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{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = J. K. Rowling
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|size=100%}}
| image = J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Rowling at the [[White House Easter Egg Roll]], 2010
| pseudonym = {{unbulleted list|J. K. Rowling|Robert Galbraith}}
| birth_name = Joanne Rowling
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Yate]], Gloucestershire, England
| nationality = British
| education = [[University of Exeter]] <small>(1986, [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>
| occupation = Novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer, screenwriter
| period = 1997–present
| genre = [[Fantasy]], drama, [[young adult fiction]], [[tragicomedy]], [[crime fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series
| spouse = {{unbulleted list| {{marriage|Jorge Arantes|1992|1995|end=divorce}} | {{marriage|Neil Murray|2001}} }}
| partner =
| children = 3
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|jkrowling.com}}
| signature = JKRowlingsignature.png
}}
'''Joanne <!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; see the section "Name"--> Rowling''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|size=85%|sep=,}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|əʊ|l|ɪ|ŋ}} "rolling";<ref name=bio>Rowling, J.K. (16 February 2007). [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html "The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430125041/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html |date=30 April 2008 }}. Accio Quote (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 28 April 2008.</ref> born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names '''J. K. Rowling''' and '''Robert Galbraith''',<!--do not change to "English" or "Scottish" until issue is resolved --> is a British [[novelist]], [[philanthropist]], [[film producer]], [[television producer]] and [[screenwriter]], best known for writing the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' fantasy series. The books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Potter book sales top 500 million worldwide|author=Eyre, Charlotte|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/harry-potter-books-sales-reach-500-million-worldwide-723556|work=The Bookseller|date=1 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201190313/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/harry-potter-books-sales-reach-500-million-worldwide-723556|archivedate=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> becoming the [[List of best-selling books|best-selling book series in history]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Record for best-selling book series |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/best-selling-book-series-for-children |publisher=Guinness World Records |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023212942/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/best-selling-book-series-for-children |archivedate=23 October 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> They have also been the basis for [[Harry Potter (film series)|a film series]], over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/12/09/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ |title=Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer David Heyman |publisher=firstshowing.net |date=9 December 2010 |author=Billington, Alex |accessdate=29 December 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220175352/http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/12/09/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ |archivedate=20 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was a producer on the final films in the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warner Bros. Pictures Worldwide Satellite Trailer Debut: ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry|work=Businesswire|year=2010|accessdate=29 December 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092506/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry|archivedate=27 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Born in [[Yate]], Gloucestershire, England, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for [[Amnesty International]] when she conceived the idea for the ''Harry Potter'' series while on a delayed train from [[Manchester]] to London in 1990.<ref name=WizardBehindPotter /> The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband and relative poverty until the [[debut novel|first novel]] in the series, ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last, ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'', was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written five books for adult readers: ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (2012) and—under the [[pseudonym]] Robert Galbraith—the [[crime fiction]] novels ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' (2013), ''[[The Silkworm]]'' (2014), ''[[Career of Evil]]'' (2015), and ''[[Lethal White (novel)|Lethal White]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|title=Writing - J.K. Rowling|url=https://www.jkrowling.com/writing/|accessdate=24 October 2018|website=JK Rowling|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Rowling has lived a "[[rags to riches]]" life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to being the world's first billionaire author.<ref name="The world's first billionaire author is cashing in">{{cite news|title=The world's first billionaire author is cashing in|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/31/the-worlds-first-billionaire-author-is-cashing-in.html|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> She lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity, but remains one of the wealthiest people in the world.<ref name="J.K. Rowling Is No Longer A Billionaire, Booted Off Forbes List">{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling Is No Longer A Billionaire, Booted Off Forbes List|url= http://www.businessinsider.com/jk-rowling-is-no-longer-a-billionaire-booted-off-forbes-list-2012-3|publisher= Business Insider}}</ref> She is the United Kingdom's bestselling living author, with sales in excess of £238M.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling: Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9584404/JK-Rowling-Casual-Vacancy-tops-fiction-charts.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=4 October 2012|location=London|first=Emma-Victoria|last=Farr|date=3 October 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003423/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9584404/JK-Rowling-Casual-Vacancy-tops-fiction-charts.html|archivedate=4 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 2016 ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' estimated Rowling's fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK.<ref name="richlist">{{cite news |title=Sir Arnold Clark 'first billionaire car dealer' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36123599 |accessdate=1 August 2016 |work=BBC News|date=24 April 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704122109/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36123599 |archivedate=4 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] named her a runner-up for its 2007 [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]], noting the social, moral, and [[Politics of Harry Potter|political inspiration]] she has given [[Harry Potter fandom|her fans]].<ref>Gibbs, Nancy (19 December 2007). [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695436,00.html Person of the Year 2007: Runners-Up: J.K. Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221164141/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695436,00.html |date=21 December 2007 }}. ''Time'' magazine. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</ref> In October 2010, Rowling was named the "Most Influential Woman in Britain" by leading magazine editors.<ref name="htanna">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling named Most Influential Woman in the UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/11/harry-potter-jkrowling-influential-woman |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=11 October 2010 |first=Damien |last=Pearse |date=11 October 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025163115/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/11/harry-potter-jkrowling-influential-woman |archivedate=25 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She has supported charities, including [[Comic Relief (charity)|Comic Relief]], [[One Parent Families]] and [[Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain]], and launched her own charity, [[Lumos (charity)|Lumos]].
==Name==
Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, her name, before her remarriage, was Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the target audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman, her publishers asked that she use two initials rather than her full name. As she had no middle name, she chose ''K'' (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Jo Rowling Interview on Oprah |url=http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |accessdate=28 January 2012 |series=The Oprah Winfrey Show |serieslink=The Oprah Winfrey Show |airdate=2010-10-01 |time=1:50 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219121651/http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |archivedate=19 December 2011 }}</ref> She calls herself Jo.<ref>Shelagh, Rogers (23 October 2000). "Interview: J.K. Rowling". ''This Morning''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1023-thismorning-rogers.html Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215222731/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1023-thismorning-rogers.html |date=15 December 2013 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). 28 July 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</ref> Following her remarriage, she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.<ref name=david>[http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2143434,00.html "Judge rules against J.K. Rowling in privacy case"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608173816/http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2143434,00.html |date=8 June 2008 }}. ''Guardian Unlimited''. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</ref><ref name=dt>Greig, Geordie (10 January 2006). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html "There would be so much to tell her ..."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214103239/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html |date=14 February 2012 }}. ''Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 8 August 2010.</ref> During the [[Leveson Inquiry]] she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-JK-Rowling2.pdf|title=Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling|publisher=The [[Leveson Inquiry]]|date=November 2011|accessdate=25 November 2011|format=PDF|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140122145147/http:/www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-JK-Rowling2.pdf|archivedate=22 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and her entry in ''[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]]'' lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling.<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | surname = Rowling | othernames = Joanne Kathleen | id = U33335 | volume = 2015 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
==Life and career==
===Birth and family===
[[File:Platform934-2014.JPG|upright|thumb|left|Rowling's parents met on a train from [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross Station]]. After Rowling used King's Cross as a gateway into the Wizarding World it became a popular tourist spot.|alt=A sign reading "Platform 9¾" with half of a luggage trolley installed beneath, at the interior of King's Cross railway station.]]
Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] aircraft engineer,<ref name="newyorker">{{cite web |title=Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults |author=Parker, Ian |work=The New Yorker |date=1 October 2012 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch |accessdate=23 September 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730193324/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch |archivedate=30 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and Anne Rowling (née Volant), a science technician,<ref name="smithbio"/> on 31 July 1965<ref>[http://content.scholastic.com/browse/contributor.jsp?id=3578 "Biography: J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231114333/http://content.scholastic.com/browse/contributor.jsp?id=3578 |date=31 December 2007 }}. Scholastic.com. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = Rowling, J.K. | encyclopedia = World Book | volume = 2006}}</ref> in [[Yate]], <!--Her birth certificate places her birth in Yate, not Chipping Sodbury, although the two towns are contiguous--> [[Gloucestershire]], England, {{convert|10|mi|km}} northeast of Bristol.<ref>{{Cite news |first= Lynne |last= Hutchinson |title= Concerns raised about future of former Chipping Sodbury cottage hospital site |date= 6 September 2012 |newspaper= Gazette Series |location= Gloucestershire, UK |url= http://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/9909520.Concerns_raised_about_future_of_former_cottage_hospital_site/ |accessdate= 1 October 2012 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155030/http://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/9909520.Concerns_raised_about_future_of_former_cottage_hospital_site/ |archivedate= 4 April 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="rowling-bio">[http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US/#/about-jk-rowling "Biography"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230094234/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US |date=30 December 2012 }}. JKRowling.com. Retrieved 17 March 2006.</ref> Her parents first met on a train departing from [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross Station]] bound for [[Arbroath]] in 1964.<ref name="Scotsman" /> They married on 14 March 1965.<ref name="Scotsman" /> One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in [[Lamlash]] on the [[Isle of Arran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Content/Help/index.aspx?r=546&2086 |title=J.K. Rowling's ancestors on ScotlandsPeople |publisher=ScotlandsPeople |accessdate=27 September 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002041022/http://scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Content/Help/index.aspx?r=546&2086 |archivedate=2 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/jk_rowling.htm |title=J.K. Rowling Family Tree |author=Powell, Kimberly |publisher=About.com |accessdate=1 November 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711182318/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/jk_rowling.htm |archivedate=11 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Her mother's paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] for exceptional bravery in defending the village of [[Courcelles-le-Comte]] during the [[First World War]]. Rowling originally believed he had won the [[Légion d'honneur]] during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. When she heard his story of bravery and discovered the ''croix de guerre'' was for "ordinary" soldiers like her grandfather, who had been a waiter, she stated the ''croix de guerre'' was "better" to her than the Legion of Honour.<ref name=legion/><ref>''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', Series 8, Episode 2. [[BBC]].</ref>
===Childhood===
[[File:Church Cottage, Tutshill.jpg|thumb|right|Rowling's childhood home, [[Church Cottage, Tutshill]], Gloucestershire]]
Rowling's sister Dianne<ref name=WizardBehindPotter>{{Cite book |last = Shapiro |first = Marc |title = J.K. Rowling: The Wizard Behind Harry Potter |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year = 2000 |location = New York |url = https://books.google.com/?id=7WZSQJ6aAwEC&dq=J.K.+Rowling |isbn = 978-0-312-32586-2}}</ref> was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> The family moved to the nearby village [[Winterbourne, Gloucestershire|Winterbourne]] when Rowling was four.<ref>{{cite book |author=Colleen A. Sexton |title=J. K. Rowling |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Brookfield, Conn |year=2008 |page=13 |isbn=978-0-8225-7949-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_IPN8UMf7IC&pg=PA13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_IPN8UMf7IC&pg=PA13 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy stories which she frequently read to her sister.<ref name=bio /> Aged nine, Rowling moved to [[Church Cottage, Tutshill|Church Cottage]] in the Gloucestershire village of [[Tutshill]], close to [[Chepstow]], Wales.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> When she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave her a copy of [[Jessica Mitford]]'s autobiography, ''[[Hons and Rebels]].''<ref name=hons>Rowling, J.K. (26 November 2006). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/11/26/bomit05.xml The first It Girl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F11%2F26%2Fbomit05.xml |date=11 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and Rowling read all of her books.<ref name=harryandme>Fraser, Lindsey (2 November 2002). "Harry Potter – Harry and me". ''[[The Scotsman]]''. Interview with Rowling, edited excerpt from ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling''. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-fraser-scotsman.html Reprint<!--excerpt?-->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213016/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-fraser-scotsman.html |date= 5 February 2012 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). 31 May 2003; last updated 12 February 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</ref>
Rowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy.<ref name="newyorker"/> Her home life was complicated by her mother's diagnosis with [[multiple sclerosis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling discusses mother's battle with MS|url=https://www.barchester.com/news/jk-rowling-discusses-mothers-battle-ms|year=2014|publisher=Barchester|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> and a strained relationship with her father, with whom she is not on speaking terms.<ref name="newyorker"/> Rowling later said that she based the character of [[Hermione Granger]] on herself when she was eleven.<ref>Feldman, Roxanne (September 1999). "The Truth about Harry". ''School Library Journal''. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/0999-slj-feldman.htm Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817220334/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/0999-slj-feldman.htm |date=17 August 2007 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 2014-12-06.</ref> Sean Harris, her best friend in the [[Sixth form|Upper Sixth]], owned a turquoise [[Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E|Ford Anglia]] which she says inspired a flying version that appeared in ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]''.<ref>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', pp. 19–20. Scholastic.</ref> Like many teenagers, she became interested in pop music, listening to [[the Clash]],<ref>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', p. 29. Scholastic.</ref> [[the Smiths]] and [[Siouxsie Sioux]] and adopted the look of the latter with back-combed hair and black eyeliner, a look that she would still sport when beginning university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/the-jk-rowling-story-1-652114 |title=the JK Rowling Story |work= [[The Scotsman]]|date=16 June 2003|accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref>
====Education====
As a child, Rowling attended [[St Michael's Primary School]], a school founded by [[abolitionist]] [[William Wilberforce]] and education reformer [[Hannah More]].<ref>[http://www.frenchaymuseumarchives.co.uk/Archives/Schools/St_Michaels_Register_1966-70.rtf "St Michaels Register 1966–70 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222104731/http://www.frenchaymuseumarchives.co.uk/Archives/Schools/St_Michaels_Register_1966-70.rtf |date=22 February 2007 }}. Winterbourne. —Rowling listed as admission No. 305. Retrieved 14 August 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2010/07/jk-rowling-turns-45-saturday-here-are-10-magical-facts-about-the-harry-potter-author.html |title=Happy birthday J.K. Rowling – here are 10 magical facts about the 'Harry Potter' author [Updated] |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=31 July 2010 |accessdate=8 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805015648/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2010/07/jk-rowling-turns-45-saturday-here-are-10-magical-facts-about-the-harry-potter-author.html |archivedate=5 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Her headmaster at St Michael's, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the ''Harry Potter'' headmaster [[Albus Dumbledore]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kirk, Connie Ann |title=J. K. Rowling: a biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn |year=2003 |page=28 |isbn=978-0-313-32205-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJgbW9c9mpwC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065227/https://books.google.com/books?id=GJgbW9c9mpwC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She attended secondary school at [[Wyedean School and College]], where her mother worked in the science department.<ref name=smithbio>Smith, Sean (2003), ''J.K. Rowling: A Biography'' (Michael O'Mara, London), p. 55.</ref> Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English".<ref name="newyorker"/> Rowling took [[A-level]]s in English, French and German, achieving two As and a B<ref name="Scotsman" /> and was [[Head Girl]].<ref name="newyorker" />
In 1982, Rowling took the entrance exams for [[Oxford University]] but was not accepted<ref name="newyorker"/> and earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in French and [[Classics]] at the [[University of Exeter]].<ref name=fraser34>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', p. 34. Scholastic.</ref><ref name="J. K. Rowling’s Education Background">{{cite web|title=J. K. Rowling's Education Background|url=http://www.eduinreview.com/blog/2010/11/j-k-rowlings-education-background/|publisher= EDU InReview|date=2010-11-10}}</ref><ref name="JK Rowling: 10 facts about the writer">{{cite news|title=JK Rowling: 10 facts about the writer|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9564894/JK-Rowling-10-facts-about-the-writer.html|work= The Telegraph}}</ref> Martin Sorrell, a French professor at Exeter, remembers "a quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of doing what was necessary".<ref name="newyorker"/> Rowling recalls doing little work, preferring to read [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] and [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref name="newyorker"/> After a year of study in Paris, Rowling graduated from Exeter in 1986.<ref name="newyorker"/> In 1988, Rowling wrote a short essay about her time studying Classics titled "What was the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled"; it was published by the University of Exeter's journal ''Pegasus''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rowling, J.K. |title=What was the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled |journal=Pegasus |issue=41 |year=1988 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/what-was-the-name-of-that-nymph-again-or-greek-and-roman-studies-recalled-by-joanne-rowling-in-pegasus/oclc/179161486 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231233813/http://www.worldcat.org/title/what-was-the-name-of-that-nymph-again-or-greek-and-roman-studies-recalled-by-joanne-rowling-in-pegasus/oclc/179161486 |archivedate=31 December 2012 |df=dmy-all |publisher=University of Exeter Department of Classics and Ancient History. }}</ref>
===Inspiration and mother's death===
After working as a researcher and bilingual secretary in London for [[Amnesty International]],<ref>Norman-Culp, Sheila (23 November 1998). "British author rides up the charts on a wizard's tale". Associated Press Newswires. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1198-ap-normanculp.html Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214212419/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1198-ap-normanculp.html |date=14 December 2007 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). 24 February 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.</ref> Rowling moved with her then boyfriend to Manchester,<ref name="rowling-bio"/> where she worked at the Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Scotsman">McGinty, Stephen (16 June 2003). [http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/the-jk-rowling-story-1-652114 "The J.K. Rowling Story"]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. Retrieved 9 April 2006.</ref> In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry "came fully formed" into her mind.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name=loer>Loer, Stephanie (18 October 1999). "All about Harry Potter from quidditch to the future of the Sorting Hat". ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-bostonglobe-loer.html Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010001706/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-bostonglobe-loer.html |date=10 October 2007 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). No date. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</ref>
When she had reached her [[Clapham Junction]] flat, she began to write immediately.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref>"Harry Potter and Me". BBC Christmas Special. 2001. ''A&E Biography'' (American edition), 13 November 2002. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-aebiography.htm Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817010715/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-aebiography.htm |date=17 August 2007 }} (part 1 of 5) at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 25 February 2007.</ref> In December, Rowling's mother, Anne, died after ten years suffering from [[multiple sclerosis]].<ref name="rowling-bio"/> Rowling was writing ''Harry Potter'' at the time and had never told her mother about it.<ref name=dt/> Her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's writing,<ref name=dt/> and she channelled her own feelings of loss by writing about Harry's own feelings of loss in greater detail in the first book.<ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2006/0626-ch4-richardandjudy.html Transcript of Richard and Judy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904070825/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2006/0626-ch4-richardandjudy.html |date=4 September 2007 }}. ''[[Richard & Judy]]'', Channel Four Corporation (UK). 26 June 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2006.</ref>
===Marriage, divorce, and single parenthood===
[[File:VistadoPorto.jpg|thumbnail|left|Rowling moved to Porto to teach. In 1993, she returned to the UK accompanied by her daughter and three completed chapters of ''Harry Potter'' after her marriage had deteriorated.|alt=A panned out image of city buildings.]]
