Changes
correction
{{Navbox
| name = Philosophy of religion
| title = [[Philosophy of religion]]
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:center;
| group1 = Concepts in religion
| list1 =
* [[Afterlife]]
* [[Euthyphro dilemma]]
* [[Faith]]
* [[Intelligent design]]
* [[Miracle]]
* [[Problem of evil]]
* [[Religious belief]]
* [[Soul]]
* [[Spirit]]
* [[Theodicy]]
* [[Theological veto]]
| group2 = [[Conceptions of God]]
| list2 =
{{Navbox|child|evenodd = swap
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 4em
| group1 =
| list1 =
* [[Aristotelian theology|Aristotelian view]]
* [[Brahman]]
* [[Demiurge]]
* [[Divine simplicity]]
* [[Ethical egoism|Egoism]]
* [[Holy Spirit]]
* [[Misotheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Personal god]]
* [[Process theology]]
* [[Supreme Being]]
* [[Unmoved mover]]
| group2 = God in
| list2 =
* [[God in Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religions]]
* [[Creator in Buddhism|Buddhism]]
* [[God in Christianity|Christianity]]
* [[God in Hinduism|Hinduism]]
* [[God in Islam|Islam]]
* [[God in Jainism|Jainism]]
* [[God in Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[God in Mormonism|Mormonism]]
* [[God in Sikhism|Sikhism]]
* [[God in the Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í Faith]]
* [[Wiccan views of divinity|Wicca]]
}}
| group3 = [[Existence of God]]
| list3 =
{{Navbox|child|evenodd = swap
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 4em
| group1 = For
| list1 =
* [[Argument from beauty|Beauty]]
* [[Christological argument|Christological]]
* [[Argument from consciousness|Consciousness]]
* [[Cosmological argument|Cosmological]]
** [[Kalam cosmological argument|Kalam]]
** [[Cosmological argument#Argument from contingency|Contingency]]
* [[Argument from degree|Degree]]
* [[Argument from desire|Desire]]
* [[Argument from religious experience|Experience]]
* [[Fine-tuned Universe|Fine-tuning of the Universe]]
* [[Argument from love|Love]]
* [[Argument from miracles|Miracles]]
* [[Argument from morality|Morality]]
* [[Proof of the Truthful|Necessary existent]]
* [[Ontological argument|Ontological]]
* [[Pascal's Wager]]
* [[Argument from a proper basis|Proper basis]]
* [[Argument from reason|Reason]]
* [[Teleological argument|Teleological]]
** [[Natural-law argument|Natural law]]
** [[Watchmaker analogy]]
* [[Transcendental argument for the existence of God|Transcendental]]
| group2 = Against
| list2 =
* [[Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit|747 gambit]]
* [[Atheist's Wager]]
* [[Problem of evil|Evil]]
* [[Argument from free will|Free will]]
* [[Problem of Hell|Hell]]
* [[Argument from inconsistent revelations|Inconsistent revelations]]
* [[Argument from nonbelief|Nonbelief]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism|Noncognitivism]]
* [[Occam's razor]]
* [[Omnipotence paradox|Omnipotence]]
* [[Argument from poor design|Poor design]]
* [[Russell's teapot]]
}}
| group4 = [[Theology]]
| list4 =
* [[Acosmism]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Animism]]
* [[Antireligion]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Creationism]]
* [[Dharma|Dharmism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Demonology]]
* [[Divine command theory]]
* [[Dualistic cosmology|Dualism]]
* [[Western esotericism|Esotericism]]
* [[Exclusivism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism|Christian]]
** [[Agnostic existentialism|Agnostic]]
** [[Atheistic existentialism|Atheistic]]
* [[Feminist theology]]
** [[Thealogy]]
** [[Womanist theology]]
* [[Fideism]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
* [[Gnosticism]]
* [[Henotheism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Religious humanism|Religious]]
** [[Secular humanism|Secular]]
** [[Christian humanism|Christian]]
* [[Inclusivism]]
* [[Theories about religions]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Monotheism]]
* [[Mysticism]]
* [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Naturalism]]
** [[Metaphysical naturalism|Metaphysical]]
** [[Religious naturalism|Religious]]
** [[Humanistic naturalism|Humanistic]]
* [[New Age]]
* [[Nondualism]]
* [[Nontheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Panentheism]]
* [[Pantheism]]
* [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]]
* [[Polytheism]]
* [[Possibilianism]]
* [[Process theology]]
* [[Religious skepticism]]
* [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Spiritualism]]
* [[Shamanism]]
* [[East Asian religions|Taoic]]
* [[Theism]]
* [[Transcendentalism]]
* ''[[List of philosophies|more...]]''
