Changes
See WP:RSN perennial; sources. WND is not reliable. "X said Y on fringe website, source, X saying Y on fringe website" has never been WP:RS.
{{Other people||Bill Graham (disambiguation){{!}}Bill Graham}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Billy Graham
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBEh}}
| image = Billy Graham bw photo, April 11, 1966.jpg
| caption = Graham in April 1966
| alt = Graham in a suit with his fist clenched
| birth_name = William Franklin Graham Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|2|21|1918|11|7}}
| death_place = [[Montreat, North Carolina]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Billy Graham Library]]
| profession = [[Evangelism|Evangelist]]
| religion = [[Christianity]] ([[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Protestantism]])
| denomination = [[Baptists|Baptist]]
| church = [[Southern Baptist Convention]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Indepth: Billy Graham |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/ |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=December 1, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119143909/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/ |archivedate=January 19, 2011}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ruth Graham|Ruth Bell]]|1943|June 14, 2007|reason=died}}
| children = 5, including [[Anne Graham Lotz|Anne]] and [[Franklin Graham|Franklin]]
| education = [[Trinity College (Florida)|Florida Bible Institute]]<br />[[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]]
| ordination =
| congregations =
| signature = Billy Graham Signature.svg
| website = {{URL|https://billygraham.org/}}
}}
'''William Franklin Graham Jr.''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KBEh}} (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) <!-- DO NOT ADD Billy Graham into here, William Franklin Graham Jr is his birth name --> was an American [[Evangelism|evangelist]], a prominent [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christian]] figure, <!-- This is not an error. Evangelicalism is a movement within Protestant Christianity. An evangelist is a role, such as pastor, priest or janitor. --> and an ordained [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptist]] minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him "among the most influential Christian leaders" of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|quote=Billy Graham stands among the most influential Christian leaders of the twentieth century.|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/billy-graham-9780190683528?cc=us&lang=en&#|title=Billy Graham: American Pilgrim|access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
As a [[preacher]], he held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons broadcast on radio and television; some were still being re-broadcast into the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swank jr |first=J. Grant |url=http://www.tbn.org/announcements/billy-graham-classics-span-25-years-of-gospel-preaching-for-the-masses |title=Billy Graham Classics Span 25 Years of Gospel Preaching for the Masses |work=[[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN]] |access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref> In his six decades of television, Graham hosted annual "[[List of Billy Graham's crusades|Crusades]]", evangelistic campaigns, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005. He also hosted the radio show ''[[Hour of Decision]]'' from 1950 to 1954. He repudiated [[racial segregation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellis |first=Carl |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2018/february/advocate-for-all-remembering-billy-graham.html |title=Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism: Remembering Billy Graham |work=[[Christianity Today]] |access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref> In addition to his religious aims, he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds, leading them to find a relationship between the [[Bible]] and contemporary secular viewpoints. According to his website, Graham preached to live audiences of 210 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings, including [[BMS World Mission]] and [[Global Mission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billygraham.org/mediaRelations/bios.asp?p=1 |title=Media: Bios - William (Billy) F. Graham |publisher=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070131004400/http://www.billygraham.org/mediaRelations/bios.asp?p=1 |archive-date=January 31, 2007}}</ref>
Graham was a spiritual adviser to U.S. presidents and provided spiritual counsel for every president from the 33rd, [[Harry S. Truman]], to the 44th, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-pastor-to-presidents-2/|title=Billy Graham: Pastor to Presidents|work=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association|access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> He was particularly close to [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (one of Graham's closest friends),{{sfn|Aikman|2010|p=203}} and [[Richard Nixon]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6D61E3AF93AA35751C1A964958260 |title=The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 9, 1992 |access-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref> He insisted on [[racial integration]] for his revivals and crusades, starting in 1953, and invited [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] to preach jointly at a revival in [[New York City]] in 1957. He was also lifelong friends with another televangelist, the founding pastor of the [[Crystal Cathedral]], [[Robert Schuller]], whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry.<ref name="crystalcathedral archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcathedral.org/about/rhs.php |title=Dr. Robert H. Schuller |publisher=Crystal Cathedral Ministries |access-date=November 3, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016112941/http://www.crystalcathedral.org/about/rhs.php |archivedate=October 16, 2012}}</ref>
Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets.<ref name="cincinnati post">{{cite news |title=Man with a mission |url=http://www2.cincinnati.com/billygraham/p_man.html |first=Barry M. |last=Horstmann |work=Cincinnati Post |date=June 27, 2002 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> According to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept [[Jesus Christ]] as their [[Salvation#Christianity|personal savior]]". Graham's [[evangelism]] was appreciated by [[mainline Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic]] denominations as he encouraged new [[conversion to Christianity|converts]] to become members of these Churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/02/21/how-billy-graham-shaped-american-catholicism|title=How Billy Graham shaped American Catholicism|last=Sweeney|first=Jon M.|date=21 February 2018|publisher=[[America Magazine]]|language=English|accessdate=2 April 2018|quote=A few years later, in 1964, Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston (who, as archbishop, had even endorsed a Graham crusade in Boston in 1950) met with Mr. Graham upon returning from Rome and the Second Vatican Council, declaring before a national television audience that Mr. Graham's message was good for Catholics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Killen|first1=Patricia O'Connell |last2=Silk|first2=Mark |title=Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone|publisher=Rowman Altamira|language=English|quote=In the 1957 revival in New York City Graham partnered with mainline Protestant denominations and insisted that those who were converted at the revivals return to their mainline churches.|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2003-11/billy-pulpit|title=The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline|last=Wacker|first=Grant|date=November 15, 2003|publisher=[[The Christian Century]]|language=English|access-date=March 1, 2018|quote=Crusade counselors are instructed to return the favor by sending "inquirers" back to mainline churches when requested.}}</ref> As of 2008, Graham's estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, topped 2.2 billion. One special televised broadcast in 1996 alone may have reached a television audience of as many as 2.5 billion people worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-20/local/me-60636_1_billy-graham |title=Billy Graham Program Takes Cue From MTV |first=Larry B.|last=Stammer |date=April 20, 1996 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Because of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> Graham was on [[Gallup (company)|Gallup's]] [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|list of most admired men and women]] 61 times, more than any man or woman in history.<ref name="Gallup 2018 most admired list"/> [[Grant Wacker]] writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator": "By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events".{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |pages=24–25}}
==Early life==
William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref name=Bruns2004pp5-14>{{cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |chapter=A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher |pages=5–14 |chapterurl={{Google books|HQvtTF1HSL8C|page=5|plainurl=yes}} |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |series=Greenwood biographies |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32718-6}}</ref> He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham Sr., a dairy farmer.<ref name=Bruns2004pp5-14 /> Graham was raised on a family dairy farm with his two younger sisters, Catherine Morrow and Jean and a younger brother, Melvin Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Billy Graham's Mother Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/obituaries/billy-graham-s-mother-dies.html|publisher=The New York Times Archives|date=August 16, 1981}}</ref> When he was eight years old in 1927, the family moved about {{convert|75|yd}} from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://billygrahamlibrary.org/video-graham-family-homeplace/ |title=Billy Graham's Childhood Home |publisher=Billygrahamlibrary.org |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref> He was raised by his parents in the [[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]].<ref>James E. Kilgore, ''Billy Graham, The Preacher,'' Exposition Press, 1968{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref><ref>David George Mullan, ''Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland,'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, p. 27</ref> Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.us/mothergraham.toc.html#Chapter |title=They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham |work=ccel.us |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially ''[[Tarzan (book series)|Tarzan]]''. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular [[Tarzan yell]], scaring both horses and drivers. According to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-trivia-what-did-billy-graham-read-as-a-child/-'Billy-Graham-Trivia-What-Did-Billy-Graham-Read-as-a-Child |title=Billy Graham Trivia What Did Billy Graham Read as a Child| publisher=billygraham.org| date=August 10, 2015|access-date=October 10, 2015}}</ref> When he was fourteen in 1933, [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] ended in December, and Graham's father forced him and his sister, Katherine, to drink beer until they got sick. This created such an aversion that Graham and his sister avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.<ref name="time1993">{{cite news |first1=Nancy |last1=Gibbs |first2=Richard N. |last2=Ostling |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573,00.html |title=God's Billy Pulpit |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=November 15, 1993 |access-date=November 7, 2011}}</ref>