An advertisement in ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref name="Scotsman" /> led Rowling to move to [[Porto]], Portugal, to teach [[English as a foreign language]].<ref name=WizardBehindPotter /><ref name=harryandme /> She taught at night and began writing in the day while listening to [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)|Violin Concerto]].<ref name="newyorker" /> After 18 months in Porto, she met Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found they shared an interest in [[Jane Austen]].<ref name="Scotsman" /> They married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after [[Jessica Mitford]]), was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.<ref name="Scotsman" /> Rowling had previously suffered a [[miscarriage]].<ref name="Scotsman" /> The couple separated on 17 November 1993.<ref name="Scotsman" /><ref>Weeks, Linton. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm "Charmed, I'm Sure"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708230353/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm |date=8 July 2007 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 20 October 1999. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</ref> Biographers have suggested that Rowling suffered [[domestic abuse]] during her marriage, although the extent is unknown.<ref name="Scotsman" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=Connie Ann|title=J.K. Rowling: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-313-32205-1|page=57|quote=Soon, by many eyewitness accounts and even some versions of Jorge's own story, domestic violence became a painful reality in Jo's life.}}</ref> In December 1993, Rowling and her then infant daughter moved to [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, to be near Rowling's sister<ref name="rowling-bio" /> with three chapters of what would become ''Harry Potter'' in her suitcase.<ref name="newyorker" />
Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as a failure.<ref name=twsMarE27>{{cite news |author=JK Rowling |title=JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure |work=TED |quote=Failure & imagination |date=June 2008 |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html |accessdate=5 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html |archivedate=30 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described her failure as liberating and allowing her to focus on writing.<ref name=twsMarE27/> During this period, Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression and contemplated suicide.<ref name="cnn23mar08">[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/03/23/rowling.depressed/index.html "Harry Potter author: I considered suicide"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325052913/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/03/23/rowling.depressed/index.html |date=25 March 2008 }}. CNN. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.</ref> Her illness inspired the characters known as [[Dementors]], soul-sucking creatures introduced in the third book.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/823330.stm Harry Potter's magician] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912235559/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/823330.stm |date=12 September 2007 }}. BBC News. 18 February 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2007.</ref> Rowling signed up for [[welfare benefits]], describing her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless."<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name=twsMarE27/>
Rowling was left in despair after her estranged husband arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter.<ref name="Scotsman" /> She obtained an [[Restraining order|Order of Restraint]], and Arantes returned to Portugal, with Rowling filing for divorce in August 1994.<ref name="Scotsman" /> She began a teacher training course in August 1995 at the [[Moray House School of Education]], at [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]],<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling awarded honorary degree|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1466505/JK-Rowling-awarded-honorary-degree.html|accessdate=9 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 July 2004|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305120323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1466505/JK-Rowling-awarded-honorary-degree.html|archivedate=5 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> after completing her first novel while living on state benefits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Melissa Anelli |title=Harry, A History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life Inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon |publisher=Pocket |location=New York |year=2008 |page=44 |isbn=978-1-4165-5495-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5V4zfHYaw0C&pg=PA44 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065336/https://books.google.com/books?id=E5V4zfHYaw0C&pg=PA44 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She wrote in many cafés, especially Nicolson's Café (owned by her brother-in-law),<ref name=kirkbio>{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=Connie Ann|title=J.K. Rowling: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=United States}}</ref><ref name="dole">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666215/From-the-dole-to-Hollywood.html|title=From the dole to Hollywood|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 August 2010|author=Dunn, Elisabeth|date=30 June 2007|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423131648/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666215/From-the-dole-to-Hollywood.html|archivedate=23 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the Elephant House,<ref name="biogonbio">{{cite web|title=JK Rowling – Biography on Bio. |url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |publisher=Biographies.co.uk |accessdate=26 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802090434/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |archivedate=2 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> wherever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="hpandme">[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1201-bbc-hpandme.htm "Harry Potter and Me"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182235/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1201-bbc-hpandme.htm |date=5 March 2007 }}. BBC Christmas Special. 28 December 2001. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. ''Quick Quotes Quill.org''. Retrieved 17 March 2006.</ref> In a 2001 [[BBC]] interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, pointing out that it had heating. One of the reasons she wrote in cafés was that taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep.<ref name="hpandme" />
===''Harry Potter''===
{{Main|Harry Potter}}
[[File:The Elephant House.jpg|thumb|The Elephant House, one of the cafés in [[Edinburgh]] in which Rowling wrote the first ''Harry Potter'' novel<ref name=cafe>{{cite web|title=How JK Rowling has us spellbound|author=Damien Henderson|work=The Herald|year=2007|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/how-jk-rowling-has-us-spellbound-1.852126|accessdate=6 July 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000136/http://www.heraldscotland.com/how-jk-rowling-has-us-spellbound-1.852126|archivedate=11 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
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In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for ''[[Harry Potter and the <!-- DO NOT change to Sorcerer's--> Philosopher's Stone]]'' on an old manual typewriter.<ref>Riccio, Heather. [http://www.hilary.com/career/harrypotter.html Interview with JK Rowling, Author of Harry Potter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131195036/http://www.hilary.com/career/harrypotter.html |date=31 January 2009 }}. ''Hilary Magazine''. Retrieved 26 October 2007.</ref> Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based [[Christopher Little Literary Agency]] agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.<ref name=Scotsman/> A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], a publishing house in London.<ref name=Scotsman/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?z=y&cid=855300#interview |title=Meet the Writers: J. K. Rowling|publisher=Barnes & Noble|accessdate=2 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408074112/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?z=y&cid=855300|archivedate=8 April 2006}}</ref> The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was [[Publisher's reader|given the first chapter to review]] by her father and immediately demanded the next.<ref name="Eight year old saves Potter">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960 |title=Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter |author=Lawless, John |date=3 July 2005 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books.<ref>Blais, Jacqueline. [http://www.azcentral.com/ent/arts/articles/0709rowling.html?&wired "Harry Potter has been very good to JK Rowling]. USA Today 9 July 2005. Retrieved 26 May 2009.</ref> Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8,000 grant from the [[Scottish Arts Council]] to enable her to continue writing.<ref>[http://www.hpana.com/news.17727.html Scottish Arts Council Wants Payback] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518071053/http://www.hpana.com/news.17727.html |date=18 May 2007 }}. hpna.com. 30 November 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2006.</ref>
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher's<!-- DO NOT change to Sorcerer's--> Stone'' with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000.<ref>Kleffel, Rick. [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/07.27.05/potter-0530.html Rare Harry Potter books] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017210103/http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/07.27.05/potter-0530.html |date=17 October 2006 }}. metroactive.com. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2006.</ref> Five months later, the book won its first award, a [[Nestlé Smarties Book Prize]]. In February, the novel won the [[British Book Awards|British Book Award]] for [[British Children's Book of the Year|Children's Book of the Year]], and later, the Children's Book Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Inc.]], for US$105,000. Rowling said that she "nearly died" when she heard the news.<ref>Reynolds, Nigel. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1997/spring97-telegraph-reynolds.htm "$100,000 Success Story for Penniless Mother"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026113332/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1997/spring97-telegraph-reynolds.htm |date=26 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 7 July 1997. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher's<!-- DO NOT change to Sorcerer's--> Stone'' in the US under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.<ref name="Red-Nose-Day-BBC-Online-chat">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206035644/http://burrow.sub.jp/library/original/03122001b.html "Red Nose Day" Online Chat Transcript], BBC, 12 March 2001, The Burrow. Retrieved 16 April 2008. Archived at Wayback Engine.</ref> Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh.<ref name="kirkbio" />
Its sequel, ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'', was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|title=Harry Potter awards |work=Bloomsbury Publishing House |url=http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/author/awards |accessdate=30 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722185020/http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/author/awards |archivedate=22 July 2013 |df= }}</ref> In December 1999, the third novel, ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'', won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/545319.stm Potter's award hat-trick] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526152942/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/545319.stm |date=26 May 2004 }}. BBC News. 1 December 1999. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural [[1999 Whitbread Awards|Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award]], though it lost the Book of the Year prize to [[Seamus Heaney]]'s translation of ''[[Beowulf]]''.<ref>Gibbons, Fiachra. [http://books.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/whitbread/story/0,,128965,00.html "Beowulf slays the wizard"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218072113/http://books.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/whitbread/story/0,,128965,00.html |date=18 February 2006 }}. ''Guardian Unlimited''. 26 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2006.</ref>
The fourth book, ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'', was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries. 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' sold during its first year.<ref name=culture>[http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_048.htm "Potter sales record"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111225733/http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_048.htm |date=11 November 2007 }}. Reuters/PRNewswire. 11 July 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records.<ref name= culture /> Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot.<ref>Johnstone, Anne. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0708-herald-johnstone.html The hype surrounding the fourth Harry Potter book belies the fact that Joanne Rowling had some of her blackest moments writing it – and that the pressure was self-imposed; a kind of magic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232554/http://accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0708-herald-johnstone.html |date=11 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''. 8 July 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards.<ref name="awards2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |title=JK Rowling Biography |work=[[Biography Channel]] |accessdate=26 August 2013 |quote=Rowling was named Author of The Year at the British Book Awards in 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802090434/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |archivedate=2 August 2013 |df= }}</ref>
A wait of three years occurred between the release of ''Goblet of Fire'' and the fifth ''Harry Potter'' novel, ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]''. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed [[writer's block]], speculations she denied.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1481229.stm Rowling denies writer's block] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913072806/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1481229.stm |date=13 September 2005 }}. BBC News. 8 August 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it.<ref>Grossman, Lev. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-time-grossman.htm "J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185119/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-time-grossman.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}. ''Time'' magazine. 17 July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref>
The sixth book, ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'', was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8608578/ New Potter book topples U.S. sales records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104041652/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8608578/ |date=4 November 2007 }}. [[MSNBC]]. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In 2006, ''Half-Blood Prince'' received the [[British Book of the Year|Book of the Year]] prize at the [[British Book Awards]].<ref name="awards" />
The title of the seventh and final ''Harry Potter'' book was announced on 21 December 2006 as ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''.<ref>Press Release. [http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=4&sec2=1&unart=yes&artTitle=Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Deathly%20Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044146/http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=4&sec2=1&unart=yes&artTitle=Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Deathly%20Hallows |date=28 September 2007 }}. [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2007.</ref> In February 2007 it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the [[Balmoral Hotel]] in Edinburgh that she had finished the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007.<ref>Cornwell, Tim.[http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Finish-or-bust--JK.3343454.jp Finish or bust – JK Rowling's unlikely message in an Edinburgh hotel room]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 3 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.</ref> ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' was released on 21 July 2007 (0:01 [[Western European Summer Time|BST]])<ref>{{cite web|last=Rowling|first=J. K.|title=J.K.Rowling Official Site|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=97|accessdate=15 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040629/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=97 <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=22 July 2011}}</ref> and broke its predecessor's record as the fastest-selling book of all time.<ref name="sales" /> It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United States.<ref name="sales"/> The book's last chapter was one of the earliest things she wrote in the entire series.<ref name="last chapter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5119836.stm|title=Rowling to kill two in final book|work=BBC News|date=27 June 2006|accessdate=24 March 2010|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803133633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5119836.stm|archivedate=3 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}27 June 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</ref>
[[File:Potter queue.jpg|thumb|Potter queue]]
''Harry Potter'' is now a global brand worth an estimated US$15 billion,<ref>[http://www.exchange4media.com/kids/KidsFullStory.asp?section_id=24&news_id=26820&tag=21718 Harry Potter, the $15 billion man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201033450/http://www.exchange4media.com/kids/KidsFullStory.asp?section_id=24&news_id=26820&tag=21718 |date=1 February 2009 }}. Advertising Age. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</ref> and the last four ''Harry Potter'' books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.<ref name="sales">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6912529.stm Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128201059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6912529.stm |date=28 November 2008 }}. BBC News. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref><ref>Pauli, Michelle. "[http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,10761,875390,00.html June date for Harry Potter 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828033411/http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,10761,875390,00.html |date=28 August 2007 }}". ''[[The Guardian]]'' (London); "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3005862.stm Potter 'is fastest-selling book ever] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829121127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3005862.stm |date=29 August 2007 }}". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2007.</ref> The series, totalling 4,195 pages,<ref>Sawyer, Jenny. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p09s02-coop.html Missing from 'Harry Potter' – a real moral struggle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193238/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p09s02-coop.html |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref> has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/06/29/final_harry_potter_is_expected_to_set_record/ |title=Final Harry Potter is expected to set record |work=Boston Globe |first1=<span>By |last1=Associated |date=29 June 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806005248/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/06/29/final_harry_potter_is_expected_to_set_record/ |archivedate=6 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }} 29 June 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</ref>
The ''Harry Potter'' books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning books for computers and television,<ref>[http://www.scholastic.com/aboutscholastic/news/press_07252006_CP.htm New Study Finds That the Harry Potter Series Has a Positive Impact on Kids' Reading and Their School Work] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224003428/http://www.scholastic.com/aboutscholastic/news/press_07252006_CP.htm |date=24 February 2007 }}. Scholastic. 25 July 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2007.</ref> although it is reported that despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading has continued to decline.<ref>Mehegan, David. {{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2007/07/09/in_end_potter_magic_extends_only_so_far/?page=1|title=In end, Potter magic extends only so far|work=Boston Globe|date=9 July 2007|first1=David|last1=Mehegan|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131125338/http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2007/07/09/in_end_potter_magic_extends_only_so_far/?page=1|archivedate=31 January 2009|df=dmy-all}} 9 July 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2008.</ref>
===''Harry Potter'' films===
{{Main|Harry Potter (film series)}}
In October 1998, [[Warner Bros.]] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.<ref>Walker, Andrew. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1098-scotsman-walker.htm "Harry Potter is off to Hollywood – writer a Millionairess"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027055102/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1098-scotsman-walker.htm |date=27 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 9 October 1998. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> A film adaptation of ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]''<!-- DO NOT change to Sorceror--> was released on 16 November 2001, and ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' on 15 November 2002.<ref name=mojo>[http://boxofficemojo.com/search/?q=harry%20potter&p=.htm Harry Potter release dates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009130404/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/search/?q=harry%20potter&p=.htm |date=9 October 2007 }}. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Both films were directed by [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]]. The film version of ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' was released on 4 June 2004, directed by [[Alfonso Cuarón]]. The fourth film, ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'', was directed by [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], and released on 18 November 2005. The film of ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' was released on 11 July 2007.<ref name=mojo /> [[David Yates]] directed, and [[Michael Goldenberg]] wrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from [[Steve Kloves]]. ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' was released on 15 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/9/19/half-blood-prince-filming-news-threat-of-strike-to-affect-harry-potter-six|title=Half-Blood Prince Filming News: Threat of Strike to Affect Harry Potter Six?|publisher=The Leaky Cauldron|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323024456/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/9/19/half-blood-prince-filming-news-threat-of-strike-to-affect-harry-potter-six/|archivedate=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}19 September 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref> David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script.<ref>Spelling, Ian. ''Yates Confirmed For Potter VI''. Sci Fi Wire. 3 May 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=41338 |title=Scifi.com |accessdate=3 May 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505052125/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=41338 |archivedate=5 May 2007 |df= }}</ref> Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series, ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'', in two segments, with [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1|part one]] being released on 19 November 2010 and [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|part two]] being released on 15 July 2011. Yates directed both films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Final 'Harry Potter' book will be split into two movies|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Jeff Boucher|date=13 March 2008|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-potter13mar13,1,5626063.story|accessdate=13 March 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517002014/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-potter13mar13,1,5626063.story|archivedate=17 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=53203 |title=WB Sets Lots of New Release Dates! |publisher=Comingsoon.net |accessdate=1 August 2010 |date=24 February 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212112620/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=53203 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast,<ref>Treneman, Ann. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0600-times-treneman.html J.K. Rowling, the interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065122/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0600-times-treneman.html |date=26 January 2017 }}. ''[[The Times]]''. 30 June 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2006.</ref> which has been generally adhered to. Rowling also demanded that [[Coca-Cola]], the victor in the race to [[Tie-in|tie in]] their products to the film series, donate US$18 million to the American charity [[Reading is Fundamental]], as well as several community charity programs.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1588261.stm Coke backs Harry Potter literacy drive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620012214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1588261.stm |date=20 June 2006 }}. BBC News. 9 October 2001. Retrieved 26 July 2006.</ref>
The first four, sixth, seventh, and eighth films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series.<ref>Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm "Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423234914/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm |date=23 April 2011 }}. BBC Newsround. February 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</ref> She told [[Alan Rickman]] ([[Severus Snape]]) and [[Robbie Coltrane]] ([[Hagrid]]) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books.<ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1101-bbc.html "J.K. Rowling: 'Fans will be happy'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216081911/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1101-bbc.html |date=16 February 2007 }}. ''CBBC Newsround''. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</ref> [[Daniel Radcliffe]] ([[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]) asked her if Harry died at any point in the series; Rowling answered him by saying, "You have a death scene", thereby not explicitly answering the question.<ref>[http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070727/ENTERTAIN/70727008 J.K. Rowling on 'Today' part 2: what Daniel Radcliffe knew, the final line (with video)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234656/http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070727%2FENTERTAIN%2F70727008 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''[[Times Herald-Record]]''. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</ref> Director [[Steven Spielberg]] was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she had no say in who directed the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208051504/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/rubbishbin_view.cfm?id=8 Rowling denies vetoing Spielberg]. J. K. Rowling's official site (now archived at Wayback Machine). Retrieved 3 April 2006.</ref> Rowling's first choice for the director had been [[Monty Python]] member [[Terry Gilliam]], but Warner Bros. wanted a family-friendly film and chose Columbus.<ref>[http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html Wizard News: Terry Gilliam Bitter About "Potter"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811035807/http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html |date=11 August 2007 }}. Wizard News. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref>
Rowling had gained some creative control on the films, reviewing all the scripts<ref>Billington, Alex. [http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer David Heyman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114034956/http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ |date=14 January 2011 }}. firstshowing.net. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</ref> as well as acting as a producer on the final two-part instalment, ''Deathly Hallows''.<ref name=":0">[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J. K. Rowling as producer.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092506/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry |date=27 December 2010 }} Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</ref>
Rowling, producers [[David Heyman]] and [[David Barron (film producer)|David Barron]], along with directors [[David Yates]], [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]] and [[Alfonso Cuarón]] collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 [[British Academy Film Awards]] in honour of the ''Harry Potter'' film franchise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 – The Harry Potter Films|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|year=2011|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/outstanding-british-contribution-to-cinema-the-harry-potter-films,1631,BA.html|accessdate=3 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206001409/http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/outstanding-british-contribution-to-cinema-the-harry-potter-films,1631,BA.html|archivedate=6 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an "expanded creative partnership" with Rowling, based on a planned series of films about [[Newt Scamander]], author of ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''. The [[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|first film]], scripted by Rowling, was released in November 2016 and is set roughly 70 years before the events of the main series.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Warner Bros. Announces Expanded Creative Partnership with J.K. Rowling |date=22 September 2010 |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130912005870/en/Warner-Bros.-Announces-Expanded-Creative-Partnership-J.K. |accessdate=12 September 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915102308/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130912005870/en/Warner-Bros.-Announces-Expanded-Creative-Partnership-J.K. |archivedate=15 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, it was announced that the series would consist of five films, with the second scheduled for release in November 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling plans five Fantastic Beasts films|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37651586|publisher=BBC|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124091832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37651586|archivedate=24 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Financial success===
In 2004, ''[[Forbes]]'' named Rowling as the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books,<ref>Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. [https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html "J.K. Rowling And The Billion-Dollar Empire"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729194610/https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html |date=29 July 2017 }}. ''[[Forbes.com]]''. 26 February 2004. Retrieved 19 March 2006.</ref> the second-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd richest person in the world.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Joanne-(JK)-Rowling_CRTT.html #1062 Joanne (JK) Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729194600/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Joanne-(JK)-Rowling_CRTT.html |date=29 July 2017 }}. [[Forbes.com]]. Retrieved 16 March 2008; [http://www8.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/oprah%20is%20richest%20female%20entertainer_1019476 Oprah is Richest Female Entertainer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121180914/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/oprah%20is%20richest%20female%20entertainer_1019476 |date=21 January 2007 }}. Contact Music. Retrieved 20 January 2007.</ref> Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money, but was not a billionaire.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8599597/page/2/ J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106122220/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8599597/page/2/ |date=6 November 2007 }}. MSN. Retrieved 9 August 2007.</ref> The 2016 ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' estimated Rowling's fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK.<ref name="richlist"/> In 2012, ''Forbes'' removed Rowling from their rich list, claiming that her US$160 million in charitable donations and the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a billionaire.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling: Billionaire to millionaire|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/books/news/article.cfm?c_id=134&objectid=10791515|accessdate=16 January 2013|date=12 March 2012}}</ref> In February 2013 she was assessed as the 13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by ''[[Woman's Hour]]'' on [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qlvb/features/power-list-100|title=BBC Radio 4, Woman's Hour Power list|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qlvb/features/power-list-100|archivedate=15 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2001, Rowling purchased a 19th-century [[estate house]], [[Killiechassie House]], on the banks of the [[River Tay]], near [[Aberfeldy, Scotland|Aberfeldy]], in [[Perth and Kinross]].<ref>Nichols, Michelle. [http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Hogwarts-hideaway-for-Potter-author.2278608.jp Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 22 November 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling also owns a £4.5 million [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] house in [[Kensington]], west London, on a street with 24-hour security.<ref>Collinson, Patrick. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/apr/26/housingmarket.houseprices "Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, or Tony for £7,250"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065824/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/apr/26/housingmarket.houseprices |date=26 January 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (London). 26 April 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2007.</ref>
In 2017, Rowling was worth an estimated £650 million according to the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]''.<ref name="sundaytimeswattsbrexitbrings">{{cite news|last1=Watts|first1=Robert|title=Brexit brings bonanza for billionaires|work=The Sunday Times|date=7 May 2017|page=1|quote=The Harry Potter author JK Rowling is now valued at £650m and the singer Adele enters the main list for the first time with a fortune of £125m after a phenomenal year of touring since the release of her album 25.}}</ref> She was named the most highly paid author in the world with earnings of £72 million ($95 million) a year by ''Forbes'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40825498|title=JK Rowling named world's highest-earning author by Forbes|date=4 August 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=5 August 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002155507/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40825498|archivedate=2 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Remarriage and family===
On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Murray (born 30 June 1971), a Scottish doctor,<ref>[http://www.scotsman.com/news/jk-rowling-weds-doctor-lover-in-secret-boxing-day-ceremony-1-1358753 JK Rowling weds doctor lover in secret Boxing Day ceremony] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217144553/http://www.scotsman.com/news/jk-rowling-weds-doctor-lover-in-secret-boxing-day-ceremony-1-1358753 |date=17 February 2017 }} The Scotsman. 30 December 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</ref> in a private ceremony at her home, [[Killiechassie House]], near Aberfeldy.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1733882.stm Christmas wedding for Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819213541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1733882.stm |date=19 August 2007 }}. BBC News. 30 December 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born on 24 March 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm|title=Baby joy for JK Rowling|work=BBC News|date=24 March 2003|accessdate=24 March 2010|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201195555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm|archivedate=1 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', she ceased working on the novel to care for David in his early infancy.<ref>J.K. Rowling's Official Site, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107025239/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=62 "Progress on Book Six"]. 15 March 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2006. Archived at Wayback Machine.</ref>
Rowling is a friend of [[Sarah Jane Brown|Sarah Brown]], wife of former prime minister [[Gordon Brown]], whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project. When Sarah Brown's son Fraser was born in 2003, Rowling was one of the first to visit her in hospital.<ref name="Morrison">{{cite news|title=Chancellor's daughter remembered at christening service|work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|url=http://news.scotsman.com/gordonbrownsfamily/Chancellors-daughter-remembered-at-christening.2522714.jp|accessdate=16 April 2010|first=Jenny|last=Morrison|date=23 April 2004|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120728201236/http://news.scotsman.com/gordonbrownsfamily/Chancellors-daughter-remembered-at-christening.2522714.jp|archivedate=28 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling's youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', was born on 23 January 2005.<ref>J.K. Rowling's Official Site, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121859/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=83 "JKR gives Birth to Baby Girl"]. Retrieved 25 January 2005. Archived at Wayback Machine.</ref>
In October 2012, a ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' magazine article stated that the Rowling family lived in a seventeenth-century Edinburgh house, concealed at the front by tall [[conifer]] hedges. Prior to October 2012, Rowling lived near the author [[Ian Rankin]], who later said she was quiet and introspective, and that she seemed in her element with children.<ref name=newyorker/><ref name="macrabbit">{{cite news|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB/#/about-jk-rowling|title=Biography|publisher=J.K. Rowling.com|accessdate=8 June 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804235110/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB#/about-jk-rowling|archivedate=4 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2014|06}}, the family resides in Scotland.<ref name="GuardBT">{{cite news|last1=Carrell|first1=Severin|title=JK Rowling donates £1m to Scotland's anti-independence campaign|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/11/jk-rowling-donates-scotland-anti-independence-campaign|accessdate=11 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=11 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611101447/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/11/jk-rowling-donates-scotland-anti-independence-campaign|archivedate=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===''The Casual Vacancy''===
In July 2011, Rowling parted company with her agent, Christopher Little, moving to a new agency founded by one of his staff, Neil Blair.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rowling leaves Christopher Little Agency|author=Charlotte Williams|work=''thebookseller.com''|url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/rowling-leaves-christopher-little-agency.html|year=2011|accessdate=4 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703074333/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/rowling-leaves-christopher-little-agency.html|archivedate=3 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, his agency, the Blair Partnership, announced on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new book targeted at adults. In a press release, Rowling said that her new book would be quite different from Harry Potter. In April 2012, Little, Brown and Company announced that the book was titled ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' and would be released on 27 September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Casual Vacancy|author=Little, Brown & Company|url=http://www.littlebrown.co.uk/TheCasualVacancy|year=2012|accessdate=13 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413181908/http://www.littlebrown.co.uk/TheCasualVacancy|archivedate=13 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances to promote ''The Casual Vacancy'', including at the London [[Southbank Centre]],<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling launches new novel at Southbank Centre|url=http://londonist.com/2012/08/lit-preview-jk-rowling-launches-new-novel-southbank-centre.php|publisher=The Londonist|accessdate=2 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030503/http://londonist.com/2012/08/lit-preview-jk-rowling-launches-new-novel-southbank-centre.php|archivedate=4 August 2012|df=dmy-all|date=2012-08-02}}</ref> the [[Cheltenham Literature Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling to appear at Cheltenham Literature Festival|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-19084909|work=BBC News|accessdate=2 August 2012|date=1 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802192850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-19084909|archivedate=2 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Charlie Rose (TV series)|Charlie Rose]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=An hour with J. K. Rowling |url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/12612 |publisher=Charlie Rose LLC |accessdate=26 October 2012 |date=19 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125004632/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/12612 |archivedate=25 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> and the Lennoxlove Book Festival.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling {{!}} Lennoxlove Book Festival|url=http://www.lennoxlovebookfestival.com/programme/2012/friday/adults-friday/j-k-rowling|publisher=Lennoxlove Book Festival|accessdate=29 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206064503/http://www.lennoxlovebookfestival.com/programme/2012/friday/adults-friday/j-k-rowling|archivedate=6 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In its first three weeks of release, ''The Casual Vacancy'' sold over 1 million copies worldwide.<ref name="worldwidesales">{{cite news|title=After Strong Start, J.K. Rowling's 'The Casual Vacancy' Falls on Charts|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/10/19/after-strong-start-j-k-rowlings-the-casual-vacancy-falls-on-charts|accessdate=8 November 2012|year=2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122084441/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/10/19/after-strong-start-j-k-rowlings-the-casual-vacancy-falls-on-charts/|archivedate=22 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 3 December 2012, it was announced that the [[BBC]] would be adapting ''The Casual Vacancy'' into [[The Casual Vacancy (miniseries)|a television drama miniseries]]. Rowling's agent, Neil Blair acted as producer, through his independent production company and with Rick Senat serving as executive producer. Rowling collaborated on the adaptation, serving as an executive producer for the series. The series aired in three parts from 15 February to 1 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20581286|title= Rowling's Casual Vacancy to become BBC TV drama series|date= 3 December 2012|publisher= BBC|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121203233138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20581286|archivedate= 3 December 2012|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JK Rowling's The Casual Vacancy to be BBC drama |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9719977/JK-Rowlings-The-Casual-Vacancy-to-be-BBC-drama.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=3 December 2012 |location=London |first=Anita |last=Singh |date=3 December 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203220527/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9719977/JK-Rowlings-The-Casual-Vacancy-to-be-BBC-drama.html |archivedate=3 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Cormoran Strike===