| group5 = [[Problem of religious language|Religious language]]
| list5 =
* [[Eschatological verification]]
* [[Language game (philosophy)|Language game]]
* [[Logical positivism]]
* [[Apophatic theology]]
* [[Verificationism]]
| group6 = [[Problem of evil]]
| list6 =
* [[Augustinian theodicy]]
* [[Best of all possible worlds]]
* [[Euthyphro dilemma]]
* [[Inconsistent triad]]
* [[Irenaean theodicy]]
* [[Natural evil]]
* [[Theodicy]]
| group7 = {{longitem|[[:Category:Philosophers of religion|Philosophers<br/>of religion]]}}<br>(by date active)
| list7 =
{{Navbox|child
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 4em
| group1 = [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient]] and<br>[[Medieval philosophy|medieval]]
| list1 =
* [[Anselm of Canterbury]]
* [[Augustine of Hippo]]
* [[Avicenna]]
* [[Averroes]]
* [[Boethius]]
* [[Erasmus]]
* [[Gaunilo of Marmoutiers]]
* [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola|Pico della Mirandola]]
* [[Heraclitus]]
* [[James VI and I|King James VI and I]]
* [[Marcion of Sinope]]
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Maimonides]]
| group2 = [[Early modern philosophy|Early modern]]
| list2 =
* [[Antoine Augustin Calmet|Augustin Calmet]]
* [[René Descartes]]
* [[Blaise Pascal]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]]
* [[Nicolas Malebranche]]
* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Gottfried W Leibniz]]
* [[William Wollaston]]
* [[Thomas Chubb]]
* [[David Hume]]
* [[Baron d'Holbach]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]]
* [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Johann G Herder]]
<!--
@@@@-------------------SzM
@ From 1800 onwards the list gets crowded. Hence I strictly adhere to the time-of-FLOURISH of the philosophers.
@ I refer to the bibliography of particular philosophers for this purpose.
@ After a while... I realize I'm not quite that professional (in this field) enough to sort out the time-of-flourish...
@ So, I revert back to year-of-BIRTH, while bearing a general estimation of "flourish at 40 yrs old" in mind.
@@@@-------------------SzM
-->
| group3 = 1800<br>1850
| list3 =
<!--b. 1760-->
* [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]]
* [[Karl Christian Friedrich Krause|Karl C F Krause]]
* [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg W F Hegel]]
<!--b. 1800-->
* [[William Whewell]]
* [[Ludwig Feuerbach]]
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]]
* [[Karl Marx]]
* [[Albrecht Ritschl]]
* [[Afrikan Spir]]
| group4 = 1880<br>1900
| list4 =
<!--b. 1830-->
* [[Ernst Haeckel]]<!--first 20th-century person-->
* [[William Kingdon Clifford|W K Clifford]]
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
* [[Harald Høffding]]
* [[William James]]
* [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]]
<!--b. 1860-->
* [[Ernst Troeltsch]]
* [[Rudolf Otto]]
* [[Lev Shestov]]
* [[Sergei Bulgakov]]
* [[Pavel Florensky]]
* [[Ernst Cassirer]]
* [[Joseph Maréchal]]
<!--NOTE for the section: whether these few people belong to late modern or contemporary is cut by whether they outlived WWII; so I actually bend the birthdate-rule for ~10 yrs.-->
| group5 = 1920<br>postwar
| list5 =
* [[George Santayana]]<!--although old, he has a "contemporary style"; moreover, he's in the U.S., therefore I separate him from the "Europeans".-->
* [[Bertrand Russell]]<!--first post-war person-->
* [[Martin Buber]]
* [[René Guénon]]
* [[Paul Tillich]]
* [[Karl Barth]]
* [[Emil Brunner]]
* [[Rudolf Bultmann]]
* [[Gabriel Marcel]]
<!--b. 1890-->
* [[Reinhold Niebuhr]]
* [[Charles Hartshorne]]<!--first 1990+ person-->
* [[Mircea Eliade]]
* [[Frithjof Schuon]]
<!--b. 1910-->
* [[J. L. Mackie|J L Mackie]]
* [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]]