Graham had been turned down for membership in a local youth group for being "too worldly"<ref name="time1993" /> when Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go and see the evangelist [[Mordecai Ham]].<ref name="cincinnati post" /> According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of revival meetings in Charlotte led by Ham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/faq/13.htm |title=Who led Billy Graham to Christ... |publisher=Archives, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College |access-date=May 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110513224056/http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/faq/13.htm |archivedate=May 13, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An Interview with Reverend Billy Graham|url=http://cmstory.org/billygraham|website=The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story|publisher=Charlotte Mecklenburg Library|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021132143/http://www.cmstory.org/billygraham|archive-date=October 21, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended [[Bob Jones University|Bob Jones College]], then located in [[Cleveland, Tennessee]]. After one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules.<ref name="time1993" /> At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but [[Bob Jones Sr.]] warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks ... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."<ref name="time1993" />
In 1937 Graham transferred to the [[Trinity College (Florida)|Florida Bible Institute]] in [[Temple Terrace, Florida]], near [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]].<ref>The Institute is now [[Trinity College (Florida)|Trinity College of Florida]] in [[New Port Richey, Florida]]</ref> He preached his first sermon that year at Bostwick Baptist Church near [[Palatka, Florida]], while still a student.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirkland|first1=Gary|title=Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka|url=http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20050625/News/604163212/GS/|access-date=February 21, 2018|publisher=Gainesville Sun|date=June 25, 2005}}</ref> In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his "calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club", which was adjacent to the Institute campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]], directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergymen at Peniel Baptist Church in [[Palatka, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/ |title=Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr., Evangelist and Chairman of the Board |website=billygraham.org/ |publisher=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association |location=Charlotte, NC |access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> In 1943, Graham graduated from [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] in [[Wheaton, Illinois]], with a degree in [[anthropology]].<ref name="Wheaton Alumnus Billy Graham Update">[https://www.wheaton.edu/news/recent-news/2018/february/wheaton-college-alumnus-billy-graham/ "Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham: 1918-2018".] Wheaton.edu. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref>
During his time at Wheaton, Graham decided to accept the Bible as the [[Biblical infallibility|infallible]] word of God. [[Henrietta Mears]] of the [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]] (Hollywood, California) was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the [[Big Bear Lake, California|Big Bear Lake area]] in [[southern California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Billy Graham's California Dream |url=http://www.californiality.com/2011/12/billy-grahams-california.html |work=californiality.com |access-date=August 14, 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> A memorial there marks the site of Graham's decision.
==Family==
On August 13, 1943, Graham married Wheaton classmate [[Ruth Graham|Ruth Bell]], whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China. Her father, [[L. Nelson Bell]], was a general surgeon.<ref name="satevepost">{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-4151300.html |title=Billy Graham: the world is his pulpit |work=Saturday Evening Post |author=Stoddard, Maynard Good |date=March 1, 1986}}</ref> Ruth Graham died on June 14, 2007, at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ruthbellgrahammemorial.org/obituary/|title=Obituary - RUTH BELL GRAHAM|website=ruthbellgrahammemorial.org|access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref> The Grahams were married for almost 64 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2018/02/21/billy-graham-billy-and-ruth/359224002/|title=Billy Graham: Billy and Ruth|work=Citizen Times|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref>
Graham and his wife had five children together: Virginia Leftwich (Gigi) Graham (b. 1945), an inspirational speaker and author; [[Anne Graham Lotz]] (b. 1948), runs AnGeL ministries; Ruth Graham (b. 1950), founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends, leads conferences throughout the US and Canada; [[Franklin Graham]] (b. 1952), serves as president and CEO of the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] and as president and CEO of international relief organization, [[Samaritan's Purse]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samaritanspurse.org/ |title=Samaritan's Purse |publisher=Samaritanspurse.org |access-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> and Nelson Edman Graham (b. 1958), a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228052237/http://www.eastgates.org/awordfrombg.html |archivedate=February 28, 2009 |url=http://www.eastgates.org/awordfrombg.html |title=East Gates International |publisher=Eastgates.org |access-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> which distributes Christian literature in China.