{{main|Cormoran Strike}}
In 2007, during the [[Edinburgh Book Festival]], author [[Ian Rankin]] claimed that his wife spotted Rowling "scribbling away" at a detective novel in a café.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling writing crime novel, says report|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/books/story/2007/08/19/rowling-crime-novel.html|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=13 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330220715/http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/books/story/2007/08/19/rowling-crime-novel.html|archivedate=30 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rankin later retracted the story, claiming it was a joke,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rowling's 'crime novel' is a red herring|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/20/edinburghbookfestival.festivals|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Richard|last=Lea|date=20 August 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223601/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/20/edinburghbookfestival.festivals|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but the rumour persisted, with a report in 2012 in ''The Guardian'' speculating that Rowling's next book would be a crime novel.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling's new book: clues suggest a turn to crime fiction|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/feb/24/jk-rowling-crime-fiction-clues|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Alison|last=Flood|date=24 February 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223604/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/feb/24/jk-rowling-crime-fiction-clues|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In an interview with [[Stephen Fry]] in 2005, Rowling claimed that she would much prefer to write any subsequent books under a [[pseudonym]], but she conceded to [[Jeremy Paxman]] in 2003 that if she did, the press would probably "find out in seconds".<ref>{{cite web |title=JK's OOTP interview |work=Newsnight |year=2003 |url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0619-bbcnews-paxman.htm |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617144630/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0619-bbcnews-paxman.htm |archivedate=17 June 2008 |df=dmy-all }} Retrieved 20 May 2008. * {{cite web |title=Living with Harry Potter |work=BBC Radio 4 |year=2005 |url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html |archivedate=2 June 2009 |df= }} Retrieved 20 May 2008.</ref>
In April 2013, [[Little Brown]] published ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'', the purported [[début novel]] of author Robert Galbraith, whom the publisher described as "a former plainclothes [[Royal Military Police]] investigator who had left in 2003 to work in the civilian security industry".<ref name=sundaytimes>{{cite news|title=Whodunnit? J. K. Rowling's Secret Life As A Wizard Crime Writer Revealed|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|page=1|date=14 July 2013|author=Richard Brooks}}</ref> The novel, a [[detective story]] in which [[private investigator]] Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a supermodel, sold 1,500 copies in hardback (although the matter was not resolved {{as of|2013|07|21|lc=y}}; later reports stated that this number is the number of copies that were printed for the first run, while the sales total was closer to 500)<ref name="Abes" /> and received acclaim from other crime writers<ref name=sundaytimes/> and critics<ref>{{cite news|last=Osley|first=Richard|title=The Cuckoo's Calling, by 'Robert Galbraith': JK Rowling's secret bestseller|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-cuckoos-calling-by-robert-galbraith-jk-rowlings-secret-bestseller-8707707.html|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=14 July 2013|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716080635/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-cuckoos-calling-by-robert-galbraith-jk-rowlings-secret-bestseller-8707707.html|archivedate=16 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>—a ''Publishers Weekly'' review called the book a "stellar debut",<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cuckoo's Calling|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-316-20684-6|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=13 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715144547/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-316-20684-6|archivedate=15 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while the ''Library Journal''{{'}}s mystery section pronounced the novel "the debut of the month".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mystery Reviews|url=http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/books/genre-fiction/mystery/mystery-reviews-april-1-2013/|work=Library Journal|accessdate=13 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060545/http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/books/genre-fiction/mystery/mystery-reviews-april-1-2013/|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[India Knight]], a novelist and columnist for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', [[Twitter|tweeted]] on 9 July 2013 that she had been reading ''The Cuckoo's Calling'' and thought it was good for a [[début novel]]. In response, a tweeter called Jude Callegari said that the author was Rowling. Knight queried this but got no further reply.<ref name=standard>{{cite news|title=Harry Plotter?|author=Maxine Frith|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=16 July 2013|pages=20–21}}</ref> Knight notified Richard Brooks, arts editor of the ''Sunday Times'', who began his own investigation.<ref name=standard/><ref name=lyall>{{cite news|last=Lyall|first=Sarah|title=This Detective Novel's Story Doesn't Add Up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&smid=tw-share&|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065844/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&smid=tw-share&|archivedate=26 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After discovering that Rowling and Galbraith had the same agent and editor, he sent the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities, and subsequently contacted Rowling's agent who confirmed it was Rowling's pseudonym.<ref name="lyall" /> Within days of Rowling being revealed as the author, sales of the book rose by 4,000%,<ref name=standard/> and Little Brown printed another 140,000 copies to meet the increase in demand.<ref name=grauniad>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2|accessdate=19 July 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2013|author=James Meikle|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013065654/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2|archivedate=13 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2013|07|18}}, a signed copy of the first edition sold for US$4,453 (£2,950), while an unsold signed first-edition copy was being offered for $6,188 (£3,950).<ref name="Abes">{{cite web|title=More on The Cuckoo's Calling – Signed First Sells for $4,453|url=http://www.abebooks.com/blog/index.php/2013/07/18/more-on-the-cuckoos-calling-signed-first-sells-for-4453/|work=''AbeBooks.com''|publisher=AbeBooks, Inc|accessdate=20 July 2013|author=Beth Carswell|date=18 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731012758/http://www.abebooks.com/blog/index.php/2013/07/18/more-on-the-cuckoos-calling-signed-first-sells-for-4453/|archivedate=31 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rowling said that she had enjoyed working under a pseudonym.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling unmasked as author of detective novel writing under nom de-plume|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10178344/JK-Rowling-unmasked-as-author-of-detective-novel-writing-under-nom-de-plume.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Robert|last=Watts|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> On her Robert Galbraith website, Rowling explained that she took the name from one of her personal heroes, [[Robert Kennedy]], and a childhood fantasy name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling tells story of alter ego Robert Galbraith|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/jk-rowling-tells-story-of-alter-ego-robert-galbraith/article4952214.ece|work=The Hindu|publisher=Guardian News Service|author=Liz Bury|accessdate=25 July 2013|location=Chennai, India|date=25 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726140544/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/jk-rowling-tells-story-of-alter-ego-robert-galbraith/article4952214.ece|archivedate=26 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude Callegari could have been Rowling as part of wider speculation that the entire affair had been a publicity stunt. Some also noted that many of the writers who had initially praised the book, such as [[Alex Gray (author)|Alex Gray]] or [[Val McDermid]],<ref>{{cite web|title='I turned down 'Robert Galbraith': Editor admits rejecting JK Rowling's secret novel|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/i-turned-down-robert-galbraith-editor-admits-rejecting-jk-rowlings-secret-novel-8708316.html|date=14 July 2013|author=Nick Clark|accessdate=4 April 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406215440/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/i-turned-down-robert-galbraith-editor-admits-rejecting-jk-rowlings-secret-novel-8708316.html|archivedate=6 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> were within Rowling's circle of acquaintances; both vociferously denied any foreknowledge of Rowling's authorship.<ref name=standard/> Judith "Jude" Callegari was the best friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner within Russells Solicitors, Rowling's legal representatives.<ref name=callegari>{{cite web|last=Goldsmith|first=Belinda|title=Real-life mystery of JK Rowling's 'secret' novel uncovered|url=http://www.trust.org/item/20130718163522-d0w89|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=trust.org|accessdate=18 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012070318/http://www.trust.org/item/20130718163522-d0w89|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Meikle|first=James|title=JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity|accessdate=18 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 July 2013|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825030741/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity|archivedate=25 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling released a statement saying she was disappointed and angry;<ref name="callegari" /> Russells apologised for the leak, confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt and that "the disclosure was made in confidence to someone he [Gossage] trusted implicitly".<ref name=grauniad/> Russells made a donation to the [[Army Benevolent Fund|Soldiers' Charity]] on Rowling's behalf and reimbursed her for her legal fees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rowling accepts compensation for identity revelation |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 July 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/rowling-accepts-compensation-for-identity-revelation/article4974000.ece |accessdate=31 July 2013 |location=Chennai, India |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803023741/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/rowling-accepts-compensation-for-identity-revelation/article4974000.ece |archivedate=3 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 26 November 2013 the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) issued Gossage a written rebuke and £1,000 fine for breaching privacy rules.<ref name="BBC - Chris Gossage Leak">{{cite news|title=JK Rowling lawyer fined over Robert Galbraith leak|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25575269|work=BBC News|date=2 January 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102170227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25575269|archivedate=2 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 17 February 2014, Rowling announced that the second Cormoran Strike novel, named ''[[The Silkworm]]'', would be released in June 2014. It sees Strike investigating the disappearance of a writer hated by many of his old friends for insulting them in his new novel.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling Returns As Robert Galbraith For New Cormoran Strike Novel, 'The Silkworm,' Plot Summary And Release Date|author=Charles Poladian|date=17 February 2014|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/jk-rowling-returns-robert-galbraith-new-cormoran-strike-novel-silkworm-plot-summary-release-date|accessdate=19 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319163535/http://www.ibtimes.com/jk-rowling-returns-robert-galbraith-new-cormoran-strike-novel-silkworm-plot-summary-release-date|archivedate=19 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2015, Rowling stated on Galbraith's website that the third Cormoran Strike novel would include "an insane amount of planning, the most I have done for any book I have written so far. I have colour-coded spreadsheets so I can keep a track of where I am going."<ref name="About Robert Galbraith">{{cite web|last1=Rowling|first1=J. K.|title=About Robert Galbraith|url=http://robert-galbraith.com/about/|website=Robert Galbraith|accessdate=15 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617115247/http://robert-galbraith.com/about/|archivedate=17 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 24 April 2015, Rowling announced that work on the third book was completed. Titled ''[[Career of Evil]]'', it was released on 20 October 2015 in the United States, and on 22 October 2015 in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Release Date">{{cite web|last=Wilken|first=Selina|title=J.K. Rowling helps out Robert Galbraith, unveils 'Career of Evil' cover and publication date|url=http://www.hypable.com/j-k-rowling-career-of-evil-cover/|accessdate=11 June 2015|website=Hypable|date=11 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614002401/http://www.hypable.com/j-k-rowling-career-of-evil-cover/|archivedate=14 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2017, the [[BBC]] released a ''[[Cormoran Strike (TV series)|Cormoran Strike]]'' television series, starring [[Tom Burke (actor)|Tom Burke]] as [[Cormoran Strike]], it was picked up by [[HBO]] for distribution in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/hbcormoran-strike-hbo-drama-on-j-k-rowling-crime-novels-1201843188/|title=HBO Picks Up 'Cormoran Strike' Drama Based on J.K. Rowling's Crime Novels|author=Andreeva, Nellie|date=26 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112175803/http://deadline.com/2016/10/hbcormoran-strike-hbo-drama-on-j-k-rowling-crime-novels-1201843188/|archivedate=12 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In March 2017, Rowling revealed the fourth novel's title via Twitter in a game of "Hangman" with her followers. After many failed attempts, followers finally guessed correctly. Rowling confirmed that the next novel's title is ''[[Lethal White (novel)|Lethal White]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ew.com/books/2017/03/14/jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-book-title-tease/ |title=J.K. Rowling Sends Fans on Hilarious Hunt for New 'Cormoran Strike' Book Title |accessdate=30 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401164909/http://ew.com/books/2017/03/14/jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-book-title-tease/ |archivedate=1 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 14 March 2017.</ref> While intended for a 2017 release, Rowling revealed on Twitter the book was taking longer than expected and would be the longest book in the series thus far.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2016/09/06/j-k-rowling-confirms-cormoran-strike-book-4-2017-tv-series/ |title=J.K. Rowling Confirms Cormoran Strike Book 4 in 2017, and TV Series |accessdate=30 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025454/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2016/09/06/j-k-rowling-confirms-cormoran-strike-book-4-2017-tv-series/ |archivedate=31 March 2017 |df=dmy-all |date=2016-09-06 }} September 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2018/01/31/strike-news-and-words-on-writing-from-j-k-rowling/|title=Strike' News and Words on Writing from J.K. Rowling|accessdate=7 February 2018|date=31 January 2018}}</ref>
===Subsequent ''Harry Potter'' publications===
{{for|the material written for [[Comic Relief]] and other charities|#Philanthropy}}
Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the ''Harry Potter'' series.<ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/0706-bbc-ross.html Transcript of J. K. Rowling interview on ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816113549/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/0706-bbc-ross.html |date=16 August 2007 }}. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre.<ref>Topel, Fred. {{cite news|title=Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling Enchants Readers on Her U.S. Book Tour|work=New York Post|url=http://www.nypost.com/entertainment/movies/news/n13576.htm|year=2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020041803/http://www.nypost.com/entertainment/movies/news/n13576.htm |archivedate = 20 October 2007}} Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> On 1 October 2010, in an interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]], Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |title=Oprah and Harry Potter phenom JK Rowling interview |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219121651/http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |archivedate=19 December 2011 |df= }}</ref>
In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of ''Harry Potter''{{'}}s [[wizarding world]] consisting of various unpublished material and notes.<ref>Brown, Jen. [http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/19935372/ Stop your sobbing! More Potter to come] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820095303/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/19935372/ |date=20 August 2007 }}. [[MSNBC]]. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</ref> Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/16/harry-potter-encyclopedia-jk-rowling Harry Potter Encyclopedia in Progress] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065045/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/16/harry-potter-encyclopedia-jk-rowling |date=26 January 2017 }}. ''The Guardian''. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.</ref> During a news conference at Hollywood's [[Kodak Theatre]] in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming along, said, "It's not coming along, and I haven't started writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do."<ref>{{cite web
|title=J.K. Rowling brings magic touch to U.S.
|url=http://www.calendarlive.com/books/cl-et-rowling16oct16,0,7011068.story
|author=David L. Ulin
|work=Los Angeles Times
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032740/http://www.calendarlive.com/books/cl-et-rowling16oct16%2C0%2C7011068.story
|archivedate=19 October 2007
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}} 16 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia could take up to ten years to complete.<ref name="returns">Hastings, Chris. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/23/npotter123.xml Tears as JK Rowling returns to where it began] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227061324/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F23%2Fnpotter123.xml |date=27 December 2007 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 24 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</ref>
In June 2011, Rowling announced that future ''Harry Potter'' projects, and all electronic downloads, would be concentrated in a new website, called [[Pottermore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=JK Rowling launches Pottermore Website |first=Anita |last=Singh |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/8579560/JK-Rowling-launches-Pottermore-website.html |accessdate=4 July 2011 |location=London |date=16 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711235447/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/8579560/JK-Rowling-launches-Pottermore-website.html |archivedate=11 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The site includes 18,000 words of information on characters, places and objects in the ''Harry Potter'' universe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pottermore website launched by JK Rowling as 'give-back' to fans |first=Alison |last=Flood |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/23/pottermore-website-jk-rowling-harry-potter |accessdate=4 July 2011 |date=23 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715090227/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/23/pottermore-website-jk-rowling-harry-potter |archivedate=15 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
In October 2015, Rowling announced via ''Pottermore'' that a two-part play she had co-authored with playwrights Jack Thorne and John Tiffany, ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'', was the "eighth ''Harry Potter'' story" and that it would focus on the life of Harry Potter's youngest son Albus after the epilogue of ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pottermore.com/news/cursed-child-eighth-harry-potter-story|title=Pottermore – Cursed Child is the 'eighth Potter story'|work=Pottermore|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223053048/https://www.pottermore.com/news/cursed-child-eighth-harry-potter-story|archivedate=23 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 28 October 2015, the first round of tickets went on sale and sold out in several hours.<ref>{{Cite news|title = First batch of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child tickets sell out|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34660716|newspaper=BBC News|accessdate = 30 October 2015|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151029192856/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34660716|archivedate = 29 October 2015|df = dmy-all|date = 2015-10-28}}</ref>
==Philanthropy==
In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust, which uses its annual budget of £5.1 million to combat poverty and social inequality. The fund also gives to organisations that aid children, one-parent families, and multiple sclerosis research.<ref name=USAToday200707>Memmott, Carol. [https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-07-25-jk-rowling_N.htm A fond look back at Harry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315155659/http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-07-25-jk-rowling_N.htm |date=15 March 2012 }}. ''[[USA Today]]''. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Volant Charitable Trust (UK and overseas)|work=Merseyside Funding|url=http://www.mfip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1085&Itemid=27|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110320/http://www.mfip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1085&Itemid=27|archivedate=4 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 19 January 2008.</ref>
===Anti-poverty and children's welfare===
Rowling, once a single parent, is now president of the charity [[Gingerbread (charity)|Gingerbread]] (originally One Parent Families), having become their first Ambassador in 2000.<ref name="OPF">{{cite web |url=http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/|title=One Parent Families Gingerbread|work=OneParentFamilies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707031634/http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/ |archivedate=7 July 2007}}. Retrieved 11 July 2007.</ref><ref>J K Rowling becomes President of One Parent Families. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/1/lx3x1olx-5001x1oix1794x1/0/0/110707/0/0/J_K_Rowling_-_One_Parent.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=26 July 2007 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106031950/http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/1/lx3x1olx-5001x1oix1794x1/0/0/110707/0/0/J_K_Rowling_-_One_Parent.htm |archivedate= 6 November 2007 |df= }}</ref> Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book of children's stories to aid One Parent Families.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/13/labourleadership.labour1 Gordon's Women] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003131104/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/13/labourleadership.labour1 |date=3 October 2014 }}. ''Guardian Unlimited''. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref>
In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser [[Comic Relief (charity)|Comic Relief]] asked three best-selling British authors – cookery writer and TV presenter [[Delia Smith]], ''[[Bridget Jones]]'' creator [[Helen Fielding]], and Rowling – to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication.<ref>Goodson, Rory and Chittenden, Maurice. [http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_078.htm "Rowling casts a spell that will give charities millions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021094439/http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_078.htm |date=21 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. 7 January 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling's two booklets, ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' and ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'', are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the [[Hogwarts]] library. Since going on sale in March 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million for the fund. The £10.8 million they have raised outside the UK have been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.<ref>Comic Relief, The Money, {{cite web|url=http://www.comicrelief.com/stuff-to-buy/harrys-books/the-money/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029034316/http://www.comicrelief.com/stuff-to-buy/harrys-books/the-money/ |archivedate=29 October 2007 |df= }}</ref> In 2002, Rowling contributed a foreword to ''Magic'', an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families.<ref>''Magic'' (foreword by JK Rowling). Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002 ({{ISBN|0747557462}}).</ref>
In 2005, Rowling and [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] [[Emma Nicholson]] founded the Children's High Level Group (now [[Lumos (charity)|Lumos]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://wearelumos.org/about|publisher=Lumos|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129164019/http://www.wearelumos.org/about|archivedate=29 November 2012|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 7 November 2010.</ref> In January 2006, Rowling went to [[Bucharest]] to highlight the use of caged beds in [[mental institution]]s for children.<ref>Philanthropy Impact, Sophie Radice. ''JK Rowling OBE''. {{cite web|title=Women and Philanthropy|url=http://www.philanthropy-impact.org/inspiration/personal-stories/jk-rowling-obe|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110185954/http://www.philanthropy-impact.org/inspiration/personal-stories/jk-rowling-obe|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'', a series of fairy tales referred to in ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''. The book was purchased for £1.95 million by online bookseller [[Amazon.com]] on 13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction.<ref name="fetches">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7142656.stm Rare JK Rowling book fetches £2m] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215120757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7142656.stm |date=15 December 2007 }}. BBC News. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref name="fetches"/><ref>Majendie, Paul. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/11/01/us-arts-rowling-idUSL0117459520071101 Rowling says goodbye to Potter with fairy tales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123730/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/11/01/us-arts-rowling-idUSL0117459520071101 |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Rowling gave away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the ''Harry Potter'' books.<ref name="fetches"/> In 2008, Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds going to Lumos.<ref name="macrabbit" /> On 1 June 2010 ([[International Children's Day]]), Lumos launched an annual initiative – ''Light a Birthday Candle for Lumos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightabirthdaycandle.org.uk/about-the-campaign/ |title=Light a Birthday Candle |author=Lumos |date=10 May 2010 |accessdate=17 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412014011/http://www.lightabirthdaycandle.org.uk/about-the-campaign/ |archivedate=12 April 2012}} Archived at Wayback Engine.</ref> In November 2013, Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of ''The Tales of Beedle the Bard'', totalling nearly £19 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Season of Giving – The Millionaire Donations that Defined 2013|url=http://www.spearswms.com/spears-lists/lists/the-season-of-giving-the-millionaire-donations-that-defined-2013-4151578|publisher=Spear's|accessdate=30 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230120430/http://www.spearswms.com/spears-lists/lists/the-season-of-giving-the-millionaire-donations-that-defined-2013-4151578#.UsGw4fQ7tcZ|archivedate=30 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In July 2012, Rowling was featured at the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] in London, where she read a few lines from [[J. M. Barrie]]'s ''[[Peter Pan]]'' as part of a tribute to [[Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children]]. An inflatable representation of [[Lord Voldemort]] and other children's literary characters accompanied her reading.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rupert Grint Runs in Olympic Torch Relay, JK Rowling in Opening Ceremony|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2012/7/27/rupert-grint-runs-in-olympic-torch-relay-jk-rowling-in-opening-ceremony|publisher=The Leaky Cauldron|accessdate=28 July 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728042815/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2012/7/27/rupert-grint-runs-in-olympic-torch-relay-jk-rowling-in-opening-ceremony|archivedate=28 July 2012|df=dmy-all|date=2012-07-27}}</ref>
===Multiple sclerosis===
Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of [[multiple sclerosis]], from which her mother suffered before her death in 1990. In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at [[Edinburgh University]], later named the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic.<ref>{{cite web|title=J K Rowling marks start for clinic|publisher=University of Edinburgh|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/rowling-041111|accessdate=15 December 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211194041/http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/rowling-041111|archivedate=11 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2010, she donated a further £10 million to the centre.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling donates £10m to multiple sclerosis clinic|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/jk-rowling-donates-10m-to-multiple-sclerosis-clinic/story-e6frf7jx-1225912553049|year=2010|accessdate=30 August 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225858/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/jk-rowling-donates-10m-to-multiple-sclerosis-clinic/story-e6frf7jx-1225912553049|archivedate=14 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For reasons unknown, Scotland, Rowling's country of adoption, has the highest rate of multiple sclerosis in the world. In 2003, Rowling took part in a campaign to establish a national standard of care for MS sufferers.<ref name=MSSS/> In April 2009, she announced that she was withdrawing her support for [[Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain|Multiple Sclerosis Society]] Scotland, citing her inability to resolve an ongoing feud between the organisation's northern and southern branches that had sapped morale and led to several resignations.<ref name=MSSS>{{cite news |title=Rowling quits multiple sclerosis charity over Anglo-Scottish feud |author=Andy McSmith |work=The Independent |location=UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rowling-quits-multiple-sclerosis-charity-over-angloscottish-feud-1666842.html |accessdate=20 April 2009 |date=10 April 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413185304/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rowling-quits-multiple-sclerosis-charity-over-angloscottish-feud-1666842.html |archivedate=13 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Other philanthropic work===
In May 2008, bookseller [[Waterstones]] asked Rowling and 12 other writers ([[Lisa Appignanesi]], [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Lauren Child]], [[Sebastian Faulks]], [[Richard Ford]], [[Neil Gaiman]], [[Nick Hornby]], [[Doris Lessing]], [[Michael Rosen]], [[Axel Scheffler]], [[Tom Stoppard]] and [[Irvine Welsh]]) to compose a short piece of their own choosing on a single [[ISO 216|A5]] card, which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities Dyslexia Action and English [[International PEN|PEN]]. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word [[Harry Potter prequel|''Harry Potter'' prequel]] that concerns Harry's father, [[James Potter (character)|James Potter]], and godfather, [[Sirius Black]], and takes place three years before Harry was born. The cards were collated and sold for charity in book form in August 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rowling pens Potter prequel for charities |first=Rachel |last=Williams |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,,2282533,00.html |date=29 May 2008 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714103208/http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,,2282533,00.html |archivedate=14 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
On 1 and 2 August 2006, she read alongside [[Stephen King]] and [[John Irving]] at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO [[Médecins Sans Frontières]].<ref>[http://www.scholastic.com/harrycarriegarp/Press_Release.pdf Harry, Carrie, Garp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025232009/http://www.scholastic.com/harrycarriegarp/Press_Release.pdf |date=25 October 2007 }}. Scholastic. 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In May 2007, Rowling pledged a donation reported as over £250,000 to a reward fund started by the tabloid ''[[News of the World]]'' for the safe return of a young British girl, [[Disappearance of Madeleine McCann|Madeleine McCann]], who disappeared in Portugal.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-05-13-rowling-reward_N.htm 'Potter' Author Adds to UK Reward Fund] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008080214/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-05-13-rowling-reward_N.htm |date=8 October 2007 }}. USA Today. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514152845/http://news.sky.com/home/madeleine/article/1265397 Harry Potter Author Adds To Reward]. Sky News. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref> Rowling, along with [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Al Gore]], and [[Alan Greenspan]], wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown's speeches, the proceeds of which were donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4878754.stm Brown publishes greatest speeches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915172552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4878754.stm |date=15 September 2007 }}. BBC News. 5 April 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> After her exposure as the true author of ''The Cuckoo's Calling'' led to a massive increase in sales, Rowling announced she would donate all her royalties to the [[Army Benevolent Fund]], claiming she had always intended to but never expected the book to be a best-seller.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling to Donate All Royalties From Her Secret Novel to Charity|url=http://jezebel.com/j-k-rowling-to-donate-all-royalties-from-her-secret-no-980287661|author=Madeleine Davies|publisher=jezebel.com|year=2013|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref>
Rowling is a member of both English PEN and Scottish PEN. She was one of 50 authors to contribute to First Editions, Second Thoughts, a charity auction for English PEN. Each author hand annotated a first-edition copy of one of their books, in Rowling's case, ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''. The book was the highest-selling lot of the event and fetched £150,000 ($228,600).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Robert|title=Highlights from the First Editions, Second Thoughts auction|url=https://www.englishpen.org/events/highlights-from-the-first-editions-second-thoughts-auction/|date=22 May 2013|website=English PEN|accessdate=6 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144540/https://www.englishpen.org/events/highlights-from-the-first-editions-second-thoughts-auction/|archivedate=7 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rowling is a supporter of the [[The Shannon Trust|Shannon Trust]], which runs the Toe by Toe Reading Plan and the Shannon Reading Plan in prisons across Britain, helping and giving tutoring to prisoners who cannot read.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toe-by-toe.co.uk/prison_project.html |title=toeby-toe.co.uk |publisher=toe-by-toe.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074811/http://www.toe-by-toe.co.uk/prison_project.html |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Influences==
{{see also|Harry Potter influences and analogues}}
Rowling has named communist and [[civil rights]] activist [[Jessica Mitford]] as her "most influential writer" saying, "Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the [[Spanish Civil War]]", and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".<ref>{{cite news|title=The first It Girl|author=J. K. Rowling|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html|date=26 November 2006|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118210059/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html|archivedate=18 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling has described [[Jane Austen]] as her favourite author,<ref>{{cite web|title=Online chat transcript, Scholastic.com, 3 February 2000|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0200-scholastic-chat.htm|publisher=Accio Quote!|accessdate=26 December 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731081205/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0200-scholastic-chat.htm|archivedate=31 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> calling ''[[Emma (novel)|Emma]]'' her favourite book in ''[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling's bookshelf|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/JK-Rowlings-Bookshelf/1|work=O magazine|accessdate=26 December 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523132625/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/JK-Rowlings-Bookshelf/1|archivedate=23 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As a child, Rowling has said her early influences included ''[[The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe]]'' by [[C.S. Lewis]], ''[[The Little White Horse]]'' by [[Elizabeth Goudge]], and ''[[Manxmouse]]'' by [[Paul Gallico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Early influences|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US/#/timeline/early-influences|publisher=J.K. Rowling's official website|accessdate=26 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230094234/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US#/timeline/early-influences|archivedate=30 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Views==
===Politics===
{{See also|Politics of J. K. Rowling|Politics of Harry Potter}}
Rowling is known for her [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] political views. In September 2008, on the eve of the [[Labour Party Conference]], Rowling announced that she had donated [[Pound sterling|£]]1 million to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], and publicly endorsed Labour Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] over [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] challenger [[David Cameron]], praising Labour's policies on child poverty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harry Potter author JK Rowling gives £1 million to Labour|author=Ben Leach|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/3021309/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-gives-1-million-to-Labour.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=20 September 2008|location=London|date=20 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920115952/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/3021309/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-gives-1-million-to-Labour.html|archivedate=20 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling is a close friend of [[Sarah Brown (spouse)|Sarah Brown]], wife of Gordon Brown, whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project for One Parent Families.<ref name="Morrison"/>
Rowling discussed the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]] with the Spanish-language newspaper ''[[El País]]'' in February 2008, stating that the election would have a profound effect on the rest of the world. She also said that [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] would be "extraordinary" in the White House. In the same interview, Rowling identified [[Robert F. Kennedy]] as her hero.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes|title=Ser invisible... eso sería lo más|last=Cruz|first=Juan|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=8 February 2008|accessdate=8 February 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213020402/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes|archivedate=13 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In April 2010, Rowling published an article in ''[[The Times]]'', in which she criticised Cameron's plan to encourage married couples to stay together by offering them a £150 annual tax credit: "Nobody who has ever experienced the reality of poverty could say 'it's not the money, it's the message'. When your flat has been broken into, and you cannot afford a locksmith, it is the money. When you are two pence short of a tin of baked beans, and your child is hungry, it is the money. When you find yourself contemplating shoplifting to get nappies, it is the money."<ref>{{cite news|title=The single mother's manifesto|author=J. K. Rowling|work=The Times|location=UK|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article7096786.ece|accessdate=15 April 2010|date=14 April 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423213108/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article7096786.ece|archivedate=23 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
