc|publisher=London School of Economics|accessdate=14 August 2012}}</ref> <br />
<ref name=SM-AT-W-02>{{cite web|title=Introduction: The EU’s Decision Traps and their Exits, A Concept for Comparative Analysis|url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199596225.pdf|publisher=|accessdate=14 August 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by Gerda Falkner</ref> <br />
<ref name=SM-AT-W-03>{{cite web|title=The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European integration|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00694.x/abstract|publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley.com|accessdate=14 August 2012}}</ref> <br />
}}<br />
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== Further reading ==<br />
* Peter F. Drucker; ''[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/4208.html Harvard Business Review on Decision Making]'' (2001); {{ISBN|1-57851-557-2}}<br />
* John S. Hammond; ''[http://www.pon.harvard.edu/shop/smart-choices-a-practical-guide-to-making-better-decisions/ Smart Choices: A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions]'' (2002); {{ISBN|0-7679-0886-4}}<br />
* Edward Russo, Paul J.H. Schoemaker; ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Decision_traps.html?id=5IhFAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y Decision Traps]'' (1990) {{ISBN|0-385-24835-0}}<br />
* Paul J.H. Schoemaker; ''[https://www.amazon.com/Winning-Decisions-Getting-Right-First/dp/0385502257 Winning Decisions: Getting It Right the First Time]'' (2001); {{ISBN|0-7499-2285-0}}<br />
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[[Category:Strategic management]]<br />
[[Category:Systems thinking]]<br />
[[Category:Business planning]]<br />
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