* [[Martin Lings]]
* [[Peter Geach]]
* [[George I. Mavrodes|George I Mavrodes]]
* [[William Alston]]
* [[Antony Flew]]
| group6 = 1970<br>1990<br>2010
| list6 =
<!--b. 1930-->
* [[William L. Rowe|William L Rowe]]
* [[Dewi Zephaniah Phillips|Dewi Z Phillips]]
* [[Alvin Plantinga]]
* [[Anthony Kenny]]
* [[Nicholas Wolterstorff]]
* [[Richard Swinburne]]
* [[Robert Merrihew Adams]]
<!--b. 1950-->
* [[Peter van Inwagen]]
* [[Daniel Dennett]]
* [[Loyal Rue]]
* [[Jean-Luc Marion]]
* [[William Lane Craig]]
* [[Ali Akbar Rashad]]
<!--b. 1970+-->
* [[Alexander Pruss]]
}}
| group9 = Related topics
| list9 =
* [[Criticism of religion]]
* [[Ethics in religion]]
* [[Exegesis]]
* [[History of religion]]
* [[Religion]]
* [[Problem of religious language|Religious language]]
* [[Religious philosophy]]
* [[Relationship between religion and science]]
* [[Political science of religion]]
* [[Faith and rationality]]
* ''[[Index of philosophy of religion articles|more...]]''
| below =
* {{icon|portal}} [[Portal:Philosophy|Portal]]
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Philosophy of religion|Category]]
}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>
| name = Philosophy of religion
| title = [[Philosophy of religion]]
| state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:center;
| group1 = Concepts in religion
| list1 =
* [[Afterlife]]
* [[Euthyphro dilemma]]
* [[Faith]]
* [[Intelligent design]]
* [[Miracle]]
* [[Problem of evil]]
* [[Religious belief]]
* [[Soul]]
* [[Spirit]]
* [[Theodicy]]
* [[Theological veto]]
| group2 = [[Conceptions of God]]
| list2 =
{{Navbox|child|evenodd = swap
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 4em
| group1 =
| list1 =
* [[Aristotelian theology|Aristotelian view]]
* [[Brahman]]
* [[Demiurge]]
* [[Divine simplicity]]
* [[Ethical egoism|Egoism]]
* [[Holy Spirit]]
* [[Misotheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Personal god]]
* [[Process theology]]
* [[Supreme Being]]
* [[Unmoved mover]]
| group2 = God in
| list2 =
* [[God in Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic religions]]
* [[Creator in Buddhism|Buddhism]]
* [[God in Christianity|Christianity]]
* [[God in Hinduism|Hinduism]]
* [[God in Islam|Islam]]
* [[God in Jainism|Jainism]]
* [[God in Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[God in Mormonism|Mormonism]]
* [[God in Sikhism|Sikhism]]
* [[God in the Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í Faith]]
* [[Wiccan views of divinity|Wicca]]
}}
| group3 = [[Existence of God]]
| list3 =
{{Navbox|child|evenodd = swap
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal; text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 4em
| group1 = For
| list1 =
* [[Argument from beauty|Beauty]]
* [[Christological argument|Christological]]
* [[Argument from consciousness|Consciousness]]
* [[Cosmological argument|Cosmological]]
** [[Kalam cosmological argument|Kalam]]
** [[Cosmological argument#Argument from contingency|Contingency]]
* [[Argument from degree|Degree]]
* [[Argument from desire|Desire]]
* [[Argument from religious experience|Experience]]
* [[Fine-tuned Universe|Fine-tuning of the Universe]]
* [[Argument from love|Love]]
* [[Argument from miracles|Miracles]]
* [[Argument from morality|Morality]]
* [[Proof of the Truthful|Necessary existent]]
* [[Ontological argument|Ontological]]
* [[Pascal's Wager]]
* [[Argument from a proper basis|Proper basis]]
* [[Argument from reason|Reason]]
* [[Teleological argument|Teleological]]
** [[Natural-law argument|Natural law]]
** [[Watchmaker analogy]]
* [[Transcendental argument for the existence of God|Transcendental]]
| group2 = Against
| list2 =
* [[Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit|747 gambit]]
* [[Atheist's Wager]]