As a resident of Scotland, Rowling was eligible to vote in the 2014 [[Scottish independence referendum, 2014|referendum on Scottish independence]], and campaigned for the "No" vote.<ref name=shelley>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling: 'The worst that can happen is that everyone says, That's shockingly bad'|first=Decca|last=Aitkenhead|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/22/jk-rowling-book-casual-vacancy|accessdate=22 September 2012|location=London|date=22 September 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221160214/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/22/jk-rowling-book-casual-vacancy|archivedate=21 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She donated £1 million to the [[Better Together (campaign)|Better Together]] anti-independence campaign (run by her former neighbour [[Alistair Darling]]),<ref name="GuardBT"/> the largest donation it had received at the time. In a blog post, Rowling explained that an open letter from Scottish medical professionals raised problems with First Minister [[Alex Salmond]]'s plans for a common research funding.<ref name="GuardBT" /> Rowling compared some Scottish Nationalists with the [[Death Eaters]], characters from ''Harry Potter'' who are scornful of those without pure blood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottish-independence-jk-rowling-calls-some-nationalists-death-eaters-donates-1m-to-better-together-9526913.html|title=JK Rowling donates £1m to Scottish independence 'No' campaign and calls some nationalists 'Death Eaters'|date=12 June 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|accessdate=12 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611161543/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottish-independence-jk-rowling-calls-some-nationalists-death-eaters-donates-1m-to-better-together-9526913.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 22 October 2015 a letter was published in ''[[The Guardian]]'' signed by Rowling (along with over 150 other figures from arts and politics) opposing the cultural boycott of Israel, and announcing the creation of a network for dialogue, called Culture for Coexistence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel needs cultural bridges, not boycotts – letter from JK Rowling, Simon Schama and others|author=Various|work=The Guardian|location=UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/israel-needs-cultural-bridges-not-boycotts-letter-from-jk-rowling-simon-schama-and-others|accessdate=23 October 2015|date=22 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022235926/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/israel-needs-cultural-bridges-not-boycotts-letter-from-jk-rowling-simon-schama-and-others|archivedate=22 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling later explained her position in more detail, saying that although she opposed most of [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s actions she did not think the cultural boycott would bring about the removal of Israel's leader or help improve the situation in Israel and Palestine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cultural boycotts: =JK Rowling|work=Twitlong|location=UK|url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/n_1snnrq7|accessdate=5 November 2015|date=26 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105100830/http://www.twitlonger.com/show/n_1snnrq7|archivedate=5 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In June 2016, Rowling campaigned against the [[United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016|Referendum to leave the European Union]], stating on her website that, "I'm the mongrel product of this European continent and I'm an internationalist. I was raised by a Francophile mother whose family was proud of their part-French heritage ... My values are not contained or proscribed by borders. The absence of a visa when I cross the channel has symbolic value to me. I might not be in my house, but I'm still in my hometown."<ref>{{cite web|title=On Monsters, Villains and the EU Referendum|author=JK Rowling|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB/#/timeline/on-monsters-villains-and-the-EU-referendum|publisher=jkrowling.com|year=2016|accessdate=5 August 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804235110/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB#/timeline/on-monsters-villains-and-the-EU-referendum|archivedate=4 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rowling has been critical of [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party Leader]] [[Jeremy Corbyn]], accusing Corbyn of tolerating anti-semitic behavior within the [[Labour Party of the United Kingdom|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/3/jk-rowling-slams-socialists-tweet-condemning-labou/ | title=J.K. Rowling slams socialists in tweet condemning Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{See also|Religious debates over the Harry Potter series}}
Over the years, some religious people, particularly Christians, have decried Rowling's books for supposedly promoting witchcraft. Rowling identifies as a Christian.<ref name= conference/> She once said, "I believe in God, not magic."<ref>Nelson, Michael. [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=fantasia_the_gospel_according_to_cs_lewis Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S. Lewis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011202136/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=fantasia_the_gospel_according_to_cs_lewis |date=11 October 2007 }}. ''[[The American Prospect]]''. 25 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> Early on she felt that if readers knew of her Christian beliefs they would be able to predict her plot line.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1000-vancouversun-wyman.htm|title=You can lead a fool to a book but you can't make them think|newspaper=The Vancouver Sun|last=Wyman|first=Max|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184844/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1000-vancouversun-wyman.htm|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}} 26 October 2000. Retrieved 29 October 2007.</ref>
In 2007, Rowling described having been brought up in the [[Church of England]]. She said she was the only one in her family who regularly went to church. As a student she became annoyed at the "smugness of religious people" and worshipped less often. Later, she started to attend a [[Church of Scotland]] congregation at the time she was writing ''Harry Potter''.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of "Deathly Hallows"|work=The Leaky Cauldron|year=2007|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/11/19/new-interview-with-j-k-rowling-for-release-of-dutch-edition-of-deathly-hallows|accessdate=15 November 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120150900/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/11/19/new-interview-with-j-k-rowling-for-release-of-dutch-edition-of-deathly-hallows|archivedate=20 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charmed, I'm Sure|author=Linton Weeks|work=The Washington Post|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm|year=1999|accessdate=17 June 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708230353/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm|archivedate=8 July 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Her eldest daughter, Jessica, was baptised there.<ref name=conference>{{cite web|title=Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling Opens Up About Books' Christian Imagery|author=Shawn Adler|publisher=MTV|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1572107/20071017/index.jhtml|year=2007|accessdate=18 October 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018082559/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1572107/20071017/index.jhtml|archivedate=18 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In a 2006 interview with ''[[Tatler (1901)|Tatler]]'' magazine, Rowling noted that, "like [[Graham Greene]], my faith is sometimes about if my faith will return. It's important to me."<ref name=dt/> She has said that she has struggled with doubt, that she believes in an afterlife,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Woman Behind the Boy Wizard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/arts/television/16rowling.html|accessdate=16 November 2010|work=The New York Times|first=Mike|last=Hale|date=16 July 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715043903/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/arts/television/16rowling.html|archivedate=15 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and that her faith plays a part in her books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/19677/harry-potter-5|title=Rowling's Christian critics miss the mark|accessdate=16 November 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726182616/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/19677/harry-potter-5|archivedate=26 July 2010|df=dmy-all|date=2007-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cruz |first=Juan |date=8 February 2008 |title=Ser invisible... eso sería lo más |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/08/cultura/1202425201_850215.html |newspaper=[[El País]] |location=Edinburgh |language=Spanish |accessdate=9 February 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208140827/http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/08/cultura/1202425201_850215.html |archivedate=8 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Vieira, Meredith.[http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/20001720/page/4/ "Harry Potter: The final chapter"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014450/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/20001720/page/4/ |date=14 October 2007 }}. [[MSNBC]]. Retrieved 30 July 2007.</ref> In a 2012 radio interview, she said that she was a member of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], a province of the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name=bbc-20120927>{{Cite episode |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g |title=J. K. Rowling |credits=Presenter: Mark Lawson |series=Front Row |serieslink=Front Row (radio) |station=[[BBC Radio 4]] |time=17:45 |date=27 September 2012 |accessdate=27 September 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001021842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g |archivedate=1 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
In 2015, following the [[Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland|referendum on same-sex marriage in Ireland]], Rowling joked that if Ireland legalised same-sex marriage, Dumbledore and [[Gandalf]] could get married there.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling Had An Incredible Twitter Fight With the Westboro Baptist Church|url=http://time.com/3899553/j-k-rowling-twitter-westboro-baptist-church/|accessdate=28 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529103524/http://time.com/3899553/j-k-rowling-twitter-westboro-baptist-church/|archivedate=29 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Westboro Baptist Church]], in response, stated that if the two got married, they would picket. Rowling responded by saying "Alas, the sheer awesomeness of such a union in such a place would blow your tiny bigoted minds out of your thick sloping skulls."<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling and the savage Twitter game: the Harry Potter author's most sassy tweets|work=[[NME]]|author=Jordan Bassett|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/jk-rowling-and-the-savage-twitter-game-the-authors-most-fire-tweets-1964777|year=2017|accessdate=23 April 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090118/http://www.nme.com/blogs/jk-rowling-and-the-savage-twitter-game-the-authors-most-fire-tweets-1964777|archivedate=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Press===
Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press. She admits to being "thin-skinned" and dislikes the fickle nature of reporting. Rowling disputes her reputation as a recluse who hates to be interviewed.<ref name=Treneman>Treneman, Ann. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0620-times-treneman.htm "I'm not writing for the money: It's for me and out of loyalty to fans."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027112720/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0620-times-treneman.htm |date=27 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Times]]''. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref>
By 2011, Rowling had taken more than 50 actions against the press.<ref name=holiday>{{cite news|title=Leveson inquiry: JK Rowling and Sienna Miller give evidence|author=Lisa O'Carroll and Josh Halliday|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/24/leveson-inquiry-jk-rowling-sienna-miller-live|accessdate=22 September 2012|location=London|date=24 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810190349/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/24/leveson-inquiry-jk-rowling-sienna-miller-live|archivedate=10 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unauthorised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach in [[Mauritius]] published in ''[[OK!]]'' magazine.<ref>[http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article=MjA0NQ== Press Complaints Commission: JK Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214104611/http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article=MjA0NQ== |date=14 December 2007 }}. pcc.org.uk. 2001. Retrieved 8 December 2007.</ref> In 2007, Rowling's young son, David, assisted by Rowling and her husband, lost a court fight to ban publication of a photograph of him. The photo, taken by a photographer using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in a ''[[Sunday Express]]'' article featuring Rowling's family life and motherhood.<ref name=david /> The judgement was overturned in David's favour in May 2008.<ref>{{Cite BAILII|litigants=David Murray (by his litigation friends Neil Murray and Joanne Murray) v Big Pictures (UK) Limited|country=ew|court=EWCA|division=Civ|num=446|year=2008|date=7 May 2008}}.</ref>
Rowling particularly dislikes the British tabloid the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', which has conducted interviews with her estranged ex-husband. As one journalist noted, "Harry's [[Vernon Dursley|Uncle Vernon]] is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies and remarkably little brain. It is not difficult to guess which newspaper Rowling gives him to read [in ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]]'']."<ref name=vernon>Lockerbie, Catherine. {{cite web|title=All aboard the Hogwarts Express|work=The Scotsman|location=UK|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0700-scotsman-lockerbie.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027095525/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0700-scotsman-lockerbie.html|archivedate=27 October 2007|df=dmy-all}} 11 July 2000. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> {{As of|2014|01}}, she was seeking damages from the ''Mail'' for libel over an article about her time as a single mother.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JK Rowling sues Daily Mail for libel over 'single mother' article|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jan/31/jkrowling-dailymail?CMP=fb_gu|date=31 January 2014|author=Roy Greenslade|accessdate=19 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319145603/http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jan/31/jkrowling-dailymail?CMP=fb_gu|archivedate=19 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rowling's fraught relationship with the press was the inspiration behind the character [[Rita Skeeter]], a gossipy celebrity journalist who first appears in ''Goblet of Fire'', but Rowling noted in 2000 that the character predates her rise to fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Books: transcript of J.K. Rowling's live interview on Scholastic.com|url=http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/interview2.htm|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216084731/http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/interview2.htm |archivedate = 16 December 2007}} 16 October 2000. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref>
In September 2011, Rowling was named a "core participant" in the [[Leveson Inquiry]] into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press, as one of dozens of celebrities who may have been the victim of [[phone hacking]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Leveson phone-hacking inquiry: JK Rowling among 'core participants'|first=Lisa|last=O'Carroll|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/14/leveson-phone-hacking-inquiry-jk-rowling|accessdate=24 September 2011|location=London|date=14 September 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604135926/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/14/leveson-phone-hacking-inquiry-jk-rowling|archivedate=4 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 24 November 2011, Rowling gave evidence before the inquiry; although she was not suspected to have been the victim of phone hacking,<ref name=bbc1/> her testimony included accounts of photographers camping on her doorstep, her fiancé being duped into giving his home address to a journalist masquerading as a tax official,<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling tells Leveson inquiry of press intrusion|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15876194|accessdate=25 November 2011|date=24 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124205816/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15876194|archivedate=24 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> her chasing a journalist a week after giving birth,<ref name=holiday/> a journalist leaving a note inside her then-five-year-old daughter's schoolbag, and an attempt by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' to "blackmail" her into a photo opportunity in exchange for the return of a stolen manuscript.<ref name=cnn1>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling chased from home by press, she says|author=Richard Allen Greene|publisher=CNN|year=2011|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/europe/uk-phone-hacking-scandal/?hpt=wo_bn6|accessdate=25 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411035926/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/europe/uk-phone-hacking-scandal/?hpt=wo_bn6|archivedate=11 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling claimed she had to leave her former home in [[Merchiston]] because of press intrusion.<ref name=cnn1/> In November 2012, Rowling wrote an article for ''[[The Guardian]]'' in reaction to [[David Cameron]]'s decision not to implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inquiry, saying she felt "duped and angry".<ref>{{cite news|title=I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=3 December 2012|location=London|first=JK|last=Rowling|date=30 November 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913014433/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson|archivedate=13 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2014, Rowling reaffirmed her support for "[[Hacked Off]]" and its campaign towards press self-regulation by co-signing with other British celebrities a declaration to "[safeguard] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Benedict Cumberbatch, Alfonso Cuaron, Maggie Smith Back U.K. Press Regulation |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=18 March 2014 |first=Georg |last=Szalai |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/benedict-cumberbatch-alfonso-cuaron-maggie-689289 |accessdate=19 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607221419/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/benedict-cumberbatch-alfonso-cuaron-maggie-689289 |archivedate=7 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Legal disputes==
{{Main|Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series}}
Rowling, her publishers, and [[Time Warner]], the owner of the rights to the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' films]], have taken numerous legal actions to protect their copyright. The worldwide popularity of the ''Harry Potter'' series has led to the appearance of a number of locally produced, unauthorised sequels and other derivative works, sparking efforts to ban or contain them.<ref name=yemets><span class="plainlinks">[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2846105.stm "Rowling seeks 'Grotter' ban"]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421123252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/ |date=21 April 1999 }}, 13 March 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</span>"</ref>
Another area of legal dispute involves a series of injunctions obtained by Rowling and her publishers to prohibit anyone from reading her books before their official release date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article543318.ece|title=Reading ban on leaked Harry Potter|date=13 July 2005|accessdate=13 March 2009|author1=Jack Malvern|author2=Richard Cleroux|work=The Times|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529152440/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article543318.ece|archivedate=29 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The injunction drew fire from civil liberties and free speech campaigners and sparked debates over the "right to read".<ref>{{cite news|title=Harry Potter and the Right to Read|author=Michael Geist|url=http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=896|date=18 July 2005|newspaper=Toronto Star|accessdate=12 October 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814045816/http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=896|archivedate=14 August 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/publisher-s-efforts-to-keep-story-s-secrets-collide-with-free-speech-concerns.html |title=Publisher's Efforts to Keep Story's Secrets Collide With Free Speech Concerns |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 June 2003 |accessdate=8 August 2010 |first=David D. |last=Kirkpatrick |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103002304/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/publisher-s-efforts-to-keep-story-s-secrets-collide-with-free-speech-concerns.html |archivedate=3 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Awards and honours==
[[File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Rowling, after receiving an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen]]
Rowling has received honorary degrees from [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews University]], the [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Edinburgh Napier University]], the [[University of Exeter]] (which she attended),<ref>{{cite news|title=J K Rowling given honorary degree at her alma mater|last=Pook|first=Sally|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1348603/J-K-Rowling-given-honorary-degree-at-her-alma-mater.html|date=15 July 2000|accessdate=5 May 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531003402/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1348603/J-K-Rowling-given-honorary-degree-at-her-alma-mater.html|archivedate=31 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[University of Aberdeen]],<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling receives honorary degree|author=David Cribb|year=2006|work=digital spy|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a34635/jk-rowling-receives-honorary-degree.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080930/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a34635/jk-rowling-receives-honorary-degree.html|archivedate=10 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 6 June 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Harry Potter' author JK Rowling receives Honorary Degree|publisher=University of Aberdeen|url=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/release.php?id=638|year=2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212015310/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/release.php?id=638|archivedate=12 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 6 June 2008.</ref> and [[Harvard University]], where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|title=J. K. Rowling To Speak at Commencement|author=Claire M. Guehenno and Laurence H. M. Holland|year=2008|work=The Harvard Crimson|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=521567|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615205621/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=521567|archivedate=15 June 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 6 June 2008.</ref> In 2009 Rowling was made a Chevalier de la [[Légion d'honneur]] by French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref name=legion>{{Cite news |last=Keaten |first=Jamey |title=France honors Harry Potter author Rowling |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-02-03-rowling_N.htm |agency=Associated Press |date=3 February 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2010 |work=USA Today |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207084012/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-02-03-rowling_N.htm |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2011, Rowling became an honorary Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=College Fellows and Members recognised in Queen's Birthday Honours|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/college/college-fellows-and-members-recognised-queens-birthday-honours|website=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|publisher=RCPE}}</ref>
Other awards include:<ref name="awards"/>
* 1997: [[Nestlé Smarties Book Prize]], Gold Award for ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
* 1998: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
* 1998: [[British Children's Book of the Year]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
* 1999: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
* 1999: [[National Book Awards Children's Book of the Year]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
* 1999: [[1999 Whitbread Awards|Whitbread Children's Book of the Year]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
* 2000: [[British Book Awards]], Author of the Year<ref name="awards2" />
* 2000: [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]], for services to Children's Literature<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/793844.stm "Caine heads birthday honours list"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215125039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/793844.stm |date=15 February 2009 }}. BBC News. 17 June 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2000.</ref>
* 2000: [[Locus Award]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
* 2001: [[Hugo Award for Best Novel]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
* 2003: [[Premio Príncipe de Asturias]], Concord
* 2003: [[Bram Stoker Award]] for [[Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers|Best Work for Young Readers]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
* 2006: [[British Book of the Year]], winner for ''Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince''
* 2007: [[Blue Peter Badge]], Gold
* 2007: Named [[Barbara Walters]]' [[Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People|Most Fascinating Person]] of the year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/walters-names-rowling-most-fascinating-of-2007-61748/|title=Walters Names Rowling 'Most Fascinating' Of 2007|work=Access Hollywood|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165700/http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/walters-names-rowling-most-fascinating-of-2007-61748/|archivedate=22 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2008: British Book Awards, Outstanding Achievement
* 2008: The Edinburgh Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2991632/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-receives-the-Edinburgh-Award.html|title=Harry Potter author JK Rowling receives the Edinburgh Award|last=Cockcroft|first=Lucy|date=20 September 2008|work=The Telegraph|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221333/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2991632/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-receives-the-Edinburgh-Award.html|archive-date=5 August 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2010: [[Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award]], inaugural award winner
* 2011: [[British Academy Film Awards]], Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the ''Harry Potter'' film series, shared with [[David Heyman]], cast and crew
* 2012: [[Freedom of the City of London]]
* 2012: Rowling was among the [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural icons]] selected by artist Sir [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]] to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life.<ref>{{cite news|title=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|work=The Guardian|date=11 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095109/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|archivedate=5 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
She was appointed [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) in the [[2017 Birthday Honours]] for services to literature and philanthropy.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=61962|supp=1|page=B25|date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
==Publications==
===Young adults===
====''Harry Potter'' series====
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' (26 June 1997)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (2 July 1998)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (8 July 1999)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (8 July 2000)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' (21 June 2003)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' (16 July 2005)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (21 July 2007)
====Related works====
* ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (1 March 2001)
* ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (1 March 2001)
* ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (4 December 2008)
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'' (story concept) (31 July 2016)
* ''[[Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists]]'' (6 September 2016)
* ''[[Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies]]'' (6 September 2016)
* ''[[Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide]]'' (6 September 2016)
* ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay'' (19 November 2016)
* ''Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald – The Original Screenplay'' (16 November 2018)
====Short stories====
* [[Harry Potter prequel|''Harry Potter'' prequel]] (July 2008)
===Adults===
* ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (27 September 2012)
====''Cormoran Strike'' series (as Robert Galbraith)====
# ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' (18 April 2013)
# ''[[The Silkworm]]'' (19 June 2014)
# ''[[Career of Evil]]'' (20 October 2015)
# ''[[Lethal White (novel)|Lethal White]]'' (18 September 2018)
===Other===
====Non-fiction====
* McNeil, Gil and [[Sarah Jane Brown|Brown, Sarah]], editors (2002). Foreword to the anthology ''Magic''. Bloomsbury.
* [[Gordon Brown|Brown, Gordon]] (2006). Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in ''Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006''. Bloomsbury.
* Sussman, Peter Y., editor (26 July 2006). "The First It Girl: J. K. Rowling reviews ''Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford''". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.
* Anelli, Melissa (2008). Foreword to ''[[Harry, A History]]''. [[Pocket Books]].
* Rowling, J. K. (5 June 2008). "The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination". ''[[Harvard Magazine]]''.
** J. K. Rowling, ''Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination'', illustrated by Joel Holland, [[Sphere Books|Sphere]], 14 April 2015, 80 pages ({{ISBN|978-1-4087-0678-7}}).
* Rowling, J. K. (30 April 2009). "Gordon Brown – The 2009 Time 100". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.
* Rowling, J. K. (14 April 2010). "The Single Mother's Manifesto". ''[[The Times]]''.
* Rowling, J. K. (30 November 2012). "I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". ''[[The Guardian]]''.
* Rowling, J. K. (17 December 2014). Isn’t it time we left orphanages to fairytales? ''The Guardian''.
* Rowling, J. K. (guest editor) (28 April 2014). "Woman's Hour Takeover". ''[[Woman's Hour]]'', [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref name=guardian-20140410>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/10/jk-rowling-guest-editor-womans-hour |title=JK Rowling to become Woman's Hour first guest editor for 60 years |author=Alison Flood |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 April 2014 |accessdate=7 May 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508044216/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/10/jk-rowling-guest-editor-womans-hour |archivedate=8 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films or TV series that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto; margin-right:auto"
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Notes
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Producer
! width=65 | Executive producer
|-
|2010
| align="left" |''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|rowspan="2" align="left" |Film based on her novel ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2011
| align="left" |''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|2015
| align="left" |''[[The Casual Vacancy (miniseries)|The Casual Vacancy]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
| align="left" |Television miniseries based on her novel ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jk-rowling-hbo-bbc-team-698313|title=J.K. Rowling, HBO, BBC Team for 'Casual Vacancy' Miniseries|access-date=5 August 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530091214/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jk-rowling-hbo-bbc-team-698313|archivedate=30 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2016
| align="left" |''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="left" | Film inspired by her ''[[Harry Potter]]'' supplementary book ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2017–present
|align="left" |''[[Strike (TV series)|Strike]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|align="left" | Television series based on her ''[[Cormoran Strike]]'' novels
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/global/holliday-grainger-jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-tv-series-1201906413/|title=Holliday Grainger to Star in J.K. Rowling's 'Cormoran Strike' TV Series (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Barraclough|first=Leo|date=2 November 2016|newspaper=Variety|access-date=22 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223633/http://variety.com/2016/tv/global/holliday-grainger-jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-tv-series-1201906413/|archivedate=5 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|align="left" |''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]''{{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="left" | Film inspired by her ''Harry Potter'' supplementary book ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them''
|
|}
==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=J. K. Rowling |b=no |n=no |q=J. K. Rowling |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=J. K. Rowling}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{british council|j-k-rowling}}
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html "The first It Girl"], Rowling's article on Jessica Mitford for ''The Telegraph''
* [http://harvardmagazine.com/go/jkrowling.html Video, audio and transcript] of Rowling's speech at [[Harvard University]]'s 2008 [[graduation|commencement]]
* {{Isfdb name|6304}}
* {{IMDb name|0746830}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{worldcat id|lccn-n97-108433}}
* {{IBList|type=author|id=146|name=J.K. Rowling}}
* [http://www.theblairpartnership.com/ The Blair Partnership]
{{Works by J.K. Rowling}}
{{Harry Potter}}
{{Hugo Award Best Novel 2001–2020|state=collapsed}}
{{Locus Award Best Fantasy Novel|state=collapsed}}
{{2011 News Corporation scandal}}
{{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Books|Harry Potter|Children's literature|Literature|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rowling, J. K.}}
[[Category:J. K. Rowling| ]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century English novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century British novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter]]
[[Category:Anthony Award winners]]
[[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:British Book Award winners]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Portugal]]
[[Category:British women short story writers]]
[[Category:British writers of young adult literature]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Christian writers]]
[[Category:English Anglicans]]
[[Category:English billionaires]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:English educators]]
[[Category:English fantasy writers]]
[[Category:English film producers]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English philanthropists]]
[[Category:English women novelists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Female billionaires]]
[[Category:Freemen of the City of London]]
[[Category:Harry Potter]]
[[Category:Hugo Award-winning writers]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) people]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People associated with Edinburgh]]
[[Category:People associated with Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:People from Tidenham]]
[[Category:People from Winterbourne, Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:People from Yate]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:Scottish Episcopalians]]
[[Category:Teachers of English as a second or foreign language]]
[[Category:Tony Award winners]]
[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Women writers of young adult literature]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}{{Featured article}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = J. K. Rowling
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|size=100%}}
| image = J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Rowling at the [[White House Easter Egg Roll]], 2010
| pseudonym = {{unbulleted list|J. K. Rowling|Robert Galbraith}}
| birth_name = Joanne Rowling
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|7|31}}
| birth_place = [[Yate]], Gloucestershire, England
| nationality = British
| education = [[University of Exeter]] <small>(1986, [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>
| occupation = Novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer, screenwriter
| period = 1997–present
| genre = [[Fantasy]], drama, [[young adult fiction]], [[tragicomedy]], [[crime fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series
| spouse = {{unbulleted list| {{marriage|Jorge Arantes|1992|1995|end=divorce}} | {{marriage|Neil Murray|2001}} }}
| partner =
| children = 3
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|jkrowling.com}}
| signature = JKRowlingsignature.png
}}
'''Joanne <!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; see the section "Name"--> Rowling''', {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|size=85%|sep=,}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|əʊ|l|ɪ|ŋ}} "rolling";<ref name=bio>Rowling, J.K. (16 February 2007). [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html "The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430125041/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html |date=30 April 2008 }}. Accio Quote (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 28 April 2008.</ref> born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names '''J. K. Rowling''' and '''Robert Galbraith''',<!--do not change to "English" or "Scottish" until issue is resolved --> is a British [[novelist]], [[philanthropist]], [[film producer]], [[television producer]] and [[screenwriter]], best known for writing the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' fantasy series. The books have won multiple awards, and sold more than 500 million copies,<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Potter book sales top 500 million worldwide|author=Eyre, Charlotte|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/harry-potter-books-sales-reach-500-million-worldwide-723556|work=The Bookseller|date=1 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201190313/https://www.thebookseller.com/news/harry-potter-books-sales-reach-500-million-worldwide-723556|archivedate=1 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> becoming the [[List of best-selling books|best-selling book series in history]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Record for best-selling book series |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/best-selling-book-series-for-children |publisher=Guinness World Records |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023212942/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/best-selling-book-series-for-children |archivedate=23 October 2012|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> They have also been the basis for [[Harry Potter (film series)|a film series]], over which Rowling had overall approval on the scripts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/12/09/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ |title=Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer David Heyman |publisher=firstshowing.net |date=9 December 2010 |author=Billington, Alex |accessdate=29 December 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220175352/http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/12/09/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ |archivedate=20 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was a producer on the final films in the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warner Bros. Pictures Worldwide Satellite Trailer Debut: ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1''|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry|work=Businesswire|year=2010|accessdate=29 December 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092506/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry|archivedate=27 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Born in [[Yate]], Gloucestershire, England, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for [[Amnesty International]] when she conceived the idea for the ''Harry Potter'' series while on a delayed train from [[Manchester]] to London in 1990.<ref name=WizardBehindPotter /> The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband and relative poverty until the [[debut novel|first novel]] in the series, ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last, ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'', was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written five books for adult readers: ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (2012) and—under the [[pseudonym]] Robert Galbraith—the [[crime fiction]] novels ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' (2013), ''[[The Silkworm]]'' (2014), ''[[Career of Evil]]'' (2015), and ''[[Lethal White (novel)|Lethal White]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|title=Writing - J.K. Rowling|url=https://www.jkrowling.com/writing/|accessdate=24 October 2018|website=JK Rowling|deadurl=no}}</ref>
Rowling has lived a "[[rags to riches]]" life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to being the world's first billionaire author.<ref name="The world's first billionaire author is cashing in">{{cite news|title=The world's first billionaire author is cashing in|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/31/the-worlds-first-billionaire-author-is-cashing-in.html|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> She lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity, but remains one of the wealthiest people in the world.<ref name="J.K. Rowling Is No Longer A Billionaire, Booted Off Forbes List">{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling Is No Longer A Billionaire, Booted Off Forbes List|url= http://www.businessinsider.com/jk-rowling-is-no-longer-a-billionaire-booted-off-forbes-list-2012-3|publisher= Business Insider}}</ref> She is the United Kingdom's bestselling living author, with sales in excess of £238M.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling: Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9584404/JK-Rowling-Casual-Vacancy-tops-fiction-charts.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=4 October 2012|location=London|first=Emma-Victoria|last=Farr|date=3 October 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003423/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9584404/JK-Rowling-Casual-Vacancy-tops-fiction-charts.html|archivedate=4 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 2016 ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' estimated Rowling's fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK.<ref name="richlist">{{cite news |title=Sir Arnold Clark 'first billionaire car dealer' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36123599 |accessdate=1 August 2016 |work=BBC News|date=24 April 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704122109/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-36123599 |archivedate=4 July 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] named her a runner-up for its 2007 [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]], noting the social, moral, and [[Politics of Harry Potter|political inspiration]] she has given [[Harry Potter fandom|her fans]].<ref>Gibbs, Nancy (19 December 2007). [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695436,00.html Person of the Year 2007: Runners-Up: J.K. Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221164141/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695436,00.html |date=21 December 2007 }}. ''Time'' magazine. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</ref> In October 2010, Rowling was named the "Most Influential Woman in Britain" by leading magazine editors.<ref name="htanna">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling named Most Influential Woman in the UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/11/harry-potter-jkrowling-influential-woman |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=11 October 2010 |first=Damien |last=Pearse |date=11 October 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025163115/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/11/harry-potter-jkrowling-influential-woman |archivedate=25 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She has supported charities, including [[Comic Relief (charity)|Comic Relief]], [[One Parent Families]] and [[Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain]], and launched her own charity, [[Lumos (charity)|Lumos]].