At the time of his death, Graham had 19 grandchildren, including former pastor [[Tullian Tchividjian]], 41 great-grandchildren and 6 great-great-grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news|title=World-Renowned TV Evangelist The Rev. Billy Graham Dead At 99|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/02/21/billy-graham-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2018|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
==Ministry career==
While attending college, Graham became pastor of the United Gospel Tabernacle and also had other preaching engagements.
From 1943 to 1944, Graham briefly served as pastor of the First Baptist Church in [[Western Springs, Illinois]], which was not far from Wheaton. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, ''Songs in the Night'', was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called ''Songs in the Night'', Graham recruited the [[bass-baritone]] [[George Beverly Shea]] as his director of radio ministry. While the radio ministry continued for many years, Graham decided to move on in early 1945.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
In 1948 at the age of 29, he became president of [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul|Northwestern Bible College]] in [[Minneapolis]] and the youngest president of a college or university in the country, from which he resigned in 1952.<ref name="ABC 2018 Youngest president">[http://kstp.com/national/christian-evangelist-rev-billy-graham-dies-age-99/4797356/ AP and Hauser, Tom. "Evangelist Billy Graham, a former Minnesota College president, dies at 99".] ''ABC Eyewitness News''. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref> Graham initially intended to become a [[chaplain]] in the [[United States Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], but he contracted [[mumps]] shortly after applying for a commission. After a period of recuperation in [[Florida]], he was hired as the first full-time [[evangelism|evangelist]] of the new [[Youth for Christ]] (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist [[Charles Templeton]]. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvTR05fodqYC ''Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith''].{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref>
Graham scheduled a series of [[revival meeting]]s in [[Los Angeles Crusade (1949)|Los Angeles]] in 1949, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative [[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst chain]], although Hearst and Graham never met.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.273 |jstor=23919865 |title=When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=273–95 |year=1997 |last1=King |first1=Randall E.}}</ref> The crusade event ran for eight weeks – five weeks longer than planned. Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.<ref>William Martin, "The Riptide of Revival," ''Christian History and Biography'' (2006), Issue 92, pp. 24–29, online</ref>
===Crusades===
{{main|List of Billy Graham's crusades}}
[[File:Billy Graham - L0055 860Fo30141612210142 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Graham speaking at a Crusade in [[Oslo]], Norway, 1955]]
From the time his ministry began in 1947, Graham conducted more than 400 crusades in 185 countries and territories on six continents. The first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 13–21, 1947, in the [[Welsh Auditorium|Civic Auditorium]] in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], was attended by 6,000 people. Graham was 28 years old. He called them crusades, after the medieval Christian forces who conquered Jerusalem.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} He would rent a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street. As the sessions became larger, he arranged a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the [[gospel]] and invite people to come forward (a practice begun by [[Dwight L. Moody]]). Such people were called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor, to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the [[Gospel of John]] or a [[Bible]] study booklet. In [[Moscow]], in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went forward at his call.<ref name="time1993" /> During his crusades, he frequently used the [[altar call]] song, "[[Just As I Am (hymn)#Altar Song in the Billy Graham crusades|Just As I Am]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Usborne |date=June 24, 2005 |title=Billy Graham and the Last Crusade |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/billy-graham-and-the-last-crusade-294716.html |work=The Independent}}</ref>
Graham was offered a five-year, $1 million contract from [[NBC]] to appear on television opposite [[Arthur Godfrey]], but he had prearranged commitments. He turned down the offer in order to continue his touring revivals.<ref name="satevepost" /> Graham had crusades in [[London]], which lasted 12 weeks, and a [[New York City]] crusade in [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] in 1957, which ran nightly for 16 weeks.
====Student ministry====
Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's [[Urbana (conference)|Urbana Student Missions Conference]] at least nine times — in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intervarsity.org/news/billy-graham-intervarsity--new-york-city-1788 |title=Billy Graham, InterVarsity & New York City |publisher=intervarsity.org |date=June 21, 2005 |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref>
At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of [[William Whiting Borden]], the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/regret.htm |title=William Borden: No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets |publisher=Home.snu.edu |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.
Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.<ref>''For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA – 1940–1990'' by Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt, InterVarsity Press, 1991.{{Page needed|date=March 2018}}</ref>
In 1955 he was invited by students to lead the mission to Cambridge University, arranged by the [[Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union|CICCU]], with the London pastor-theologian [[John Stott]] as his chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of ''[[The Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |title=Oliver Barclay |url=https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/Oliver_Barclay.pdf |newspaper=The Times |location=London |publisher=Times Newspapers Limited |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
====Evangelistic association====
In 1950, Graham founded the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] (BGEA) with its headquarters in [[Minneapolis]]. The association relocated to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], in 1999. BGEA ministries have included:
* ''[[Hour of Decision]]'', a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for more than 50 years
* Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada
* A syndicated newspaper column, ''My Answer'', carried by [[newspaper]]s across the United States and distributed by [[Tribune Content Agency]]<ref name="tca">{{cite web |title=My Answer from the writings of the Rev. Billy Graham {{!}} Tribune Content Agency |url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/ |website=Tribune Content Agency |accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref>
* ''Decision'' magazine, the official publication of the association
* ''[[Christianity Today]]'' was started in 1956 with [[Carl F. H. Henry]] as its first editor
* Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA
* [[World Wide Pictures]], which has produced and distributed more than 130 films
In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history, encouraging church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2013/04/new_billy_graham_outreach_host.html |title=New Billy Graham outreach: Hosting 'Matthew parties' to share the gospel |publisher=al.com |access-date=August 12, 2013}}</ref> The video, called "The Cross", is the main program in the My Hope America series and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Evangelist Billy Graham to mark 95th birthday with message to America | last=Jenkins | first=Colleen | work=[[Reuters]] | date=October 31, 2013 | access-date=November 6, 2018 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-people-graham/evangelist-billy-graham-to-mark-95th-birthday-with-message-to-america-idUSBRE99U14020131031 }}</ref>
====Civil rights movement====
Graham's early crusades were [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]], but he began adjusting his approach in the 50s.{{sfn|Schier|2013|pages=404–5}} During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected in order to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}} He warned a white audience, "we have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}}
In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and [[Gardner C. Taylor]] to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee<ref name=grahammlik/> and invited the Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], whom he first met during the [[Montgomery bus boycott]] in 1955,<ref name=grahammlik /> to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3 million gathered at [[Madison Square Garden]], [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], and [[Times Square]] to hear them.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike", a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.<ref>[http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8423 Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend] Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013</ref> Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".<ref name=grahammlik /> In private, Graham advised King and other members of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (SCLC).<ref name=upppava />
Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958 when the sponsoring committee of a crusade which took place in [[San Antonio]], Texas on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, [[Price Daniel]].<ref name=grahammlik /> On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/23-July-1958_ToGraham.pdf |title=To Billy Graham |format=PDF |access-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/28-July-1958_FromWilson.pdf |title=From Grady Wilson |format=PDF |access-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,<ref name=upppava /> the two still remained friends and King told a Canadian television audience the following year that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."<ref name=upppava>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBKaYVni9Z8C&pg=PA92 |title=Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South |page=92 |first=Steven P. |last=Miller |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-4151-8 |access-date=April 9, 2015}}</ref> Graham and King would also come to differ on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=grahammlik /> After King's "[[Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence|Beyond Vietnam]]" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.<ref name=grahammlik />
By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the [[Baptist World Alliance]].<ref name=grahammlik /> In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the [[Birmingham campaign]], according to Long (2008),{{sfn|Long|2008|pp=150-151}} and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the [[Albany Movement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179|title=The Archive - The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|website=www.thekingcenter.org|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}</ref> although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/us/billy-graham-mlk-civil-rights/index.html |title=Where Billy Graham 'missed the mark' |date=February 22, 2018 |accessdate=March 20, 2018 |first=John |last=Blake}}</ref> Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham, Alabama, on Easter 1964 in the aftermath of the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church]], and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma to Montgomery march]] in 1965.<ref name=grahammlik />
Following his death, former SCLC official and furture Atlanta politician [[Andrew Young]] acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.11alive.com/video/news/billy-graham-passes-away-andrew-young-remembers-the-reverend/85-8015124|title=Billy Graham passes away: Andrew Young remembers the reverend|publisher=|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/rev-billy-graham-remembered-as-a-friend-to-the-civil-rights-movement|title=Civil rights leader reflects on Billy Graham's impact on Atlanta, movement|first=|last=FOX|publisher=|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}</ref>
Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation; he told a member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] that integration was necessary primarily for religious reasons: "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."<ref name="baptisthistory">{{cite news |title=Billy Graham: an appreciation |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87912863.html |publisher=Baptist History and Heritage |date=June 22, 2006 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
====Lausanne Movement====
The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the [[Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization|Lausanne Movement]], of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin.{{clarify|date=December 2013}} In collaboration with ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Graham convened what ''TIME'' magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |title=Religion: A Challenge from Evangelicals |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879423,00.html |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=August 5, 1974 |access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref> with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the [[First International Congress on World Evangelization|International Congress on World Evangelization]]. This took place in Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Graham, Billy |date=July 16, 1974 |title=Why Lausanne? |medium=Audio recording |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |publisher=Billy Graham Center Archives |url=http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/docs/Lausanne/704/graham.htm}}</ref> Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the [[Lausanne Covenant]], which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham, "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stott |first=John |year=1997 |title=Making Christ known: historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989 |chapter=Foreword by Billy Graham |location=US |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=0-8028-4315-8}}</ref> The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/september/34.66.html |title=The Most Diverse Gathering Ever |author=Kennedy, John W. |journal=Christianity Today |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
==Multiple roles==
[[File:Billy Graham.JPG|thumb|Graham with his son, Franklin, at [[Cleveland Stadium]], June 1994]]
Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other. Grant Wacker identifies eight major roles he played: preacher, icon, Southerner, entrepreneur, architect (or bridge builder), pilgrim, pastor and finally his widely recognized status as America's Protestant patriarch, on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John Paul II.<ref>Grant Wacker. ''America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation'' Look for the purposes 2014) p. 2.</ref>
Graham as bridge builder deliberately reached into the secular world. For example, as entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the [[1964 New York World's Fair]].<ref name=IN70>{{cite web|url=http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm |title="Man in the 5th Dimension," In 70 mm News / The 70 mm Newsletter |publisher=In70mm.com |date=March 6, 2005 |access-date=May 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223201/http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm |archivedate=May 25, 2011 |df=mdy}}</ref> He appeared as a guest on a 1969 [[Woody Allen]] television special, where he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=xS9f-DI5ag4C&pg=PA52 |title=Love, Sex, Death & The Meaning of Life: The Films of Woody Allen |first=Foster |last=Hirsch |publisher=Da Capo Press |page=52 |year=2001 |isbn=0-306-81017-4}}</ref>
During the [[Cold War]], Graham-the-bridge-builder became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the [[Iron Curtain]], addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, calling for peace.<ref>Duffy, Michael and Gibbs, Nancy. [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1627139,00.html "Billy Graham: A Spiritual Gift to All"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved 2007-24-11.</ref> During the [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]] era, Graham consistently refused to visit [[South Africa]] until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences. During his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced [[apartheid]].{{sfn|Aikman|2007|pages=109–10}} Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader [[Nelson Mandela]] during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.<ref>[http://crossmap.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-nelson-mandela-united-by-apartheid-opposition-7290] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211081713/http://crossmap.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-nelson-mandela-united-by-apartheid-opposition-7290|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Billy Graham in het Feyenoord stadion.ogg|thumb|Billy Graham at the Feyenoord-stadion in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (June 30, 1955)]]
In 1984, he led a series of meetings in the United Kingdom summer, called Mission England, using outdoor [[Association football|football]] (soccer) grounds as venues.
Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world. In 1983, 1986 and 2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists from around the world; with the largest representations of nations ever held until that time. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the [[Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre|RAI Convention Center]] in [[Amsterdam]], the Netherlands. At one revival in [[Seoul]], South Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.<ref name="satevepost" /> He appeared in [[China]] in 1988 – for Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in [[North Korea]] in 1992.<ref name="baptisthistory" />
On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-16/local/me-93_1_evangelist-billy-graham |title=Billy Graham Now a Hollywood Star |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 16, 1989 |access-date=November 25, 2012 |first=Sheryl |last=Stolberg}}</ref>
On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on [[Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, Central Park|the Great Lawn]] of New York's [[Central Park]]. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke at [[TED (conference)]] to a crowd of scientists and philosophers.