* [[Problem of evil|Evil]]
* [[Argument from free will|Free will]]
* [[Problem of Hell|Hell]]
* [[Argument from inconsistent revelations|Inconsistent revelations]]
* [[Argument from nonbelief|Nonbelief]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism|Noncognitivism]]
* [[Occam's razor]]
* [[Omnipotence paradox|Omnipotence]]
* [[Argument from poor design|Poor design]]
* [[Russell's teapot]]
}}
| group4 = [[Theology]]
| list4 =
* [[Acosmism]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Animism]]
* [[Antireligion]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Creationism]]
* [[Dharma|Dharmism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Demonology]]
* [[Divine command theory]]
* [[Dualistic cosmology|Dualism]]
* [[Western esotericism|Esotericism]]
* [[Exclusivism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism|Christian]]
** [[Agnostic existentialism|Agnostic]]
** [[Atheistic existentialism|Atheistic]]
* [[Feminist theology]]
** [[Thealogy]]
** [[Womanist theology]]
* [[Fideism]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
* [[Gnosticism]]
* [[Henotheism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Religious humanism|Religious]]
** [[Secular humanism|Secular]]
** [[Christian humanism|Christian]]
* [[Inclusivism]]
* [[Theories about religions]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Monotheism]]
* [[Mysticism]]
* [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Naturalism]]
** [[Metaphysical naturalism|Metaphysical]]
** [[Religious naturalism|Religious]]
** [[Humanistic naturalism|Humanistic]]
* [[New Age]]
* [[Nondualism]]
* [[Nontheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Panentheism]]
* [[Pantheism]]
* [[Perennial philosophy|Perennialism]]
* [[Polytheism]]
* [[Possibilianism]]
* [[Process theology]]
* [[Religious skepticism]]
* [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Spiritualism]]
* [[Shamanism]]
* [[East Asian religions|Taoic]]
* [[Theism]]
* [[Transcendentalism]]
* ''[[List of philosophies|more...]]''
| group5 = [[Problem of religious language|Religious language]]
| list5 =
* [[Eschatological verification]]
* [[Language game (philosophy)|Language game]]
* [[Logical positivism]]
* [[Apophatic theology]]
* [[Verificationism]]
| group6 = [[Problem of evil]]
| list6 =
* [[Augustinian theodicy]]
* [[Best of all possible worlds]]
* [[Euthyphro dilemma]]
* [[Inconsistent triad]]
* [[Irenaean theodicy]]
* [[Natural evil]]
* [[Theodicy]]
| group7 = {{longitem|[[:Category:Philosophers of religion|Philosophers<br/>of religion]]}}<br>(by date active)
| list7 =
{{Navbox|child
| listclass = hlist
| groupstyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:center;
| groupwidth = 4em
| group1 = [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient]] and<br>[[Medieval philosophy|medieval]]
| list1 =
* [[Anselm of Canterbury]]
* [[Augustine of Hippo]]
* [[Avicenna]]
* [[Averroes]]
* [[Boethius]]
* [[Erasmus]]
* [[Gaunilo of Marmoutiers]]
* [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola|Pico della Mirandola]]
* [[Heraclitus]]
* [[James VI and I|King James VI and I]]
* [[Marcion of Sinope]]
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Maimonides]]
| group2 = [[Early modern philosophy|Early modern]]
| list2 =
* [[Antoine Augustin Calmet|Augustin Calmet]]
* [[René Descartes]]
* [[Blaise Pascal]]
* [[Baruch Spinoza]]
* [[Nicolas Malebranche]]
* [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Gottfried W Leibniz]]
* [[William Wollaston]]
* [[Thomas Chubb]]
* [[David Hume]]
* [[Baron d'Holbach]]
* [[Immanuel Kant]]
* [[Johann Gottfried Herder|Johann G Herder]]
<!--
@@@@-------------------SzM
@ From 1800 onwards the list gets crowded. Hence I strictly adhere to the time-of-FLOURISH of the philosophers.