==Name==
Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, her name, before her remarriage, was Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the target audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman, her publishers asked that she use two initials rather than her full name. As she had no middle name, she chose ''K'' (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Jo Rowling Interview on Oprah |url=http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |accessdate=28 January 2012 |series=The Oprah Winfrey Show |serieslink=The Oprah Winfrey Show |airdate=2010-10-01 |time=1:50 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219121651/http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |archivedate=19 December 2011 }}</ref> She calls herself Jo.<ref>Shelagh, Rogers (23 October 2000). "Interview: J.K. Rowling". ''This Morning''. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1023-thismorning-rogers.html Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215222731/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1023-thismorning-rogers.html |date=15 December 2013 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). 28 July 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</ref> Following her remarriage, she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.<ref name=david>[http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2143434,00.html "Judge rules against J.K. Rowling in privacy case"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608173816/http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,,2143434,00.html |date=8 June 2008 }}. ''Guardian Unlimited''. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</ref><ref name=dt>Greig, Geordie (10 January 2006). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html "There would be so much to tell her ..."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214103239/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1507438/There-would-be-so-much-to-tell-her....html |date=14 February 2012 }}. ''Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved 8 August 2010.</ref> During the [[Leveson Inquiry]] she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-JK-Rowling2.pdf|title=Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling|publisher=The [[Leveson Inquiry]]|date=November 2011|accessdate=25 November 2011|format=PDF|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140122145147/http:/www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-JK-Rowling2.pdf|archivedate=22 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and her entry in ''[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who]]'' lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling.<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | surname = Rowling | othernames = Joanne Kathleen | id = U33335 | volume = 2015 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
==Life and career==
===Birth and family===
[[File:Platform934-2014.JPG|upright|thumb|left|Rowling's parents met on a train from [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross Station]]. After Rowling used King's Cross as a gateway into the Wizarding World it became a popular tourist spot.|alt=A sign reading "Platform 9¾" with half of a luggage trolley installed beneath, at the interior of King's Cross railway station.]]
Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] aircraft engineer,<ref name="newyorker">{{cite web |title=Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults |author=Parker, Ian |work=The New Yorker |date=1 October 2012 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch |accessdate=23 September 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730193324/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/01/mugglemarch |archivedate=30 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and Anne Rowling (née Volant), a science technician,<ref name="smithbio"/> on 31 July 1965<ref>[http://content.scholastic.com/browse/contributor.jsp?id=3578 "Biography: J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231114333/http://content.scholastic.com/browse/contributor.jsp?id=3578 |date=31 December 2007 }}. Scholastic.com. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | title = Rowling, J.K. | encyclopedia = World Book | volume = 2006}}</ref> in [[Yate]], <!--Her birth certificate places her birth in Yate, not Chipping Sodbury, although the two towns are contiguous--> [[Gloucestershire]], England, {{convert|10|mi|km}} northeast of Bristol.<ref>{{Cite news |first= Lynne |last= Hutchinson |title= Concerns raised about future of former Chipping Sodbury cottage hospital site |date= 6 September 2012 |newspaper= Gazette Series |location= Gloucestershire, UK |url= http://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/9909520.Concerns_raised_about_future_of_former_cottage_hospital_site/ |accessdate= 1 October 2012 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140404155030/http://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/news/9909520.Concerns_raised_about_future_of_former_cottage_hospital_site/ |archivedate= 4 April 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="rowling-bio">[http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US/#/about-jk-rowling "Biography"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230094234/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US |date=30 December 2012 }}. JKRowling.com. Retrieved 17 March 2006.</ref> Her parents first met on a train departing from [[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross Station]] bound for [[Arbroath]] in 1964.<ref name="Scotsman" /> They married on 14 March 1965.<ref name="Scotsman" /> One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in [[Lamlash]] on the [[Isle of Arran]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Content/Help/index.aspx?r=546&2086 |title=J.K. Rowling's ancestors on ScotlandsPeople |publisher=ScotlandsPeople |accessdate=27 September 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002041022/http://scotlandspeople.gov.uk/Content/Help/index.aspx?r=546&2086 |archivedate=2 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/jk_rowling.htm |title=J.K. Rowling Family Tree |author=Powell, Kimberly |publisher=About.com |accessdate=1 November 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711182318/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/jk_rowling.htm |archivedate=11 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Her mother's paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] for exceptional bravery in defending the village of [[Courcelles-le-Comte]] during the [[First World War]]. Rowling originally believed he had won the [[Légion d'honneur]] during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series ''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. When she heard his story of bravery and discovered the ''croix de guerre'' was for "ordinary" soldiers like her grandfather, who had been a waiter, she stated the ''croix de guerre'' was "better" to her than the Legion of Honour.<ref name=legion/><ref>''[[Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]]'', Series 8, Episode 2. [[BBC]].</ref>
===Childhood===
[[File:Church Cottage, Tutshill.jpg|thumb|right|Rowling's childhood home, [[Church Cottage, Tutshill]], Gloucestershire]]
Rowling's sister Dianne<ref name=WizardBehindPotter>{{Cite book |last = Shapiro |first = Marc |title = J.K. Rowling: The Wizard Behind Harry Potter |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year = 2000 |location = New York |url = https://books.google.com/?id=7WZSQJ6aAwEC&dq=J.K.+Rowling |isbn = 978-0-312-32586-2}}</ref> was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> The family moved to the nearby village [[Winterbourne, Gloucestershire|Winterbourne]] when Rowling was four.<ref>{{cite book |author=Colleen A. Sexton |title=J. K. Rowling |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |location=Brookfield, Conn |year=2008 |page=13 |isbn=978-0-8225-7949-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_IPN8UMf7IC&pg=PA13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065902/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_IPN8UMf7IC&pg=PA13 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy stories which she frequently read to her sister.<ref name=bio /> Aged nine, Rowling moved to [[Church Cottage, Tutshill|Church Cottage]] in the Gloucestershire village of [[Tutshill]], close to [[Chepstow]], Wales.<ref name="rowling-bio" /> When she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave her a copy of [[Jessica Mitford]]'s autobiography, ''[[Hons and Rebels]].''<ref name=hons>Rowling, J.K. (26 November 2006). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/11/26/bomit05.xml The first It Girl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F11%2F26%2Fbomit05.xml |date=11 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and Rowling read all of her books.<ref name=harryandme>Fraser, Lindsey (2 November 2002). "Harry Potter – Harry and me". ''[[The Scotsman]]''. Interview with Rowling, edited excerpt from ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling''. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-fraser-scotsman.html Reprint<!--excerpt?-->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213016/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-fraser-scotsman.html |date= 5 February 2012 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). 31 May 2003; last updated 12 February 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2014.</ref>
Rowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy.<ref name="newyorker"/> Her home life was complicated by her mother's diagnosis with [[multiple sclerosis]]<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling discusses mother's battle with MS|url=https://www.barchester.com/news/jk-rowling-discusses-mothers-battle-ms|year=2014|publisher=Barchester|accessdate=23 January 2018}}</ref> and a strained relationship with her father, with whom she is not on speaking terms.<ref name="newyorker"/> Rowling later said that she based the character of [[Hermione Granger]] on herself when she was eleven.<ref>Feldman, Roxanne (September 1999). "The Truth about Harry". ''School Library Journal''. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/0999-slj-feldman.htm Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817220334/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/0999-slj-feldman.htm |date=17 August 2007 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 2014-12-06.</ref> Sean Harris, her best friend in the [[Sixth form|Upper Sixth]], owned a turquoise [[Ford Anglia#Anglia 105E|Ford Anglia]] which she says inspired a flying version that appeared in ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]''.<ref>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', pp. 19–20. Scholastic.</ref> Like many teenagers, she became interested in pop music, listening to [[the Clash]],<ref>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', p. 29. Scholastic.</ref> [[the Smiths]] and [[Siouxsie Sioux]] and adopted the look of the latter with back-combed hair and black eyeliner, a look that she would still sport when beginning university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/the-jk-rowling-story-1-652114 |title=the JK Rowling Story |work= [[The Scotsman]]|date=16 June 2003|accessdate=25 December 2015}}</ref>
====Education====
As a child, Rowling attended [[St Michael's Primary School]], a school founded by [[abolitionist]] [[William Wilberforce]] and education reformer [[Hannah More]].<ref>[http://www.frenchaymuseumarchives.co.uk/Archives/Schools/St_Michaels_Register_1966-70.rtf "St Michaels Register 1966–70 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222104731/http://www.frenchaymuseumarchives.co.uk/Archives/Schools/St_Michaels_Register_1966-70.rtf |date=22 February 2007 }}. Winterbourne. —Rowling listed as admission No. 305. Retrieved 14 August 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2010/07/jk-rowling-turns-45-saturday-here-are-10-magical-facts-about-the-harry-potter-author.html |title=Happy birthday J.K. Rowling – here are 10 magical facts about the 'Harry Potter' author [Updated] |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=31 July 2010 |accessdate=8 August 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805015648/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2010/07/jk-rowling-turns-45-saturday-here-are-10-magical-facts-about-the-harry-potter-author.html |archivedate=5 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Her headmaster at St Michael's, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the ''Harry Potter'' headmaster [[Albus Dumbledore]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kirk, Connie Ann |title=J. K. Rowling: a biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn |year=2003 |page=28 |isbn=978-0-313-32205-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJgbW9c9mpwC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065227/https://books.google.com/books?id=GJgbW9c9mpwC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She attended secondary school at [[Wyedean School and College]], where her mother worked in the science department.<ref name=smithbio>Smith, Sean (2003), ''J.K. Rowling: A Biography'' (Michael O'Mara, London), p. 55.</ref> Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English".<ref name="newyorker"/> Rowling took [[A-level]]s in English, French and German, achieving two As and a B<ref name="Scotsman" /> and was [[Head Girl]].<ref name="newyorker" />
In 1982, Rowling took the entrance exams for [[Oxford University]] but was not accepted<ref name="newyorker"/> and earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in French and [[Classics]] at the [[University of Exeter]].<ref name=fraser34>Fraser, Lindsey. ''Conversations with J.K. Rowling'', p. 34. Scholastic.</ref><ref name="J. K. Rowling’s Education Background">{{cite web|title=J. K. Rowling's Education Background|url=http://www.eduinreview.com/blog/2010/11/j-k-rowlings-education-background/|publisher= EDU InReview|date=2010-11-10}}</ref><ref name="JK Rowling: 10 facts about the writer">{{cite news|title=JK Rowling: 10 facts about the writer|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9564894/JK-Rowling-10-facts-about-the-writer.html|work= The Telegraph}}</ref> Martin Sorrell, a French professor at Exeter, remembers "a quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of doing what was necessary".<ref name="newyorker"/> Rowling recalls doing little work, preferring to read [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] and [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref name="newyorker"/> After a year of study in Paris, Rowling graduated from Exeter in 1986.<ref name="newyorker"/> In 1988, Rowling wrote a short essay about her time studying Classics titled "What was the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled"; it was published by the University of Exeter's journal ''Pegasus''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rowling, J.K. |title=What was the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled |journal=Pegasus |issue=41 |year=1988 |url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/what-was-the-name-of-that-nymph-again-or-greek-and-roman-studies-recalled-by-joanne-rowling-in-pegasus/oclc/179161486 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231233813/http://www.worldcat.org/title/what-was-the-name-of-that-nymph-again-or-greek-and-roman-studies-recalled-by-joanne-rowling-in-pegasus/oclc/179161486 |archivedate=31 December 2012 |df=dmy-all |publisher=University of Exeter Department of Classics and Ancient History. }}</ref>
===Inspiration and mother's death===
After working as a researcher and bilingual secretary in London for [[Amnesty International]],<ref>Norman-Culp, Sheila (23 November 1998). "British author rides up the charts on a wizard's tale". Associated Press Newswires. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1198-ap-normanculp.html Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214212419/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1198-ap-normanculp.html |date=14 December 2007 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). 24 February 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2007.</ref> Rowling moved with her then boyfriend to Manchester,<ref name="rowling-bio"/> where she worked at the Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Scotsman">McGinty, Stephen (16 June 2003). [http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/the-jk-rowling-story-1-652114 "The J.K. Rowling Story"]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. Retrieved 9 April 2006.</ref> In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry "came fully formed" into her mind.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name=loer>Loer, Stephanie (18 October 1999). "All about Harry Potter from quidditch to the future of the Sorting Hat". ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-bostonglobe-loer.html Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010001706/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-bostonglobe-loer.html |date=10 October 2007 }} at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). No date. Retrieved 10 October 2007.</ref>
When she had reached her [[Clapham Junction]] flat, she began to write immediately.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref>"Harry Potter and Me". BBC Christmas Special. 2001. ''A&E Biography'' (American edition), 13 November 2002. <br>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-aebiography.htm Reprint] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817010715/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2002/1102-aebiography.htm |date=17 August 2007 }} (part 1 of 5) at Accio Quote! (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 25 February 2007.</ref> In December, Rowling's mother, Anne, died after ten years suffering from [[multiple sclerosis]].<ref name="rowling-bio"/> Rowling was writing ''Harry Potter'' at the time and had never told her mother about it.<ref name=dt/> Her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's writing,<ref name=dt/> and she channelled her own feelings of loss by writing about Harry's own feelings of loss in greater detail in the first book.<ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2006/0626-ch4-richardandjudy.html Transcript of Richard and Judy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904070825/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2006/0626-ch4-richardandjudy.html |date=4 September 2007 }}. ''[[Richard & Judy]]'', Channel Four Corporation (UK). 26 June 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2006.</ref>
===Marriage, divorce, and single parenthood===
[[File:VistadoPorto.jpg|thumbnail|left|Rowling moved to Porto to teach. In 1993, she returned to the UK accompanied by her daughter and three completed chapters of ''Harry Potter'' after her marriage had deteriorated.|alt=A panned out image of city buildings.]]
An advertisement in ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref name="Scotsman" /> led Rowling to move to [[Porto]], Portugal, to teach [[English as a foreign language]].<ref name=WizardBehindPotter /><ref name=harryandme /> She taught at night and began writing in the day while listening to [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)|Violin Concerto]].<ref name="newyorker" /> After 18 months in Porto, she met Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found they shared an interest in [[Jane Austen]].<ref name="Scotsman" /> They married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after [[Jessica Mitford]]), was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.<ref name="Scotsman" /> Rowling had previously suffered a [[miscarriage]].<ref name="Scotsman" /> The couple separated on 17 November 1993.<ref name="Scotsman" /><ref>Weeks, Linton. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm "Charmed, I'm Sure"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708230353/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm |date=8 July 2007 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 20 October 1999. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</ref> Biographers have suggested that Rowling suffered [[domestic abuse]] during her marriage, although the extent is unknown.<ref name="Scotsman" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=Connie Ann|title=J.K. Rowling: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-313-32205-1|page=57|quote=Soon, by many eyewitness accounts and even some versions of Jorge's own story, domestic violence became a painful reality in Jo's life.}}</ref> In December 1993, Rowling and her then infant daughter moved to [[Edinburgh]], Scotland, to be near Rowling's sister<ref name="rowling-bio" /> with three chapters of what would become ''Harry Potter'' in her suitcase.<ref name="newyorker" />
Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as a failure.<ref name=twsMarE27>{{cite news |author=JK Rowling |title=JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure |work=TED |quote=Failure & imagination |date=June 2008 |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html |accessdate=5 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430171632/http://www.ted.com/talks/jk_rowling_the_fringe_benefits_of_failure.html |archivedate=30 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described her failure as liberating and allowing her to focus on writing.<ref name=twsMarE27/> During this period, Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression and contemplated suicide.<ref name="cnn23mar08">[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/03/23/rowling.depressed/index.html "Harry Potter author: I considered suicide"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325052913/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/03/23/rowling.depressed/index.html |date=25 March 2008 }}. CNN. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.</ref> Her illness inspired the characters known as [[Dementors]], soul-sucking creatures introduced in the third book.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/823330.stm Harry Potter's magician] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912235559/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/823330.stm |date=12 September 2007 }}. BBC News. 18 February 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2007.</ref> Rowling signed up for [[welfare benefits]], describing her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless."<ref name="newyorker" /><ref name=twsMarE27/>
Rowling was left in despair after her estranged husband arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter.<ref name="Scotsman" /> She obtained an [[Restraining order|Order of Restraint]], and Arantes returned to Portugal, with Rowling filing for divorce in August 1994.<ref name="Scotsman" /> She began a teacher training course in August 1995 at the [[Moray House School of Education]], at [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]],<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling awarded honorary degree|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1466505/JK-Rowling-awarded-honorary-degree.html|accessdate=9 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 July 2004|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305120323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1466505/JK-Rowling-awarded-honorary-degree.html|archivedate=5 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> after completing her first novel while living on state benefits.<ref>{{cite book |author=Melissa Anelli |title=Harry, A History: The True Story of a Boy Wizard, His Fans, and Life Inside the Harry Potter Phenomenon |publisher=Pocket |location=New York |year=2008 |page=44 |isbn=978-1-4165-5495-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5V4zfHYaw0C&pg=PA44 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065336/https://books.google.com/books?id=E5V4zfHYaw0C&pg=PA44 |archivedate=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She wrote in many cafés, especially Nicolson's Café (owned by her brother-in-law),<ref name=kirkbio>{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=Connie Ann|title=J.K. Rowling: A Biography|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=United States}}</ref><ref name="dole">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666215/From-the-dole-to-Hollywood.html|title=From the dole to Hollywood|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 August 2010|author=Dunn, Elisabeth|date=30 June 2007|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423131648/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666215/From-the-dole-to-Hollywood.html|archivedate=23 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the Elephant House,<ref name="biogonbio">{{cite web|title=JK Rowling – Biography on Bio. |url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |publisher=Biographies.co.uk |accessdate=26 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802090434/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |archivedate=2 August 2013 |df= }}</ref> wherever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.<ref name="rowling-bio" /><ref name="hpandme">[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1201-bbc-hpandme.htm "Harry Potter and Me"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182235/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1201-bbc-hpandme.htm |date=5 March 2007 }}. BBC Christmas Special. 28 December 2001. Transcribed by "Marvelous Marvolo" and Jimmi Thøgersen. ''Quick Quotes Quill.org''. Retrieved 17 March 2006.</ref> In a 2001 [[BBC]] interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, pointing out that it had heating. One of the reasons she wrote in cafés was that taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep.<ref name="hpandme" />
===''Harry Potter''===
{{Main|Harry Potter}}
[[File:The Elephant House.jpg|thumb|The Elephant House, one of the cafés in [[Edinburgh]] in which Rowling wrote the first ''Harry Potter'' novel<ref name=cafe>{{cite web|title=How JK Rowling has us spellbound|author=Damien Henderson|work=The Herald|year=2007|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/how-jk-rowling-has-us-spellbound-1.852126|accessdate=6 July 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811000136/http://www.heraldscotland.com/how-jk-rowling-has-us-spellbound-1.852126|archivedate=11 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
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In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for ''[[Harry Potter and the <!-- DO NOT change to Sorcerer's--> Philosopher's Stone]]'' on an old manual typewriter.<ref>Riccio, Heather. [http://www.hilary.com/career/harrypotter.html Interview with JK Rowling, Author of Harry Potter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131195036/http://www.hilary.com/career/harrypotter.html |date=31 January 2009 }}. ''Hilary Magazine''. Retrieved 26 October 2007.</ref> Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based [[Christopher Little Literary Agency]] agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.<ref name=Scotsman/> A year later she was finally given the green light (and a £1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], a publishing house in London.<ref name=Scotsman/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?z=y&cid=855300#interview |title=Meet the Writers: J. K. Rowling|publisher=Barnes & Noble|accessdate=2 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408074112/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?z=y&cid=855300|archivedate=8 April 2006}}</ref> The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was [[Publisher's reader|given the first chapter to review]] by her father and immediately demanded the next.<ref name="Eight year old saves Potter">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=10333960 |title=Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter |author=Lawless, John |date=3 July 2005 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books.<ref>Blais, Jacqueline. [http://www.azcentral.com/ent/arts/articles/0709rowling.html?&wired "Harry Potter has been very good to JK Rowling]. USA Today 9 July 2005. Retrieved 26 May 2009.</ref> Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £8,000 grant from the [[Scottish Arts Council]] to enable her to continue writing.<ref>[http://www.hpana.com/news.17727.html Scottish Arts Council Wants Payback] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518071053/http://www.hpana.com/news.17727.html |date=18 May 2007 }}. hpna.com. 30 November 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2006.</ref>
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published ''Philosopher's<!-- DO NOT change to Sorcerer's--> Stone'' with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between £16,000 and £25,000.<ref>Kleffel, Rick. [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/07.27.05/potter-0530.html Rare Harry Potter books] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017210103/http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/07.27.05/potter-0530.html |date=17 October 2006 }}. metroactive.com. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2006.</ref> Five months later, the book won its first award, a [[Nestlé Smarties Book Prize]]. In February, the novel won the [[British Book Awards|British Book Award]] for [[British Children's Book of the Year|Children's Book of the Year]], and later, the Children's Book Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won by [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic Inc.]], for US$105,000. Rowling said that she "nearly died" when she heard the news.<ref>Reynolds, Nigel. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1997/spring97-telegraph-reynolds.htm "$100,000 Success Story for Penniless Mother"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026113332/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1997/spring97-telegraph-reynolds.htm |date=26 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 7 July 1997. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In October 1998, Scholastic published ''Philosopher's<!-- DO NOT change to Sorcerer's--> Stone'' in the US under the title of ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time.<ref name="Red-Nose-Day-BBC-Online-chat">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206035644/http://burrow.sub.jp/library/original/03122001b.html "Red Nose Day" Online Chat Transcript], BBC, 12 March 2001, The Burrow. Retrieved 16 April 2008. Archived at Wayback Engine.</ref> Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh.<ref name="kirkbio" />
Its sequel, ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'', was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|title=Harry Potter awards |work=Bloomsbury Publishing House |url=http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/author/awards |accessdate=30 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722185020/http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/author/awards |archivedate=22 July 2013 |df= }}</ref> In December 1999, the third novel, ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'', won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/545319.stm Potter's award hat-trick] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040526152942/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/545319.stm |date=26 May 2004 }}. BBC News. 1 December 1999. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> She later withdrew the fourth ''Harry Potter'' novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' won the inaugural [[1999 Whitbread Awards|Whitbread Children's Book of the Year award]], though it lost the Book of the Year prize to [[Seamus Heaney]]'s translation of ''[[Beowulf]]''.<ref>Gibbons, Fiachra. [http://books.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/whitbread/story/0,,128965,00.html "Beowulf slays the wizard"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218072113/http://books.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/whitbread/story/0,,128965,00.html |date=18 February 2006 }}. ''Guardian Unlimited''. 26 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2006.</ref>
The fourth book, ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'', was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries. 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number ''Prisoner of Azkaban'' sold during its first year.<ref name=culture>[http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_048.htm "Potter sales record"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111225733/http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_048.htm |date=11 November 2007 }}. Reuters/PRNewswire. 11 July 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records.<ref name= culture /> Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot.<ref>Johnstone, Anne. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0708-herald-johnstone.html The hype surrounding the fourth Harry Potter book belies the fact that Joanne Rowling had some of her blackest moments writing it – and that the pressure was self-imposed; a kind of magic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011232554/http://accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0708-herald-johnstone.html |date=11 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''. 8 July 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling was named Author of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards.<ref name="awards2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |title=JK Rowling Biography |work=[[Biography Channel]] |accessdate=26 August 2013 |quote=Rowling was named Author of The Year at the British Book Awards in 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802090434/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/jk-rowling.html |archivedate=2 August 2013 |df= }}</ref>
A wait of three years occurred between the release of ''Goblet of Fire'' and the fifth ''Harry Potter'' novel, ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]''. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed [[writer's block]], speculations she denied.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1481229.stm Rowling denies writer's block] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913072806/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1481229.stm |date=13 September 2005 }}. BBC News. 8 August 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it.<ref>Grossman, Lev. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-time-grossman.htm "J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185119/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-time-grossman.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}. ''Time'' magazine. 17 July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref>
The sixth book, ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'', was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8608578/ New Potter book topples U.S. sales records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104041652/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8608578/ |date=4 November 2007 }}. [[MSNBC]]. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In 2006, ''Half-Blood Prince'' received the [[British Book of the Year|Book of the Year]] prize at the [[British Book Awards]].<ref name="awards" />
The title of the seventh and final ''Harry Potter'' book was announced on 21 December 2006 as ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''.<ref>Press Release. [http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=4&sec2=1&unart=yes&artTitle=Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Deathly%20Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044146/http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/content.asp?sec=4&sec2=1&unart=yes&artTitle=Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Deathly%20Hallows |date=28 September 2007 }}. [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2007.</ref> In February 2007 it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the [[Balmoral Hotel]] in Edinburgh that she had finished the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007.<ref>Cornwell, Tim.[http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Finish-or-bust--JK.3343454.jp Finish or bust – JK Rowling's unlikely message in an Edinburgh hotel room]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 3 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.</ref> ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' was released on 21 July 2007 (0:01 [[Western European Summer Time|BST]])<ref>{{cite web|last=Rowling|first=J. K.|title=J.K.Rowling Official Site|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=97|accessdate=15 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040629/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=97 <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=22 July 2011}}</ref> and broke its predecessor's record as the fastest-selling book of all time.<ref name="sales" /> It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the United Kingdom and United States.<ref name="sales"/> The book's last chapter was one of the earliest things she wrote in the entire series.<ref name="last chapter">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5119836.stm|title=Rowling to kill two in final book|work=BBC News|date=27 June 2006|accessdate=24 March 2010|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803133633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5119836.stm|archivedate=3 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}27 June 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</ref>