On September 14, 2001, only three days after the [[September 11 attacks|World Trade Center attacks]], Graham was invited to lead a service at [[Washington National Cathedral]], which was attended by President [[George W. Bush]] and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service following the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] in 1995.<ref name="baptisthistory" /> On June 24–26, 2005, Billy Graham began what he has said would be his last North American crusade, three days at the [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in New York City. But on the weekend of March 11–12, 2006, Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, [[Franklin Graham]]. The [[festival]] was held in [[New Orleans]], which was recovering from [[Hurricane Katrina]].
Graham prepared one last sermon, ''My Hope America'', released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7–10, 2013, November 7 being his 95th birthday, hoping to cause a revival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myhopewithbillygraham.org/what-is-my-hope/? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822005233/http://myhopewithbillygraham.org/what-is-my-hope/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |title=My Hope With Billy Graham Mission Statement |publisher=My Hope America Website |access-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
==Later life, death, and memorial==
[[File:Billy Graham's memorial service.jpg|thumb|right| President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]] honor the late Reverend Billy Graham on February 28, 2018.]]
Graham said that his planned [[retirement]] was because of his failing health; he had suffered from [[hydrocephalus]] from 1992 on.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/state_region/billy-graham-has-brain-shunt-adjusted/article_b1919452-0c66-560d-8e15-a283bfe48a7a.html|title=Billy Graham has brain shunt adjusted|last=Staff|first=JournalNow|work=Winston-Salem Journal|access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref> In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony. On July 9, 2006, he spoke at the [[Metro Maryland Youth For Christ|Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival]], held in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, at [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]].
In April 2010, Graham, at 91 and with substantial vision, hearing and balance loss, made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the renovated [[Billy Graham Library]].<ref>Tim Funk, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/21/92603/lion-in-winter-billy-graham-hearing.html "Lion in Winter: Billy Graham, Hearing and Sight Failing, Pays a Visit"], ''Charlotte Observer'', April 2010.</ref>
There had been controversy over Graham's proposed burial place; he announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte. Graham's younger son Ned had argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried not in Charlotte but in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near [[Asheville, North Carolina]], where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his mother's choice.<ref name="washpostburial">{{cite news |title=A Family at Cross-Purposes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/12/AR2006121201338.html |work=The Washington Post |date=December 13, 2006 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref><ref name="hearld">{{cite news |title=Graham's wife in coma, close to death; both will be buried at library. |url=http://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/article12181541.html |work=The Herald |date=June 14, 2007 |access-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> Novelist [[Patricia Cornwell]], a family friend, also opposed burial at the library, calling it a tourist attraction. Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site.<ref name="washpostburial" /> At the time of Ruth Graham's death, it was announced that they would be buried at the library site.<ref name="hearld" />
Graham died of natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/21/rev-billy-graham-prominent-christian-evangelist-dead-at-99-fox-news-confirms.html|title=The Rev. Billy Graham, prominent Christian evangelist, dead at 99|date=February 21, 2018|publisher=Fox News|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="GrahamDeath">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ea6f9efdc7544a6dab337690c5849bfc|title=Evangelist Billy Graham dies at age 99; reached millions|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
{{external media| float = right|width=230px| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?441849-1/billy-graham-lies-honor-us-capitol Capitol Visitation for Billy Graham, February 28, 2018], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?441940-1/reverend-billy-graham-funeral-service Funeral Service, Billy Graham Library, Charlotte, North Carolina, March 2, 2018], [[C-SPAN]]}}
On February 28 and March 1, 2018, Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to [[United States Capitol rotunda#Lying in State and Honor|lie in honor]] at the [[United States Capitol rotunda]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>[https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/event-calendar/special-event-honoring-rev-billy-graham?2018-02-28 Special Event – Honoring Rev. Billy Graham], U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, February 28, 2018</ref><ref name="nyt20180222">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/us/politics/billy-graham-capitol-rotunda.html|title=Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol|first=Emily|last=Cochrane|date=February 22, 2018|access-date=February 26, 2018|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Graham is the first religious leader to be honored. At the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] and Speaker of the House [[Paul Ryan]] called Graham "America's pastor". President [[Donald Trump]] said Graham was "an ambassador for Christ".