@ I refer to the bibliography of particular philosophers for this purpose.
@ After a while... I realize I'm not quite that professional (in this field) enough to sort out the time-of-flourish...
@ So, I revert back to year-of-BIRTH, while bearing a general estimation of "flourish at 40 yrs old" in mind.
@@@@-------------------SzM
-->
| group3 = 1800<br>1850
| list3 =
<!--b. 1760-->
* [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]]
* [[Karl Christian Friedrich Krause|Karl C F Krause]]
* [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg W F Hegel]]
<!--b. 1800-->
* [[William Whewell]]
* [[Ludwig Feuerbach]]
* [[Søren Kierkegaard]]
* [[Karl Marx]]
* [[Albrecht Ritschl]]
* [[Afrikan Spir]]
| group4 = 1880<br>1900
| list4 =
<!--b. 1830-->
* [[Ernst Haeckel]]<!--first 20th-century person-->
* [[William Kingdon Clifford|W K Clifford]]
* [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
* [[Harald Høffding]]
* [[William James]]
* [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Solovyov]]
<!--b. 1860-->
* [[Ernst Troeltsch]]
* [[Rudolf Otto]]
* [[Lev Shestov]]
* [[Sergei Bulgakov]]
* [[Pavel Florensky]]
* [[Ernst Cassirer]]
* [[Joseph Maréchal]]
<!--NOTE for the section: whether these few people belong to late modern or contemporary is cut by whether they outlived WWII; so I actually bend the birthdate-rule for ~10 yrs.-->
| group5 = 1920<br>postwar
| list5 =
* [[George Santayana]]<!--although old, he has a "contemporary style"; moreover, he's in the U.S., therefore I separate him from the "Europeans".-->
* [[Bertrand Russell]]<!--first post-war person-->
* [[Martin Buber]]
* [[René Guénon]]
* [[Paul Tillich]]
* [[Karl Barth]]
* [[Emil Brunner]]
* [[Rudolf Bultmann]]
* [[Gabriel Marcel]]
<!--b. 1890-->
* [[Reinhold Niebuhr]]
* [[Charles Hartshorne]]<!--first 1990+ person-->
* [[Mircea Eliade]]
* [[Frithjof Schuon]]
<!--b. 1910-->
* [[J. L. Mackie|J L Mackie]]
* [[Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)|Walter Kaufmann]]
* [[Martin Lings]]
* [[Peter Geach]]
* [[George I. Mavrodes|George I Mavrodes]]
* [[William Alston]]
* [[Antony Flew]]
| group6 = 1970<br>1990<br>2010
| list6 =
<!--b. 1930-->
* [[William L. Rowe|William L Rowe]]
* [[Dewi Zephaniah Phillips|Dewi Z Phillips]]
* [[Alvin Plantinga]]
* [[Anthony Kenny]]
* [[Nicholas Wolterstorff]]
* [[Richard Swinburne]]
* [[Robert Merrihew Adams]]
<!--b. 1950-->
* [[Peter van Inwagen]]
* [[Daniel Dennett]]
* [[Loyal Rue]]
* [[Jean-Luc Marion]]
* [[William Lane Craig]]
* [[Ali Akbar Rashad]]
<!--b. 1970+-->
* [[Alexander Pruss]]
}}
| group9 = Related topics
| list9 =
* [[Criticism of religion]]
* [[Ethics in religion]]
* [[Exegesis]]
* [[History of religion]]
* [[Religion]]
* [[Problem of religious language|Religious language]]
* [[Religious philosophy]]
* [[Relationship between religion and science]]
* [[Political science of religion]]
* [[Faith and rationality]]
* ''[[Index of philosophy of religion articles|more...]]''
| below =
* {{icon|portal}} [[Portal:Philosophy|Portal]]
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Philosophy of religion|Category]]
}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>