[[File:Potter queue.jpg|thumb|Potter queue]]
''Harry Potter'' is now a global brand worth an estimated US$15 billion,<ref>[http://www.exchange4media.com/kids/KidsFullStory.asp?section_id=24&news_id=26820&tag=21718 Harry Potter, the $15 billion man] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201033450/http://www.exchange4media.com/kids/KidsFullStory.asp?section_id=24&news_id=26820&tag=21718 |date=1 February 2009 }}. Advertising Age. Retrieved 7 November 2007.</ref> and the last four ''Harry Potter'' books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.<ref name="sales">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6912529.stm Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128201059/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6912529.stm |date=28 November 2008 }}. BBC News. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref><ref>Pauli, Michelle. "[http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,10761,875390,00.html June date for Harry Potter 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828033411/http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,10761,875390,00.html |date=28 August 2007 }}". ''[[The Guardian]]'' (London); "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3005862.stm Potter 'is fastest-selling book ever] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829121127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3005862.stm |date=29 August 2007 }}". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2007.</ref> The series, totalling 4,195 pages,<ref>Sawyer, Jenny. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p09s02-coop.html Missing from 'Harry Potter' – a real moral struggle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193238/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p09s02-coop.html |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref> has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/06/29/final_harry_potter_is_expected_to_set_record/ |title=Final Harry Potter is expected to set record |work=Boston Globe |first1=<span>By |last1=Associated |date=29 June 2007 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806005248/http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2007/06/29/final_harry_potter_is_expected_to_set_record/ |archivedate=6 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }} 29 June 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</ref>
The ''Harry Potter'' books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning books for computers and television,<ref>[http://www.scholastic.com/aboutscholastic/news/press_07252006_CP.htm New Study Finds That the Harry Potter Series Has a Positive Impact on Kids' Reading and Their School Work] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224003428/http://www.scholastic.com/aboutscholastic/news/press_07252006_CP.htm |date=24 February 2007 }}. Scholastic. 25 July 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2007.</ref> although it is reported that despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading has continued to decline.<ref>Mehegan, David. {{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2007/07/09/in_end_potter_magic_extends_only_so_far/?page=1|title=In end, Potter magic extends only so far|work=Boston Globe|date=9 July 2007|first1=David|last1=Mehegan|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131125338/http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2007/07/09/in_end_potter_magic_extends_only_so_far/?page=1|archivedate=31 January 2009|df=dmy-all}} 9 July 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2008.</ref>
===''Harry Potter'' films===
{{Main|Harry Potter (film series)}}
In October 1998, [[Warner Bros.]] purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum.<ref>Walker, Andrew. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1098-scotsman-walker.htm "Harry Potter is off to Hollywood – writer a Millionairess"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027055102/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/1098-scotsman-walker.htm |date=27 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 9 October 1998. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> A film adaptation of ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]''<!-- DO NOT change to Sorceror--> was released on 16 November 2001, and ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' on 15 November 2002.<ref name=mojo>[http://boxofficemojo.com/search/?q=harry%20potter&p=.htm Harry Potter release dates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009130404/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/search/?q=harry%20potter&p=.htm |date=9 October 2007 }}. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Both films were directed by [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]]. The film version of ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' was released on 4 June 2004, directed by [[Alfonso Cuarón]]. The fourth film, ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'', was directed by [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]], and released on 18 November 2005. The film of ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' was released on 11 July 2007.<ref name=mojo /> [[David Yates]] directed, and [[Michael Goldenberg]] wrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from [[Steve Kloves]]. ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' was released on 15 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/9/19/half-blood-prince-filming-news-threat-of-strike-to-affect-harry-potter-six|title=Half-Blood Prince Filming News: Threat of Strike to Affect Harry Potter Six?|publisher=The Leaky Cauldron|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323024456/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/9/19/half-blood-prince-filming-news-threat-of-strike-to-affect-harry-potter-six/|archivedate=23 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}19 September 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</ref> David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script.<ref>Spelling, Ian. ''Yates Confirmed For Potter VI''. Sci Fi Wire. 3 May 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=41338 |title=Scifi.com |accessdate=3 May 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505052125/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=41338 |archivedate=5 May 2007 |df= }}</ref> Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series, ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'', in two segments, with [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1|part one]] being released on 19 November 2010 and [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|part two]] being released on 15 July 2011. Yates directed both films.<ref>{{cite news|title=Final 'Harry Potter' book will be split into two movies|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Jeff Boucher|date=13 March 2008|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-potter13mar13,1,5626063.story|accessdate=13 March 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517002014/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-potter13mar13,1,5626063.story|archivedate=17 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=53203 |title=WB Sets Lots of New Release Dates! |publisher=Comingsoon.net |accessdate=1 August 2010 |date=24 February 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212112620/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=53203 |archivedate=12 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowling's desires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast,<ref>Treneman, Ann. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0600-times-treneman.html J.K. Rowling, the interview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065122/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0600-times-treneman.html |date=26 January 2017 }}. ''[[The Times]]''. 30 June 2000. Retrieved 26 July 2006.</ref> which has been generally adhered to. Rowling also demanded that [[Coca-Cola]], the victor in the race to [[Tie-in|tie in]] their products to the film series, donate US$18 million to the American charity [[Reading is Fundamental]], as well as several community charity programs.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1588261.stm Coke backs Harry Potter literacy drive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620012214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1588261.stm |date=20 June 2006 }}. BBC News. 9 October 2001. Retrieved 26 July 2006.</ref>
The first four, sixth, seventh, and eighth films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series.<ref>Mzimba, Lizo, moderator. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm "Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423234914/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0302-newsround-mzimba.htm |date=23 April 2011 }}. BBC Newsround. February 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</ref> She told [[Alan Rickman]] ([[Severus Snape]]) and [[Robbie Coltrane]] ([[Hagrid]]) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books.<ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1101-bbc.html "J.K. Rowling: 'Fans will be happy'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216081911/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1101-bbc.html |date=16 February 2007 }}. ''CBBC Newsround''. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</ref> [[Daniel Radcliffe]] ([[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]) asked her if Harry died at any point in the series; Rowling answered him by saying, "You have a death scene", thereby not explicitly answering the question.<ref>[http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070727/ENTERTAIN/70727008 J.K. Rowling on 'Today' part 2: what Daniel Radcliffe knew, the final line (with video)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234656/http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20070727%2FENTERTAIN%2F70727008 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''[[Times Herald-Record]]''. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</ref> Director [[Steven Spielberg]] was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she had no say in who directed the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208051504/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/rubbishbin_view.cfm?id=8 Rowling denies vetoing Spielberg]. J. K. Rowling's official site (now archived at Wayback Machine). Retrieved 3 April 2006.</ref> Rowling's first choice for the director had been [[Monty Python]] member [[Terry Gilliam]], but Warner Bros. wanted a family-friendly film and chose Columbus.<ref>[http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html Wizard News: Terry Gilliam Bitter About "Potter"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811035807/http://www.wizardnews.com/story.20050829.html |date=11 August 2007 }}. Wizard News. 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref>
Rowling had gained some creative control on the films, reviewing all the scripts<ref>Billington, Alex. [http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer David Heyman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114034956/http://www.firstshowing.net/2010/exclusive-interview-harry-potter-series-producer-david-heyman/ |date=14 January 2011 }}. firstshowing.net. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</ref> as well as acting as a producer on the final two-part instalment, ''Deathly Hallows''.<ref name=":0">[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J. K. Rowling as producer.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227092506/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920005538/en/Warner-Bros.-Pictures-Worldwide-Satellite-Trailer-Debut%C2%A0Harry |date=27 December 2010 }} Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</ref>
Rowling, producers [[David Heyman]] and [[David Barron (film producer)|David Barron]], along with directors [[David Yates]], [[Mike Newell (director)|Mike Newell]] and [[Alfonso Cuarón]] collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 [[British Academy Film Awards]] in honour of the ''Harry Potter'' film franchise.<ref>{{cite web|title=Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 – The Harry Potter Films|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|year=2011|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/outstanding-british-contribution-to-cinema-the-harry-potter-films,1631,BA.html|accessdate=3 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206001409/http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/outstanding-british-contribution-to-cinema-the-harry-potter-films,1631,BA.html|archivedate=6 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an "expanded creative partnership" with Rowling, based on a planned series of films about [[Newt Scamander]], author of ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''. The [[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|first film]], scripted by Rowling, was released in November 2016 and is set roughly 70 years before the events of the main series.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Warner Bros. Announces Expanded Creative Partnership with J.K. Rowling |date=22 September 2010 |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130912005870/en/Warner-Bros.-Announces-Expanded-Creative-Partnership-J.K. |accessdate=12 September 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915102308/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130912005870/en/Warner-Bros.-Announces-Expanded-Creative-Partnership-J.K. |archivedate=15 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, it was announced that the series would consist of five films, with the second scheduled for release in November 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling plans five Fantastic Beasts films|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37651586|publisher=BBC|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124091832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37651586|archivedate=24 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Financial success===
In 2004, ''[[Forbes]]'' named Rowling as the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books,<ref>Watson, Julie and Kellner, Tomas. [https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html "J.K. Rowling And The Billion-Dollar Empire"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729194610/https://www.forbes.com/maserati/billionaires2004/cx_jw_0226rowlingbill04.html |date=29 July 2017 }}. ''[[Forbes.com]]''. 26 February 2004. Retrieved 19 March 2006.</ref> the second-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd richest person in the world.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Joanne-(JK)-Rowling_CRTT.html #1062 Joanne (JK) Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729194600/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Joanne-(JK)-Rowling_CRTT.html |date=29 July 2017 }}. [[Forbes.com]]. Retrieved 16 March 2008; [http://www8.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/oprah%20is%20richest%20female%20entertainer_1019476 Oprah is Richest Female Entertainer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121180914/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/oprah%20is%20richest%20female%20entertainer_1019476 |date=21 January 2007 }}. Contact Music. Retrieved 20 January 2007.</ref> Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money, but was not a billionaire.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8599597/page/2/ J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106122220/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8599597/page/2/ |date=6 November 2007 }}. MSN. Retrieved 9 August 2007.</ref> The 2016 ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' estimated Rowling's fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK.<ref name="richlist"/> In 2012, ''Forbes'' removed Rowling from their rich list, claiming that her US$160 million in charitable donations and the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a billionaire.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling: Billionaire to millionaire|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/books/news/article.cfm?c_id=134&objectid=10791515|accessdate=16 January 2013|date=12 March 2012}}</ref> In February 2013 she was assessed as the 13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by ''[[Woman's Hour]]'' on [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qlvb/features/power-list-100|title=BBC Radio 4, Woman's Hour Power list|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215063524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qlvb/features/power-list-100|archivedate=15 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2001, Rowling purchased a 19th-century [[estate house]], [[Killiechassie House]], on the banks of the [[River Tay]], near [[Aberfeldy, Scotland|Aberfeldy]], in [[Perth and Kinross]].<ref>Nichols, Michelle. [http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Hogwarts-hideaway-for-Potter-author.2278608.jp Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''. 22 November 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling also owns a £4.5 million [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] house in [[Kensington]], west London, on a street with 24-hour security.<ref>Collinson, Patrick. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/apr/26/housingmarket.houseprices "Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, or Tony for £7,250"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065824/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/apr/26/housingmarket.houseprices |date=26 January 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'' (London). 26 April 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2007.</ref>
In 2017, Rowling was worth an estimated £650 million according to the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]''.<ref name="sundaytimeswattsbrexitbrings">{{cite news|last1=Watts|first1=Robert|title=Brexit brings bonanza for billionaires|work=The Sunday Times|date=7 May 2017|page=1|quote=The Harry Potter author JK Rowling is now valued at £650m and the singer Adele enters the main list for the first time with a fortune of £125m after a phenomenal year of touring since the release of her album 25.}}</ref> She was named the most highly paid author in the world with earnings of £72 million ($95 million) a year by ''Forbes'' in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40825498|title=JK Rowling named world's highest-earning author by Forbes|date=4 August 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=5 August 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002155507/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-40825498|archivedate=2 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Remarriage and family===
On 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Murray (born 30 June 1971), a Scottish doctor,<ref>[http://www.scotsman.com/news/jk-rowling-weds-doctor-lover-in-secret-boxing-day-ceremony-1-1358753 JK Rowling weds doctor lover in secret Boxing Day ceremony] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217144553/http://www.scotsman.com/news/jk-rowling-weds-doctor-lover-in-secret-boxing-day-ceremony-1-1358753 |date=17 February 2017 }} The Scotsman. 30 December 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</ref> in a private ceremony at her home, [[Killiechassie House]], near Aberfeldy.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1733882.stm Christmas wedding for Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819213541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1733882.stm |date=19 August 2007 }}. BBC News. 30 December 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born on 24 March 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm|title=Baby joy for JK Rowling|work=BBC News|date=24 March 2003|accessdate=24 March 2010|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201195555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2883095.stm|archivedate=1 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Shortly after Rowling began writing ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', she ceased working on the novel to care for David in his early infancy.<ref>J.K. Rowling's Official Site, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107025239/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=62 "Progress on Book Six"]. 15 March 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2006. Archived at Wayback Machine.</ref>
Rowling is a friend of [[Sarah Jane Brown|Sarah Brown]], wife of former prime minister [[Gordon Brown]], whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project. When Sarah Brown's son Fraser was born in 2003, Rowling was one of the first to visit her in hospital.<ref name="Morrison">{{cite news|title=Chancellor's daughter remembered at christening service|work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|url=http://news.scotsman.com/gordonbrownsfamily/Chancellors-daughter-remembered-at-christening.2522714.jp|accessdate=16 April 2010|first=Jenny|last=Morrison|date=23 April 2004|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120728201236/http://news.scotsman.com/gordonbrownsfamily/Chancellors-daughter-remembered-at-christening.2522714.jp|archivedate=28 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling's youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated ''Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince'', was born on 23 January 2005.<ref>J.K. Rowling's Official Site, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121859/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=83 "JKR gives Birth to Baby Girl"]. Retrieved 25 January 2005. Archived at Wayback Machine.</ref>
In October 2012, a ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' magazine article stated that the Rowling family lived in a seventeenth-century Edinburgh house, concealed at the front by tall [[conifer]] hedges. Prior to October 2012, Rowling lived near the author [[Ian Rankin]], who later said she was quiet and introspective, and that she seemed in her element with children.<ref name=newyorker/><ref name="macrabbit">{{cite news|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB/#/about-jk-rowling|title=Biography|publisher=J.K. Rowling.com|accessdate=8 June 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804235110/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB#/about-jk-rowling|archivedate=4 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2014|06}}, the family resides in Scotland.<ref name="GuardBT">{{cite news|last1=Carrell|first1=Severin|title=JK Rowling donates £1m to Scotland's anti-independence campaign|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/11/jk-rowling-donates-scotland-anti-independence-campaign|accessdate=11 June 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=11 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611101447/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/11/jk-rowling-donates-scotland-anti-independence-campaign|archivedate=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===''The Casual Vacancy''===
In July 2011, Rowling parted company with her agent, Christopher Little, moving to a new agency founded by one of his staff, Neil Blair.<ref name="newyorker" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rowling leaves Christopher Little Agency|author=Charlotte Williams|work=''thebookseller.com''|url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/rowling-leaves-christopher-little-agency.html|year=2011|accessdate=4 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703074333/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/rowling-leaves-christopher-little-agency.html|archivedate=3 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, his agency, the Blair Partnership, announced on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new book targeted at adults. In a press release, Rowling said that her new book would be quite different from Harry Potter. In April 2012, Little, Brown and Company announced that the book was titled ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' and would be released on 27 September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Casual Vacancy|author=Little, Brown & Company|url=http://www.littlebrown.co.uk/TheCasualVacancy|year=2012|accessdate=13 April 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413181908/http://www.littlebrown.co.uk/TheCasualVacancy|archivedate=13 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances to promote ''The Casual Vacancy'', including at the London [[Southbank Centre]],<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling launches new novel at Southbank Centre|url=http://londonist.com/2012/08/lit-preview-jk-rowling-launches-new-novel-southbank-centre.php|publisher=The Londonist|accessdate=2 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030503/http://londonist.com/2012/08/lit-preview-jk-rowling-launches-new-novel-southbank-centre.php|archivedate=4 August 2012|df=dmy-all|date=2012-08-02}}</ref> the [[Cheltenham Literature Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling to appear at Cheltenham Literature Festival|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-19084909|work=BBC News|accessdate=2 August 2012|date=1 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802192850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-19084909|archivedate=2 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Charlie Rose (TV series)|Charlie Rose]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=An hour with J. K. Rowling |url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/12612 |publisher=Charlie Rose LLC |accessdate=26 October 2012 |date=19 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125004632/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/12612 |archivedate=25 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> and the Lennoxlove Book Festival.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling {{!}} Lennoxlove Book Festival|url=http://www.lennoxlovebookfestival.com/programme/2012/friday/adults-friday/j-k-rowling|publisher=Lennoxlove Book Festival|accessdate=29 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206064503/http://www.lennoxlovebookfestival.com/programme/2012/friday/adults-friday/j-k-rowling|archivedate=6 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In its first three weeks of release, ''The Casual Vacancy'' sold over 1 million copies worldwide.<ref name="worldwidesales">{{cite news|title=After Strong Start, J.K. Rowling's 'The Casual Vacancy' Falls on Charts|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/10/19/after-strong-start-j-k-rowlings-the-casual-vacancy-falls-on-charts|accessdate=8 November 2012|year=2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122084441/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/10/19/after-strong-start-j-k-rowlings-the-casual-vacancy-falls-on-charts/|archivedate=22 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 3 December 2012, it was announced that the [[BBC]] would be adapting ''The Casual Vacancy'' into [[The Casual Vacancy (miniseries)|a television drama miniseries]]. Rowling's agent, Neil Blair acted as producer, through his independent production company and with Rick Senat serving as executive producer. Rowling collaborated on the adaptation, serving as an executive producer for the series. The series aired in three parts from 15 February to 1 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20581286|title= Rowling's Casual Vacancy to become BBC TV drama series|date= 3 December 2012|publisher= BBC|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121203233138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20581286|archivedate= 3 December 2012|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=JK Rowling's The Casual Vacancy to be BBC drama |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9719977/JK-Rowlings-The-Casual-Vacancy-to-be-BBC-drama.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=3 December 2012 |location=London |first=Anita |last=Singh |date=3 December 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203220527/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9719977/JK-Rowlings-The-Casual-Vacancy-to-be-BBC-drama.html |archivedate=3 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Cormoran Strike===
{{main|Cormoran Strike}}
In 2007, during the [[Edinburgh Book Festival]], author [[Ian Rankin]] claimed that his wife spotted Rowling "scribbling away" at a detective novel in a café.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling writing crime novel, says report|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/books/story/2007/08/19/rowling-crime-novel.html|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=13 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330220715/http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/books/story/2007/08/19/rowling-crime-novel.html|archivedate=30 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rankin later retracted the story, claiming it was a joke,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rowling's 'crime novel' is a red herring|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/20/edinburghbookfestival.festivals|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Richard|last=Lea|date=20 August 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223601/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/20/edinburghbookfestival.festivals|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but the rumour persisted, with a report in 2012 in ''The Guardian'' speculating that Rowling's next book would be a crime novel.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling's new book: clues suggest a turn to crime fiction|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/feb/24/jk-rowling-crime-fiction-clues|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Alison|last=Flood|date=24 February 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223604/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2012/feb/24/jk-rowling-crime-fiction-clues|archivedate=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In an interview with [[Stephen Fry]] in 2005, Rowling claimed that she would much prefer to write any subsequent books under a [[pseudonym]], but she conceded to [[Jeremy Paxman]] in 2003 that if she did, the press would probably "find out in seconds".<ref>{{cite web |title=JK's OOTP interview |work=Newsnight |year=2003 |url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0619-bbcnews-paxman.htm |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617144630/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0619-bbcnews-paxman.htm |archivedate=17 June 2008 |df=dmy-all }} Retrieved 20 May 2008. * {{cite web |title=Living with Harry Potter |work=BBC Radio 4 |year=2005 |url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602092002/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/1205-bbc-fry.html |archivedate=2 June 2009 |df= }} Retrieved 20 May 2008.</ref>
In April 2013, [[Little Brown]] published ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'', the purported [[début novel]] of author Robert Galbraith, whom the publisher described as "a former plainclothes [[Royal Military Police]] investigator who had left in 2003 to work in the civilian security industry".<ref name=sundaytimes>{{cite news|title=Whodunnit? J. K. Rowling's Secret Life As A Wizard Crime Writer Revealed|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|page=1|date=14 July 2013|author=Richard Brooks}}</ref> The novel, a [[detective story]] in which [[private investigator]] Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a supermodel, sold 1,500 copies in hardback (although the matter was not resolved {{as of|2013|07|21|lc=y}}; later reports stated that this number is the number of copies that were printed for the first run, while the sales total was closer to 500)<ref name="Abes" /> and received acclaim from other crime writers<ref name=sundaytimes/> and critics<ref>{{cite news|last=Osley|first=Richard|title=The Cuckoo's Calling, by 'Robert Galbraith': JK Rowling's secret bestseller|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-cuckoos-calling-by-robert-galbraith-jk-rowlings-secret-bestseller-8707707.html|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=14 July 2013|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716080635/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/the-cuckoos-calling-by-robert-galbraith-jk-rowlings-secret-bestseller-8707707.html|archivedate=16 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>—a ''Publishers Weekly'' review called the book a "stellar debut",<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cuckoo's Calling|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-316-20684-6|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=13 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715144547/http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-316-20684-6|archivedate=15 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while the ''Library Journal''{{'}}s mystery section pronounced the novel "the debut of the month".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mystery Reviews|url=http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/books/genre-fiction/mystery/mystery-reviews-april-1-2013/|work=Library Journal|accessdate=13 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060545/http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/books/genre-fiction/mystery/mystery-reviews-april-1-2013/|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[India Knight]], a novelist and columnist for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', [[Twitter|tweeted]] on 9 July 2013 that she had been reading ''The Cuckoo's Calling'' and thought it was good for a [[début novel]]. In response, a tweeter called Jude Callegari said that the author was Rowling. Knight queried this but got no further reply.<ref name=standard>{{cite news|title=Harry Plotter?|author=Maxine Frith|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=16 July 2013|pages=20–21}}</ref> Knight notified Richard Brooks, arts editor of the ''Sunday Times'', who began his own investigation.<ref name=standard/><ref name=lyall>{{cite news|last=Lyall|first=Sarah|title=This Detective Novel's Story Doesn't Add Up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&smid=tw-share&|accessdate=14 July 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065844/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/15/books/a-detective-storys-famous-author-is-unmasked.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&smid=tw-share&|archivedate=26 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After discovering that Rowling and Galbraith had the same agent and editor, he sent the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities, and subsequently contacted Rowling's agent who confirmed it was Rowling's pseudonym.<ref name="lyall" /> Within days of Rowling being revealed as the author, sales of the book rose by 4,000%,<ref name=standard/> and Little Brown printed another 140,000 copies to meet the increase in demand.<ref name=grauniad>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2|accessdate=19 July 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2013|author=James Meikle|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013065654/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2|archivedate=13 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2013|07|18}}, a signed copy of the first edition sold for US$4,453 (£2,950), while an unsold signed first-edition copy was being offered for $6,188 (£3,950).<ref name="Abes">{{cite web|title=More on The Cuckoo's Calling – Signed First Sells for $4,453|url=http://www.abebooks.com/blog/index.php/2013/07/18/more-on-the-cuckoos-calling-signed-first-sells-for-4453/|work=''AbeBooks.com''|publisher=AbeBooks, Inc|accessdate=20 July 2013|author=Beth Carswell|date=18 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731012758/http://www.abebooks.com/blog/index.php/2013/07/18/more-on-the-cuckoos-calling-signed-first-sells-for-4453/|archivedate=31 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rowling said that she had enjoyed working under a pseudonym.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling unmasked as author of detective novel writing under nom de-plume|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10178344/JK-Rowling-unmasked-as-author-of-detective-novel-writing-under-nom-de-plume.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=13 July 2013|location=London|first=Robert|last=Watts|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> On her Robert Galbraith website, Rowling explained that she took the name from one of her personal heroes, [[Robert Kennedy]], and a childhood fantasy name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith.<ref>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling tells story of alter ego Robert Galbraith|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/jk-rowling-tells-story-of-alter-ego-robert-galbraith/article4952214.ece|work=The Hindu|publisher=Guardian News Service|author=Liz Bury|accessdate=25 July 2013|location=Chennai, India|date=25 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726140544/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/jk-rowling-tells-story-of-alter-ego-robert-galbraith/article4952214.ece|archivedate=26 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude Callegari could have been Rowling as part of wider speculation that the entire affair had been a publicity stunt. Some also noted that many of the writers who had initially praised the book, such as [[Alex Gray (author)|Alex Gray]] or [[Val McDermid]],<ref>{{cite web|title='I turned down 'Robert Galbraith': Editor admits rejecting JK Rowling's secret novel|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/i-turned-down-robert-galbraith-editor-admits-rejecting-jk-rowlings-secret-novel-8708316.html|date=14 July 2013|author=Nick Clark|accessdate=4 April 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406215440/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/i-turned-down-robert-galbraith-editor-admits-rejecting-jk-rowlings-secret-novel-8708316.html|archivedate=6 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> were within Rowling's circle of acquaintances; both vociferously denied any foreknowledge of Rowling's authorship.<ref name=standard/> Judith "Jude" Callegari was the best friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner within Russells Solicitors, Rowling's legal representatives.<ref name=callegari>{{cite web|last=Goldsmith|first=Belinda|title=Real-life mystery of JK Rowling's 'secret' novel uncovered|url=http://www.trust.org/item/20130718163522-d0w89|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=trust.org|accessdate=18 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012070318/http://www.trust.org/item/20130718163522-d0w89|archivedate=12 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Meikle|first=James|title=JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity|accessdate=18 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 July 2013|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825030741/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/18/jk-rowling-anger-lawyers-secret-identity|archivedate=25 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling released a statement saying she was disappointed and angry;<ref name="callegari" /> Russells apologised for the leak, confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt and that "the disclosure was made in confidence to someone he [Gossage] trusted implicitly".<ref name=grauniad/> Russells made a donation to the [[Army Benevolent Fund|Soldiers' Charity]] on Rowling's behalf and reimbursed her for her legal fees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rowling accepts compensation for identity revelation |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 July 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/rowling-accepts-compensation-for-identity-revelation/article4974000.ece |accessdate=31 July 2013 |location=Chennai, India |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803023741/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/rowling-accepts-compensation-for-identity-revelation/article4974000.ece |archivedate=3 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 26 November 2013 the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) issued Gossage a written rebuke and £1,000 fine for breaching privacy rules.<ref name="BBC - Chris Gossage Leak">{{cite news|title=JK Rowling lawyer fined over Robert Galbraith leak|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25575269|work=BBC News|date=2 January 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102170227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25575269|archivedate=2 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 17 February 2014, Rowling announced that the second Cormoran Strike novel, named ''[[The Silkworm]]'', would be released in June 2014. It sees Strike investigating the disappearance of a writer hated by many of his old friends for insulting them in his new novel.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling Returns As Robert Galbraith For New Cormoran Strike Novel, 'The Silkworm,' Plot Summary And Release Date|author=Charles Poladian|date=17 February 2014|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/jk-rowling-returns-robert-galbraith-new-cormoran-strike-novel-silkworm-plot-summary-release-date|accessdate=19 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319163535/http://www.ibtimes.com/jk-rowling-returns-robert-galbraith-new-cormoran-strike-novel-silkworm-plot-summary-release-date|archivedate=19 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2015, Rowling stated on Galbraith's website that the third Cormoran Strike novel would include "an insane amount of planning, the most I have done for any book I have written so far. I have colour-coded spreadsheets so I can keep a track of where I am going."<ref name="About Robert Galbraith">{{cite web|last1=Rowling|first1=J. K.|title=About Robert Galbraith|url=http://robert-galbraith.com/about/|website=Robert Galbraith|accessdate=15 March 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617115247/http://robert-galbraith.com/about/|archivedate=17 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 24 April 2015, Rowling announced that work on the third book was completed. Titled ''[[Career of Evil]]'', it was released on 20 October 2015 in the United States, and on 22 October 2015 in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Release Date">{{cite web|last=Wilken|first=Selina|title=J.K. Rowling helps out Robert Galbraith, unveils 'Career of Evil' cover and publication date|url=http://www.hypable.com/j-k-rowling-career-of-evil-cover/|accessdate=11 June 2015|website=Hypable|date=11 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614002401/http://www.hypable.com/j-k-rowling-career-of-evil-cover/|archivedate=14 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2017, the [[BBC]] released a ''[[Cormoran Strike (TV series)|Cormoran Strike]]'' television series, starring [[Tom Burke (actor)|Tom Burke]] as [[Cormoran Strike]], it was picked up by [[HBO]] for distribution in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=http://deadline.com/2016/10/hbcormoran-strike-hbo-drama-on-j-k-rowling-crime-novels-1201843188/|title=HBO Picks Up 'Cormoran Strike' Drama Based on J.K. Rowling's Crime Novels|author=Andreeva, Nellie|date=26 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112175803/http://deadline.com/2016/10/hbcormoran-strike-hbo-drama-on-j-k-rowling-crime-novels-1201843188/|archivedate=12 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In March 2017, Rowling revealed the fourth novel's title via Twitter in a game of "Hangman" with her followers. After many failed attempts, followers finally guessed correctly. Rowling confirmed that the next novel's title is ''[[Lethal White (novel)|Lethal White]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ew.com/books/2017/03/14/jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-book-title-tease/ |title=J.K. Rowling Sends Fans on Hilarious Hunt for New 'Cormoran Strike' Book Title |accessdate=30 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401164909/http://ew.com/books/2017/03/14/jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-book-title-tease/ |archivedate=1 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 14 March 2017.</ref> While intended for a 2017 release, Rowling revealed on Twitter the book was taking longer than expected and would be the longest book in the series thus far.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2016/09/06/j-k-rowling-confirms-cormoran-strike-book-4-2017-tv-series/ |title=J.K. Rowling Confirms Cormoran Strike Book 4 in 2017, and TV Series |accessdate=30 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025454/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2016/09/06/j-k-rowling-confirms-cormoran-strike-book-4-2017-tv-series/ |archivedate=31 March 2017 |df=dmy-all |date=2016-09-06 }} September 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2018/01/31/strike-news-and-words-on-writing-from-j-k-rowling/|title=Strike' News and Words on Writing from J.K. Rowling|accessdate=7 February 2018|date=31 January 2018}}</ref>
===Subsequent ''Harry Potter'' publications===
{{for|the material written for [[Comic Relief]] and other charities|#Philanthropy}}
Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the ''Harry Potter'' series.<ref>[http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/0706-bbc-ross.html Transcript of J. K. Rowling interview on ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816113549/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/0706-bbc-ross.html |date=16 August 2007 }}. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre.<ref>Topel, Fred. {{cite news|title=Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling Enchants Readers on Her U.S. Book Tour|work=New York Post|url=http://www.nypost.com/entertainment/movies/news/n13576.htm|year=2007|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071020041803/http://www.nypost.com/entertainment/movies/news/n13576.htm |archivedate = 20 October 2007}} Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> On 1 October 2010, in an interview with [[Oprah Winfrey]], Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |title=Oprah and Harry Potter phenom JK Rowling interview |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219121651/http://www.oprah.com/showinfo/Harry-Potter-Phenom-JK-Rowling |archivedate=19 December 2011 |df= }}</ref>
In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of ''Harry Potter''{{'}}s [[wizarding world]] consisting of various unpublished material and notes.<ref>Brown, Jen. [http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/19935372/ Stop your sobbing! More Potter to come] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820095303/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/19935372/ |date=20 August 2007 }}. [[MSNBC]]. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2007.</ref> Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/16/harry-potter-encyclopedia-jk-rowling Harry Potter Encyclopedia in Progress] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126065045/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/apr/16/harry-potter-encyclopedia-jk-rowling |date=26 January 2017 }}. ''The Guardian''. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.</ref> During a news conference at Hollywood's [[Kodak Theatre]] in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming along, said, "It's not coming along, and I haven't started writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do."<ref>{{cite web
|title=J.K. Rowling brings magic touch to U.S.
|url=http://www.calendarlive.com/books/cl-et-rowling16oct16,0,7011068.story
|author=David L. Ulin
|work=Los Angeles Times
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032740/http://www.calendarlive.com/books/cl-et-rowling16oct16%2C0%2C7011068.story
|archivedate=19 October 2007
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}} 16 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia could take up to ten years to complete.<ref name="returns">Hastings, Chris. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/23/npotter123.xml Tears as JK Rowling returns to where it began] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227061324/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F23%2Fnpotter123.xml |date=27 December 2007 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 24 December 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2007.</ref>
In June 2011, Rowling announced that future ''Harry Potter'' projects, and all electronic downloads, would be concentrated in a new website, called [[Pottermore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=JK Rowling launches Pottermore Website |first=Anita |last=Singh |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/8579560/JK-Rowling-launches-Pottermore-website.html |accessdate=4 July 2011 |location=London |date=16 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711235447/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/harry-potter/8579560/JK-Rowling-launches-Pottermore-website.html |archivedate=11 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The site includes 18,000 words of information on characters, places and objects in the ''Harry Potter'' universe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pottermore website launched by JK Rowling as 'give-back' to fans |first=Alison |last=Flood |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/23/pottermore-website-jk-rowling-harry-potter |accessdate=4 July 2011 |date=23 June 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715090227/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/23/pottermore-website-jk-rowling-harry-potter |archivedate=15 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
In October 2015, Rowling announced via ''Pottermore'' that a two-part play she had co-authored with playwrights Jack Thorne and John Tiffany, ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'', was the "eighth ''Harry Potter'' story" and that it would focus on the life of Harry Potter's youngest son Albus after the epilogue of ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pottermore.com/news/cursed-child-eighth-harry-potter-story|title=Pottermore – Cursed Child is the 'eighth Potter story'|work=Pottermore|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223053048/https://www.pottermore.com/news/cursed-child-eighth-harry-potter-story|archivedate=23 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 28 October 2015, the first round of tickets went on sale and sold out in several hours.<ref>{{Cite news|title = First batch of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child tickets sell out|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34660716|newspaper=BBC News|accessdate = 30 October 2015|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151029192856/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34660716|archivedate = 29 October 2015|df = dmy-all|date = 2015-10-28}}</ref>
==Philanthropy==
In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust, which uses its annual budget of £5.1 million to combat poverty and social inequality. The fund also gives to organisations that aid children, one-parent families, and multiple sclerosis research.<ref name=USAToday200707>Memmott, Carol. [https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-07-25-jk-rowling_N.htm A fond look back at Harry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315155659/http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2007-07-25-jk-rowling_N.htm |date=15 March 2012 }}. ''[[USA Today]]''. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Volant Charitable Trust (UK and overseas)|work=Merseyside Funding|url=http://www.mfip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1085&Itemid=27|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110320/http://www.mfip.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1085&Itemid=27|archivedate=4 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 19 January 2008.</ref>
===Anti-poverty and children's welfare===
Rowling, once a single parent, is now president of the charity [[Gingerbread (charity)|Gingerbread]] (originally One Parent Families), having become their first Ambassador in 2000.<ref name="OPF">{{cite web |url=http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/|title=One Parent Families Gingerbread|work=OneParentFamilies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707031634/http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/ |archivedate=7 July 2007}}. Retrieved 11 July 2007.</ref><ref>J K Rowling becomes President of One Parent Families. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2007. {{cite web|url=http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/1/lx3x1olx-5001x1oix1794x1/0/0/110707/0/0/J_K_Rowling_-_One_Parent.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=26 July 2007 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106031950/http://www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk/1/lx3x1olx-5001x1oix1794x1/0/0/110707/0/0/J_K_Rowling_-_One_Parent.htm |archivedate= 6 November 2007 |df= }}</ref> Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book of children's stories to aid One Parent Families.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/13/labourleadership.labour1 Gordon's Women] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003131104/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/may/13/labourleadership.labour1 |date=3 October 2014 }}. ''Guardian Unlimited''. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref>
In 2001, the UK anti-poverty fundraiser [[Comic Relief (charity)|Comic Relief]] asked three best-selling British authors – cookery writer and TV presenter [[Delia Smith]], ''[[Bridget Jones]]'' creator [[Helen Fielding]], and Rowling – to submit booklets related to their most famous works for publication.<ref>Goodson, Rory and Chittenden, Maurice. [http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_078.htm "Rowling casts a spell that will give charities millions"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021094439/http://www.cesnur.org/recens/potter_078.htm |date=21 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. 7 January 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> Rowling's two booklets, ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' and ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'', are ostensibly facsimiles of books found in the [[Hogwarts]] library. Since going on sale in March 2001, the books have raised £15.7 million for the fund. The £10.8 million they have raised outside the UK have been channelled into a newly created International Fund for Children and Young People in Crisis.<ref>Comic Relief, The Money, {{cite web|url=http://www.comicrelief.com/stuff-to-buy/harrys-books/the-money/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=25 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029034316/http://www.comicrelief.com/stuff-to-buy/harrys-books/the-money/ |archivedate=29 October 2007 |df= }}</ref> In 2002, Rowling contributed a foreword to ''Magic'', an anthology of fiction published by Bloomsbury Publishing, helping to raise money for the National Council for One Parent Families.<ref>''Magic'' (foreword by JK Rowling). Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002 ({{ISBN|0747557462}}).</ref>
In 2005, Rowling and [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] [[Emma Nicholson]] founded the Children's High Level Group (now [[Lumos (charity)|Lumos]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://wearelumos.org/about|publisher=Lumos|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129164019/http://www.wearelumos.org/about|archivedate=29 November 2012|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 7 November 2010.</ref> In January 2006, Rowling went to [[Bucharest]] to highlight the use of caged beds in [[mental institution]]s for children.<ref>Philanthropy Impact, Sophie Radice. ''JK Rowling OBE''. {{cite web|title=Women and Philanthropy|url=http://www.philanthropy-impact.org/inspiration/personal-stories/jk-rowling-obe|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110185954/http://www.philanthropy-impact.org/inspiration/personal-stories/jk-rowling-obe|archivedate=10 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> To further support the CHLG, Rowling auctioned one of seven handwritten and illustrated copies of ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'', a series of fairy tales referred to in ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''. The book was purchased for £1.95 million by online bookseller [[Amazon.com]] on 13 December 2007, becoming the most expensive modern book ever sold at auction.<ref name="fetches">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7142656.stm Rare JK Rowling book fetches £2m] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215120757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7142656.stm |date=15 December 2007 }}. BBC News. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.</ref><ref name="fetches"/><ref>Majendie, Paul. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/11/01/us-arts-rowling-idUSL0117459520071101 Rowling says goodbye to Potter with fairy tales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123730/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/11/01/us-arts-rowling-idUSL0117459520071101 |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> Rowling gave away the remaining six copies to those who have a close connection with the ''Harry Potter'' books.<ref name="fetches"/> In 2008, Rowling agreed to publish the book with the proceeds going to Lumos.<ref name="macrabbit" /> On 1 June 2010 ([[International Children's Day]]), Lumos launched an annual initiative – ''Light a Birthday Candle for Lumos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightabirthdaycandle.org.uk/about-the-campaign/ |title=Light a Birthday Candle |author=Lumos |date=10 May 2010 |accessdate=17 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412014011/http://www.lightabirthdaycandle.org.uk/about-the-campaign/ |archivedate=12 April 2012}} Archived at Wayback Engine.</ref> In November 2013, Rowling handed over all earnings from the sale of ''The Tales of Beedle the Bard'', totalling nearly £19 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Season of Giving – The Millionaire Donations that Defined 2013|url=http://www.spearswms.com/spears-lists/lists/the-season-of-giving-the-millionaire-donations-that-defined-2013-4151578|publisher=Spear's|accessdate=30 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230120430/http://www.spearswms.com/spears-lists/lists/the-season-of-giving-the-millionaire-donations-that-defined-2013-4151578#.UsGw4fQ7tcZ|archivedate=30 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In July 2012, Rowling was featured at the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]] in London, where she read a few lines from [[J. M. Barrie]]'s ''[[Peter Pan]]'' as part of a tribute to [[Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children]]. An inflatable representation of [[Lord Voldemort]] and other children's literary characters accompanied her reading.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rupert Grint Runs in Olympic Torch Relay, JK Rowling in Opening Ceremony|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2012/7/27/rupert-grint-runs-in-olympic-torch-relay-jk-rowling-in-opening-ceremony|publisher=The Leaky Cauldron|accessdate=28 July 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728042815/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2012/7/27/rupert-grint-runs-in-olympic-torch-relay-jk-rowling-in-opening-ceremony|archivedate=28 July 2012|df=dmy-all|date=2012-07-27}}</ref>
===Multiple sclerosis===
Rowling has contributed money and support for research and treatment of [[multiple sclerosis]], from which her mother suffered before her death in 1990. In 2006, Rowling contributed a substantial sum toward the creation of a new Centre for Regenerative Medicine at [[Edinburgh University]], later named the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic.<ref>{{cite web|title=J K Rowling marks start for clinic|publisher=University of Edinburgh|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/rowling-041111|accessdate=15 December 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211194041/http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/rowling-041111|archivedate=11 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2010, she donated a further £10 million to the centre.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling donates £10m to multiple sclerosis clinic|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/jk-rowling-donates-10m-to-multiple-sclerosis-clinic/story-e6frf7jx-1225912553049|year=2010|accessdate=30 August 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614225858/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/jk-rowling-donates-10m-to-multiple-sclerosis-clinic/story-e6frf7jx-1225912553049|archivedate=14 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> For reasons unknown, Scotland, Rowling's country of adoption, has the highest rate of multiple sclerosis in the world. In 2003, Rowling took part in a campaign to establish a national standard of care for MS sufferers.<ref name=MSSS/> In April 2009, she announced that she was withdrawing her support for [[Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain|Multiple Sclerosis Society]] Scotland, citing her inability to resolve an ongoing feud between the organisation's northern and southern branches that had sapped morale and led to several resignations.<ref name=MSSS>{{cite news |title=Rowling quits multiple sclerosis charity over Anglo-Scottish feud |author=Andy McSmith |work=The Independent |location=UK |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rowling-quits-multiple-sclerosis-charity-over-angloscottish-feud-1666842.html |accessdate=20 April 2009 |date=10 April 2009 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413185304/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rowling-quits-multiple-sclerosis-charity-over-angloscottish-feud-1666842.html |archivedate=13 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Other philanthropic work===
In May 2008, bookseller [[Waterstones]] asked Rowling and 12 other writers ([[Lisa Appignanesi]], [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Lauren Child]], [[Sebastian Faulks]], [[Richard Ford]], [[Neil Gaiman]], [[Nick Hornby]], [[Doris Lessing]], [[Michael Rosen]], [[Axel Scheffler]], [[Tom Stoppard]] and [[Irvine Welsh]]) to compose a short piece of their own choosing on a single [[ISO 216|A5]] card, which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities Dyslexia Action and English [[International PEN|PEN]]. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word [[Harry Potter prequel|''Harry Potter'' prequel]] that concerns Harry's father, [[James Potter (character)|James Potter]], and godfather, [[Sirius Black]], and takes place three years before Harry was born. The cards were collated and sold for charity in book form in August 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rowling pens Potter prequel for charities |first=Rachel |last=Williams |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,,2282533,00.html |date=29 May 2008 |accessdate=5 May 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714103208/http://books.guardian.co.uk/harrypotter/story/0,,2282533,00.html |archivedate=14 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
On 1 and 2 August 2006, she read alongside [[Stephen King]] and [[John Irving]] at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City. Profits from the event were donated to the Haven Foundation, a charity that aids artists and performers left uninsurable and unable to work, and the medical NGO [[Médecins Sans Frontières]].<ref>[http://www.scholastic.com/harrycarriegarp/Press_Release.pdf Harry, Carrie, Garp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025232009/http://www.scholastic.com/harrycarriegarp/Press_Release.pdf |date=25 October 2007 }}. Scholastic. 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref> In May 2007, Rowling pledged a donation reported as over £250,000 to a reward fund started by the tabloid ''[[News of the World]]'' for the safe return of a young British girl, [[Disappearance of Madeleine McCann|Madeleine McCann]], who disappeared in Portugal.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-05-13-rowling-reward_N.htm 'Potter' Author Adds to UK Reward Fund] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008080214/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-05-13-rowling-reward_N.htm |date=8 October 2007 }}. USA Today. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514152845/http://news.sky.com/home/madeleine/article/1265397 Harry Potter Author Adds To Reward]. Sky News. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2012.</ref> Rowling, along with [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Al Gore]], and [[Alan Greenspan]], wrote an introduction to a collection of Gordon Brown's speeches, the proceeds of which were donated to the Jennifer Brown Research Laboratory.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4878754.stm Brown publishes greatest speeches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915172552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4878754.stm |date=15 September 2007 }}. BBC News. 5 April 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> After her exposure as the true author of ''The Cuckoo's Calling'' led to a massive increase in sales, Rowling announced she would donate all her royalties to the [[Army Benevolent Fund]], claiming she had always intended to but never expected the book to be a best-seller.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling to Donate All Royalties From Her Secret Novel to Charity|url=http://jezebel.com/j-k-rowling-to-donate-all-royalties-from-her-secret-no-980287661|author=Madeleine Davies|publisher=jezebel.com|year=2013|accessdate=27 June 2014}}</ref>
Rowling is a member of both English PEN and Scottish PEN. She was one of 50 authors to contribute to First Editions, Second Thoughts, a charity auction for English PEN. Each author hand annotated a first-edition copy of one of their books, in Rowling's case, ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''. The book was the highest-selling lot of the event and fetched £150,000 ($228,600).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Robert|title=Highlights from the First Editions, Second Thoughts auction|url=https://www.englishpen.org/events/highlights-from-the-first-editions-second-thoughts-auction/|date=22 May 2013|website=English PEN|accessdate=6 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144540/https://www.englishpen.org/events/highlights-from-the-first-editions-second-thoughts-auction/|archivedate=7 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rowling is a supporter of the [[The Shannon Trust|Shannon Trust]], which runs the Toe by Toe Reading Plan and the Shannon Reading Plan in prisons across Britain, helping and giving tutoring to prisoners who cannot read.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toe-by-toe.co.uk/prison_project.html |title=toeby-toe.co.uk |publisher=toe-by-toe.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074811/http://www.toe-by-toe.co.uk/prison_project.html |archivedate=6 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Influences==
{{see also|Harry Potter influences and analogues}}
Rowling has named communist and [[civil rights]] activist [[Jessica Mitford]] as her "most influential writer" saying, "Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the [[Spanish Civil War]]", and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".<ref>{{cite news|title=The first It Girl|author=J. K. Rowling|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html|date=26 November 2006|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118210059/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html|archivedate=18 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling has described [[Jane Austen]] as her favourite author,<ref>{{cite web|title=Online chat transcript, Scholastic.com, 3 February 2000|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0200-scholastic-chat.htm|publisher=Accio Quote!|accessdate=26 December 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731081205/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0200-scholastic-chat.htm|archivedate=31 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> calling ''[[Emma (novel)|Emma]]'' her favourite book in ''[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling's bookshelf|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/JK-Rowlings-Bookshelf/1|work=O magazine|accessdate=26 December 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523132625/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/JK-Rowlings-Bookshelf/1|archivedate=23 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As a child, Rowling has said her early influences included ''[[The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe]]'' by [[C.S. Lewis]], ''[[The Little White Horse]]'' by [[Elizabeth Goudge]], and ''[[Manxmouse]]'' by [[Paul Gallico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Early influences|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US/#/timeline/early-influences|publisher=J.K. Rowling's official website|accessdate=26 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230094234/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_US#/timeline/early-influences|archivedate=30 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Views==
===Politics===
{{See also|Politics of J. K. Rowling|Politics of Harry Potter}}
Rowling is known for her [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] political views. In September 2008, on the eve of the [[Labour Party Conference]], Rowling announced that she had donated [[Pound sterling|£]]1 million to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], and publicly endorsed Labour Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] over [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] challenger [[David Cameron]], praising Labour's policies on child poverty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Harry Potter author JK Rowling gives £1 million to Labour|author=Ben Leach|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/3021309/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-gives-1-million-to-Labour.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=20 September 2008|location=London|date=20 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920115952/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/3021309/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-gives-1-million-to-Labour.html|archivedate=20 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling is a close friend of [[Sarah Brown (spouse)|Sarah Brown]], wife of Gordon Brown, whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project for One Parent Families.<ref name="Morrison"/>
Rowling discussed the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]] with the Spanish-language newspaper ''[[El País]]'' in February 2008, stating that the election would have a profound effect on the rest of the world. She also said that [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] would be "extraordinary" in the White House. In the same interview, Rowling identified [[Robert F. Kennedy]] as her hero.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes|title=Ser invisible... eso sería lo más|last=Cruz|first=Juan|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=8 February 2008|accessdate=8 February 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213020402/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Ser/invisible/seria/elpepicul/20080208elpepicul_1/Tes|archivedate=13 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In April 2010, Rowling published an article in ''[[The Times]]'', in which she criticised Cameron's plan to encourage married couples to stay together by offering them a £150 annual tax credit: "Nobody who has ever experienced the reality of poverty could say 'it's not the money, it's the message'. When your flat has been broken into, and you cannot afford a locksmith, it is the money. When you are two pence short of a tin of baked beans, and your child is hungry, it is the money. When you find yourself contemplating shoplifting to get nappies, it is the money."<ref>{{cite news|title=The single mother's manifesto|author=J. K. Rowling|work=The Times|location=UK|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article7096786.ece|accessdate=15 April 2010|date=14 April 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423213108/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article7096786.ece|archivedate=23 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
As a resident of Scotland, Rowling was eligible to vote in the 2014 [[Scottish independence referendum, 2014|referendum on Scottish independence]], and campaigned for the "No" vote.<ref name=shelley>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling: 'The worst that can happen is that everyone says, That's shockingly bad'|first=Decca|last=Aitkenhead|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/22/jk-rowling-book-casual-vacancy|accessdate=22 September 2012|location=London|date=22 September 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221160214/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/22/jk-rowling-book-casual-vacancy|archivedate=21 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She donated £1 million to the [[Better Together (campaign)|Better Together]] anti-independence campaign (run by her former neighbour [[Alistair Darling]]),<ref name="GuardBT"/> the largest donation it had received at the time. In a blog post, Rowling explained that an open letter from Scottish medical professionals raised problems with First Minister [[Alex Salmond]]'s plans for a common research funding.<ref name="GuardBT" /> Rowling compared some Scottish Nationalists with the [[Death Eaters]], characters from ''Harry Potter'' who are scornful of those without pure blood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottish-independence-jk-rowling-calls-some-nationalists-death-eaters-donates-1m-to-better-together-9526913.html|title=JK Rowling donates £1m to Scottish independence 'No' campaign and calls some nationalists 'Death Eaters'|date=12 June 2014|work=[[The Independent]]|location=London|accessdate=12 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611161543/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scottish-independence-jk-rowling-calls-some-nationalists-death-eaters-donates-1m-to-better-together-9526913.html|archivedate=11 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 22 October 2015 a letter was published in ''[[The Guardian]]'' signed by Rowling (along with over 150 other figures from arts and politics) opposing the cultural boycott of Israel, and announcing the creation of a network for dialogue, called Culture for Coexistence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Israel needs cultural bridges, not boycotts – letter from JK Rowling, Simon Schama and others|author=Various|work=The Guardian|location=UK|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/israel-needs-cultural-bridges-not-boycotts-letter-from-jk-rowling-simon-schama-and-others|accessdate=23 October 2015|date=22 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022235926/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/israel-needs-cultural-bridges-not-boycotts-letter-from-jk-rowling-simon-schama-and-others|archivedate=22 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling later explained her position in more detail, saying that although she opposed most of [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s actions she did not think the cultural boycott would bring about the removal of Israel's leader or help improve the situation in Israel and Palestine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cultural boycotts: =JK Rowling|work=Twitlong|location=UK|url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/n_1snnrq7|accessdate=5 November 2015|date=26 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105100830/http://www.twitlonger.com/show/n_1snnrq7|archivedate=5 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In June 2016, Rowling campaigned against the [[United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016|Referendum to leave the European Union]], stating on her website that, "I'm the mongrel product of this European continent and I'm an internationalist. I was raised by a Francophile mother whose family was proud of their part-French heritage ... My values are not contained or proscribed by borders. The absence of a visa when I cross the channel has symbolic value to me. I might not be in my house, but I'm still in my hometown."<ref>{{cite web|title=On Monsters, Villains and the EU Referendum|author=JK Rowling|url=http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB/#/timeline/on-monsters-villains-and-the-EU-referendum|publisher=jkrowling.com|year=2016|accessdate=5 August 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804235110/http://www.jkrowling.com/en_GB#/timeline/on-monsters-villains-and-the-EU-referendum|archivedate=4 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rowling has been critical of [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party Leader]] [[Jeremy Corbyn]], accusing Corbyn of tolerating anti-semitic behavior within the [[Labour Party of the United Kingdom|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/3/jk-rowling-slams-socialists-tweet-condemning-labou/ | title=J.K. Rowling slams socialists in tweet condemning Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn}}</ref>
===Religion===
{{See also|Religious debates over the Harry Potter series}}
Over the years, some religious people, particularly Christians, have decried Rowling's books for supposedly promoting witchcraft. Rowling identifies as a Christian.<ref name= conference/> She once said, "I believe in God, not magic."<ref>Nelson, Michael. [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=fantasia_the_gospel_according_to_cs_lewis Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S. Lewis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011202136/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=fantasia_the_gospel_according_to_cs_lewis |date=11 October 2007 }}. ''[[The American Prospect]]''. 25 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2007.</ref> Early on she felt that if readers knew of her Christian beliefs they would be able to predict her plot line.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1000-vancouversun-wyman.htm|title=You can lead a fool to a book but you can't make them think|newspaper=The Vancouver Sun|last=Wyman|first=Max|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184844/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1000-vancouversun-wyman.htm|archivedate=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}} 26 October 2000. Retrieved 29 October 2007.</ref>
In 2007, Rowling described having been brought up in the [[Church of England]]. She said she was the only one in her family who regularly went to church. As a student she became annoyed at the "smugness of religious people" and worshipped less often. Later, she started to attend a [[Church of Scotland]] congregation at the time she was writing ''Harry Potter''.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of "Deathly Hallows"|work=The Leaky Cauldron|year=2007|url=http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/11/19/new-interview-with-j-k-rowling-for-release-of-dutch-edition-of-deathly-hallows|accessdate=15 November 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120150900/http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/11/19/new-interview-with-j-k-rowling-for-release-of-dutch-edition-of-deathly-hallows|archivedate=20 November 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charmed, I'm Sure|author=Linton Weeks|work=The Washington Post|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm|year=1999|accessdate=17 June 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708230353/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-post-weeks.htm|archivedate=8 July 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Her eldest daughter, Jessica, was baptised there.<ref name=conference>{{cite web|title=Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling Opens Up About Books' Christian Imagery|author=Shawn Adler|publisher=MTV|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1572107/20071017/index.jhtml|year=2007|accessdate=18 October 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018082559/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1572107/20071017/index.jhtml|archivedate=18 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In a 2006 interview with ''[[Tatler (1901)|Tatler]]'' magazine, Rowling noted that, "like [[Graham Greene]], my faith is sometimes about if my faith will return. It's important to me."<ref name=dt/> She has said that she has struggled with doubt, that she believes in an afterlife,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Woman Behind the Boy Wizard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/arts/television/16rowling.html|accessdate=16 November 2010|work=The New York Times|first=Mike|last=Hale|date=16 July 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715043903/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/arts/television/16rowling.html|archivedate=15 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and that her faith plays a part in her books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/19677/harry-potter-5|title=Rowling's Christian critics miss the mark|accessdate=16 November 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726182616/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/19677/harry-potter-5|archivedate=26 July 2010|df=dmy-all|date=2007-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cruz |first=Juan |date=8 February 2008 |title=Ser invisible... eso sería lo más |url=http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/08/cultura/1202425201_850215.html |newspaper=[[El País]] |location=Edinburgh |language=Spanish |accessdate=9 February 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208140827/http://elpais.com/diario/2008/02/08/cultura/1202425201_850215.html |archivedate=8 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Vieira, Meredith.[http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/20001720/page/4/ "Harry Potter: The final chapter"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014014450/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/20001720/page/4/ |date=14 October 2007 }}. [[MSNBC]]. Retrieved 30 July 2007.</ref> In a 2012 radio interview, she said that she was a member of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], a province of the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name=bbc-20120927>{{Cite episode |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g |title=J. K. Rowling |credits=Presenter: Mark Lawson |series=Front Row |serieslink=Front Row (radio) |station=[[BBC Radio 4]] |time=17:45 |date=27 September 2012 |accessdate=27 September 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001021842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01mx27g |archivedate=1 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
In 2015, following the [[Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland|referendum on same-sex marriage in Ireland]], Rowling joked that if Ireland legalised same-sex marriage, Dumbledore and [[Gandalf]] could get married there.<ref>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling Had An Incredible Twitter Fight With the Westboro Baptist Church|url=http://time.com/3899553/j-k-rowling-twitter-westboro-baptist-church/|accessdate=28 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529103524/http://time.com/3899553/j-k-rowling-twitter-westboro-baptist-church/|archivedate=29 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Westboro Baptist Church]], in response, stated that if the two got married, they would picket. Rowling responded by saying "Alas, the sheer awesomeness of such a union in such a place would blow your tiny bigoted minds out of your thick sloping skulls."<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling and the savage Twitter game: the Harry Potter author's most sassy tweets|work=[[NME]]|author=Jordan Bassett|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/jk-rowling-and-the-savage-twitter-game-the-authors-most-fire-tweets-1964777|year=2017|accessdate=23 April 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090118/http://www.nme.com/blogs/jk-rowling-and-the-savage-twitter-game-the-authors-most-fire-tweets-1964777|archivedate=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Press===
Rowling has had a difficult relationship with the press. She admits to being "thin-skinned" and dislikes the fickle nature of reporting. Rowling disputes her reputation as a recluse who hates to be interviewed.<ref name=Treneman>Treneman, Ann. [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0620-times-treneman.htm "I'm not writing for the money: It's for me and out of loyalty to fans."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027112720/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0620-times-treneman.htm |date=27 October 2007 }}. ''[[The Times]]''. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 25 October 2007.</ref>
By 2011, Rowling had taken more than 50 actions against the press.<ref name=holiday>{{cite news|title=Leveson inquiry: JK Rowling and Sienna Miller give evidence|author=Lisa O'Carroll and Josh Halliday|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/24/leveson-inquiry-jk-rowling-sienna-miller-live|accessdate=22 September 2012|location=London|date=24 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810190349/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/24/leveson-inquiry-jk-rowling-sienna-miller-live|archivedate=10 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2001, the Press Complaints Commission upheld a complaint by Rowling over a series of unauthorised photographs of her with her daughter on the beach in [[Mauritius]] published in ''[[OK!]]'' magazine.<ref>[http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article=MjA0NQ== Press Complaints Commission: JK Rowling] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214104611/http://www.pcc.org.uk/news/index.html?article=MjA0NQ== |date=14 December 2007 }}. pcc.org.uk. 2001. Retrieved 8 December 2007.</ref> In 2007, Rowling's young son, David, assisted by Rowling and her husband, lost a court fight to ban publication of a photograph of him. The photo, taken by a photographer using a long-range lens, was subsequently published in a ''[[Sunday Express]]'' article featuring Rowling's family life and motherhood.<ref name=david /> The judgement was overturned in David's favour in May 2008.<ref>{{Cite BAILII|litigants=David Murray (by his litigation friends Neil Murray and Joanne Murray) v Big Pictures (UK) Limited|country=ew|court=EWCA|division=Civ|num=446|year=2008|date=7 May 2008}}.</ref>
Rowling particularly dislikes the British tabloid the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', which has conducted interviews with her estranged ex-husband. As one journalist noted, "Harry's [[Vernon Dursley|Uncle Vernon]] is a grotesque philistine of violent tendencies and remarkably little brain. It is not difficult to guess which newspaper Rowling gives him to read [in ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]]'']."<ref name=vernon>Lockerbie, Catherine. {{cite web|title=All aboard the Hogwarts Express|work=The Scotsman|location=UK|url=http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0700-scotsman-lockerbie.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027095525/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/0700-scotsman-lockerbie.html|archivedate=27 October 2007|df=dmy-all}} 11 July 2000. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> {{As of|2014|01}}, she was seeking damages from the ''Mail'' for libel over an article about her time as a single mother.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JK Rowling sues Daily Mail for libel over 'single mother' article|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jan/31/jkrowling-dailymail?CMP=fb_gu|date=31 January 2014|author=Roy Greenslade|accessdate=19 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319145603/http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/jan/31/jkrowling-dailymail?CMP=fb_gu|archivedate=19 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some have speculated that Rowling's fraught relationship with the press was the inspiration behind the character [[Rita Skeeter]], a gossipy celebrity journalist who first appears in ''Goblet of Fire'', but Rowling noted in 2000 that the character predates her rise to fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Books: transcript of J.K. Rowling's live interview on Scholastic.com|url=http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/interview2.htm|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216084731/http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/interview2.htm |archivedate = 16 December 2007}} 16 October 2000. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref>
In September 2011, Rowling was named a "core participant" in the [[Leveson Inquiry]] into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press, as one of dozens of celebrities who may have been the victim of [[phone hacking]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Leveson phone-hacking inquiry: JK Rowling among 'core participants'|first=Lisa|last=O'Carroll|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/14/leveson-phone-hacking-inquiry-jk-rowling|accessdate=24 September 2011|location=London|date=14 September 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604135926/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/14/leveson-phone-hacking-inquiry-jk-rowling|archivedate=4 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 24 November 2011, Rowling gave evidence before the inquiry; although she was not suspected to have been the victim of phone hacking,<ref name=bbc1/> her testimony included accounts of photographers camping on her doorstep, her fiancé being duped into giving his home address to a journalist masquerading as a tax official,<ref name=bbc1>{{cite news|title=JK Rowling tells Leveson inquiry of press intrusion|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15876194|accessdate=25 November 2011|date=24 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124205816/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15876194|archivedate=24 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> her chasing a journalist a week after giving birth,<ref name=holiday/> a journalist leaving a note inside her then-five-year-old daughter's schoolbag, and an attempt by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' to "blackmail" her into a photo opportunity in exchange for the return of a stolen manuscript.<ref name=cnn1>{{cite news|title=J.K. Rowling chased from home by press, she says|author=Richard Allen Greene|publisher=CNN|year=2011|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/europe/uk-phone-hacking-scandal/?hpt=wo_bn6|accessdate=25 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411035926/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/24/world/europe/uk-phone-hacking-scandal/?hpt=wo_bn6|archivedate=11 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rowling claimed she had to leave her former home in [[Merchiston]] because of press intrusion.<ref name=cnn1/> In November 2012, Rowling wrote an article for ''[[The Guardian]]'' in reaction to [[David Cameron]]'s decision not to implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inquiry, saying she felt "duped and angry".<ref>{{cite news|title=I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=3 December 2012|location=London|first=JK|last=Rowling|date=30 November 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913014433/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/30/jk-rowling-duped-angry-david-cameron-leveson|archivedate=13 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In 2014, Rowling reaffirmed her support for "[[Hacked Off]]" and its campaign towards press self-regulation by co-signing with other British celebrities a declaration to "[safeguard] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Benedict Cumberbatch, Alfonso Cuaron, Maggie Smith Back U.K. Press Regulation |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=18 March 2014 |first=Georg |last=Szalai |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/benedict-cumberbatch-alfonso-cuaron-maggie-689289 |accessdate=19 March 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607221419/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/benedict-cumberbatch-alfonso-cuaron-maggie-689289 |archivedate=7 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Legal disputes==
{{Main|Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series}}
Rowling, her publishers, and [[Time Warner]], the owner of the rights to the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' films]], have taken numerous legal actions to protect their copyright. The worldwide popularity of the ''Harry Potter'' series has led to the appearance of a number of locally produced, unauthorised sequels and other derivative works, sparking efforts to ban or contain them.<ref name=yemets><span class="plainlinks">[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2846105.stm "Rowling seeks 'Grotter' ban"]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421123252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/ |date=21 April 1999 }}, 13 March 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2006.</span>"</ref>
Another area of legal dispute involves a series of injunctions obtained by Rowling and her publishers to prohibit anyone from reading her books before their official release date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article543318.ece|title=Reading ban on leaked Harry Potter|date=13 July 2005|accessdate=13 March 2009|author1=Jack Malvern|author2=Richard Cleroux|work=The Times|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529152440/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article543318.ece|archivedate=29 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The injunction drew fire from civil liberties and free speech campaigners and sparked debates over the "right to read".<ref>{{cite news|title=Harry Potter and the Right to Read|author=Michael Geist|url=http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=896|date=18 July 2005|newspaper=Toronto Star|accessdate=12 October 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814045816/http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=896|archivedate=14 August 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/publisher-s-efforts-to-keep-story-s-secrets-collide-with-free-speech-concerns.html |title=Publisher's Efforts to Keep Story's Secrets Collide With Free Speech Concerns |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 June 2003 |accessdate=8 August 2010 |first=David D. |last=Kirkpatrick |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103002304/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/publisher-s-efforts-to-keep-story-s-secrets-collide-with-free-speech-concerns.html |archivedate=3 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
==Awards and honours==
[[File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Rowling, after receiving an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen]]
Rowling has received honorary degrees from [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews University]], the [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Edinburgh Napier University]], the [[University of Exeter]] (which she attended),<ref>{{cite news|title=J K Rowling given honorary degree at her alma mater|last=Pook|first=Sally|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1348603/J-K-Rowling-given-honorary-degree-at-her-alma-mater.html|date=15 July 2000|accessdate=5 May 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531003402/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1348603/J-K-Rowling-given-honorary-degree-at-her-alma-mater.html|archivedate=31 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[University of Aberdeen]],<ref>{{cite web|title=JK Rowling receives honorary degree|author=David Cribb|year=2006|work=digital spy|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a34635/jk-rowling-receives-honorary-degree.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080930/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a34635/jk-rowling-receives-honorary-degree.html|archivedate=10 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 6 June 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Harry Potter' author JK Rowling receives Honorary Degree|publisher=University of Aberdeen|url=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/release.php?id=638|year=2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212015310/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/mediareleases/release.php?id=638|archivedate=12 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 6 June 2008.</ref> and [[Harvard University]], where she spoke at the 2008 commencement ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|title=J. K. Rowling To Speak at Commencement|author=Claire M. Guehenno and Laurence H. M. Holland|year=2008|work=The Harvard Crimson|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=521567|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615205621/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=521567|archivedate=15 June 2008|df=dmy-all}} Retrieved 6 June 2008.</ref> In 2009 Rowling was made a Chevalier de la [[Légion d'honneur]] by French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref name=legion>{{Cite news |last=Keaten |first=Jamey |title=France honors Harry Potter author Rowling |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-02-03-rowling_N.htm |agency=Associated Press |date=3 February 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2010 |work=USA Today |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207084012/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-02-03-rowling_N.htm |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2011, Rowling became an honorary Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=College Fellows and Members recognised in Queen's Birthday Honours|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/college/college-fellows-and-members-recognised-queens-birthday-honours|website=Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|publisher=RCPE}}</ref>
Other awards include:<ref name="awards"/>
* 1997: [[Nestlé Smarties Book Prize]], Gold Award for ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
* 1998: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
* 1998: [[British Children's Book of the Year]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''
* 1999: Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, Gold Award for ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
* 1999: [[National Book Awards Children's Book of the Year]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''
* 1999: [[1999 Whitbread Awards|Whitbread Children's Book of the Year]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
* 2000: [[British Book Awards]], Author of the Year<ref name="awards2" />
* 2000: [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]], for services to Children's Literature<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/793844.stm "Caine heads birthday honours list"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215125039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/793844.stm |date=15 February 2009 }}. BBC News. 17 June 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2000.</ref>
* 2000: [[Locus Award]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban''
* 2001: [[Hugo Award for Best Novel]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire''
* 2003: [[Premio Príncipe de Asturias]], Concord
* 2003: [[Bram Stoker Award]] for [[Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers|Best Work for Young Readers]], winner ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''
* 2006: [[British Book of the Year]], winner for ''Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince''
* 2007: [[Blue Peter Badge]], Gold
* 2007: Named [[Barbara Walters]]' [[Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People|Most Fascinating Person]] of the year<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/walters-names-rowling-most-fascinating-of-2007-61748/|title=Walters Names Rowling 'Most Fascinating' Of 2007|work=Access Hollywood|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222165700/http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/walters-names-rowling-most-fascinating-of-2007-61748/|archivedate=22 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2008: British Book Awards, Outstanding Achievement
* 2008: The Edinburgh Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2991632/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-receives-the-Edinburgh-Award.html|title=Harry Potter author JK Rowling receives the Edinburgh Award|last=Cockcroft|first=Lucy|date=20 September 2008|work=The Telegraph|access-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805221333/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2991632/Harry-Potter-author-JK-Rowling-receives-the-Edinburgh-Award.html|archive-date=5 August 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* 2010: [[Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award]], inaugural award winner
* 2011: [[British Academy Film Awards]], Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the ''Harry Potter'' film series, shared with [[David Heyman]], cast and crew
* 2012: [[Freedom of the City of London]]
* 2012: Rowling was among the [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British cultural icons]] selected by artist Sir [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]] to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life.<ref>{{cite news|title=New faces on Sgt Pepper album cover for artist Peter Blake's 80th birthday|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|work=The Guardian|date=11 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105095109/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/apr/02/peter-blake-sgt-pepper-cover-revisited|archivedate=5 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
She was appointed [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) in the [[2017 Birthday Honours]] for services to literature and philanthropy.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=61962|supp=1|page=B25|date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
==Publications==
===Young adults===
====''Harry Potter'' series====
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' (26 June 1997)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (2 July 1998)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (8 July 1999)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (8 July 2000)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' (21 June 2003)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' (16 July 2005)
# ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (21 July 2007)
====Related works====
* ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (1 March 2001)
* ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (1 March 2001)
* ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (4 December 2008)
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'' (story concept) (31 July 2016)
* ''[[Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists]]'' (6 September 2016)
* ''[[Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies]]'' (6 September 2016)
* ''[[Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide]]'' (6 September 2016)
* ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay'' (19 November 2016)
* ''Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald – The Original Screenplay'' (16 November 2018)
====Short stories====
* [[Harry Potter prequel|''Harry Potter'' prequel]] (July 2008)
===Adults===
* ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (27 September 2012)
====''Cormoran Strike'' series (as Robert Galbraith)====
# ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' (18 April 2013)
# ''[[The Silkworm]]'' (19 June 2014)
# ''[[Career of Evil]]'' (20 October 2015)
# ''[[Lethal White (novel)|Lethal White]]'' (18 September 2018)
===Other===
====Non-fiction====
* McNeil, Gil and [[Sarah Jane Brown|Brown, Sarah]], editors (2002). Foreword to the anthology ''Magic''. Bloomsbury.
* [[Gordon Brown|Brown, Gordon]] (2006). Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in ''Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006''. Bloomsbury.
* Sussman, Peter Y., editor (26 July 2006). "The First It Girl: J. K. Rowling reviews ''Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford''". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.
* Anelli, Melissa (2008). Foreword to ''[[Harry, A History]]''. [[Pocket Books]].
* Rowling, J. K. (5 June 2008). "The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination". ''[[Harvard Magazine]]''.
** J. K. Rowling, ''Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination'', illustrated by Joel Holland, [[Sphere Books|Sphere]], 14 April 2015, 80 pages ({{ISBN|978-1-4087-0678-7}}).
* Rowling, J. K. (30 April 2009). "Gordon Brown – The 2009 Time 100". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.
* Rowling, J. K. (14 April 2010). "The Single Mother's Manifesto". ''[[The Times]]''.
* Rowling, J. K. (30 November 2012). "I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". ''[[The Guardian]]''.
* Rowling, J. K. (17 December 2014). Isn’t it time we left orphanages to fairytales? ''The Guardian''.
* Rowling, J. K. (guest editor) (28 April 2014). "Woman's Hour Takeover". ''[[Woman's Hour]]'', [[BBC Radio 4]].<ref name=guardian-20140410>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/10/jk-rowling-guest-editor-womans-hour |title=JK Rowling to become Woman's Hour first guest editor for 60 years |author=Alison Flood |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 April 2014 |accessdate=7 May 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508044216/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/10/jk-rowling-guest-editor-womans-hour |archivedate=8 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films or TV series that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto; margin-right:auto"
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Notes
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! width=65 | Writer
! width=65 | Producer
! width=65 | Executive producer
|-
|2010
| align="left" |''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|rowspan="2" align="left" |Film based on her novel ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]''
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2011
| align="left" |''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
|2015
| align="left" |''[[The Casual Vacancy (miniseries)|The Casual Vacancy]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
| align="left" |Television miniseries based on her novel ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jk-rowling-hbo-bbc-team-698313|title=J.K. Rowling, HBO, BBC Team for 'Casual Vacancy' Miniseries|access-date=5 August 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530091214/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/jk-rowling-hbo-bbc-team-698313|archivedate=30 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2016
| align="left" |''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="left" | Film inspired by her ''[[Harry Potter]]'' supplementary book ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2017–present
|align="left" |''[[Strike (TV series)|Strike]]''
|
|
| {{yes}}
|align="left" | Television series based on her ''[[Cormoran Strike]]'' novels
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/global/holliday-grainger-jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-tv-series-1201906413/|title=Holliday Grainger to Star in J.K. Rowling's 'Cormoran Strike' TV Series (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Barraclough|first=Leo|date=2 November 2016|newspaper=Variety|access-date=22 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223633/http://variety.com/2016/tv/global/holliday-grainger-jk-rowling-cormoran-strike-tv-series-1201906413/|archivedate=5 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|align="left" |''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]''{{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| align="left" | Film inspired by her ''Harry Potter'' supplementary book ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them''
|
|}
==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=J. K. Rowling |b=no |n=no |q=J. K. Rowling |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=J. K. Rowling}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{british council|j-k-rowling}}
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3656769/The-first-It-Girl.html "The first It Girl"], Rowling's article on Jessica Mitford for ''The Telegraph''
* [http://harvardmagazine.com/go/jkrowling.html Video, audio and transcript] of Rowling's speech at [[Harvard University]]'s 2008 [[graduation|commencement]]
* {{Isfdb name|6304}}
* {{IMDb name|0746830}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{worldcat id|lccn-n97-108433}}
* {{IBList|type=author|id=146|name=J.K. Rowling}}
* [http://www.theblairpartnership.com/ The Blair Partnership]
{{Works by J.K. Rowling}}
{{Harry Potter}}
{{Hugo Award Best Novel 2001–2020|state=collapsed}}
{{Locus Award Best Fantasy Novel|state=collapsed}}
{{2011 News Corporation scandal}}
{{Portal bar|United Kingdom|Books|Harry Potter|Children's literature|Literature|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rowling, J. K.}}
[[Category:J. K. Rowling| ]]
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[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Women writers of young adult literature]]