<ref name="graham-honored-capitol-memorial">{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-honored-capitol-memorial-service-trump-dad-love-america-pastor-219766/|title=Billy Graham Honored at US Capitol Memorial Service; Trump Recalls Dad's Love for 'America's Pastor'|work=Christian Post|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> In addition, Televangelist [[Jim Bakker]] paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/special-reports/billy-graham-life/article202470224.html|title=Fallen evangelist Jim Bakker and wife pay their respects to Billy Graham in Charlotte|access-date=February 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fallen PTL pastor Jim Bakker recalls prison visit from Rev. Billy Graham|url=http://m.wbtv.com/story/37607004/fallen-ptl-pastor-jim-bakker-recalls-prison-visit-from-rev-billy-graham|publisher=[[WBTV]]|access-date=February 27, 2018}}</ref>
A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross-shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://memorial.billygraham.org/memorial-events/|title=Memorial Events|publisher=Billy Graham Memorial|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> Graham's pine plywood casket, handcrafted in 2006 by inmates at the [[Louisiana State Penitentiary]], is topped with a wooden cross nailed to it by the prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/article202566329.html|title=Billy Graham's coffin was built by a prison inmate named 'Grasshopper.' Here's why|work=Kansas City Star|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article202297304.html|title=Here's what is special about Billy Graham's casket|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
==Politics==
After his close relationships with [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and [[Richard Nixon]], Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says:
:He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the Christian right ... His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah Pulliam |last=Bailey |title=How Donald Trump is bringing Billy Graham's complicated family back into White House circles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/01/12/how-donald-trump-is-bringing-billy-grahams-complicated-family-back-into-white-house-circles/ |work=Washington Post |date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>
Graham was a registered member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name="nbcinterv2005">{{cite news |title=Rev. Billy Graham on his lasting legacy |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8326362/ |publisher=Today Show |date=June 23, 2005 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref> In 1960 he was opposed to the candidacy of [[John F. Kennedy]], fearing that because Kennedy was a Catholic, he would be bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against him.<ref name="GIA" /> Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]], during the 1960 campaign, to discuss their mobilizing congregations to defeat Kennedy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/transcripts/hour-five.html |title=God in America: 'The Soul of a Nation' |publisher=PBS |quote=Billy Graham convenes a meeting of American Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, for the purpose of discussing how they could ensure that John Kennedy would not be elected in November |date=October 11, 2010 |access-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref> According to the [[PBS]] ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' program, ''God in America'' (2010), Episode 5, Graham also organized a meeting in September 1960 of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C. to this purpose; [[Norman Vincent Peale]] led the meeting.<ref name="GIA">[https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/study-guide/five.html Study Guide: ''God in America'', Episode 5, "The Soul of America"] PBS Frontline, October 2010, program available online</ref> This was shortly before Kennedy's speech on the separation of church and state in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], which was considered to be successful in meeting concerns of many voters. After his election, however, Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy's election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Funk|first1=Tim|title=The Presidents' preacher: From Truman to Trump|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/special-reports/billy-graham-life/article201279814.html|access-date=February 22, 2018|work=Charlotte Observer|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Mize>{{cite news|last1=Mize|first1=Douglas W.|title=John F. Kennedy, Billy Graham: irrecoverable moments in 1963|url=http://www.bpnews.net/41541/john-f-kennedy-billy-graham-irrecoverable-moments-in-1963|access-date=February 22, 2018|work=Baptist Press|date=November 2, 2013}}</ref> After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting, the two remained in touch, meeting for the last time at a [[National Day of Prayer]] meeting in February 1963.<ref name=Mize /> In his autobiography, Graham claimed to have felt an "inner foreboding" in the week before [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy's assassination]], and to have tried to contact him to say, "Don't go to Texas!"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crosbie|first1=Robert C.|title=Billy Graham's Warning to JFK|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-c-crosby-dmin/billy-grahams-warning-to-_b_4289423.html|access-date=February 22, 2018|work=HuffPost|date=November 18, 2013}}</ref>
Graham leaned toward the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] during the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as Vice President under [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref name="worldscollide">{{cite journal |title=When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19592304.html |first=Randall E. |last=King |journal=Journal of Church and State |date=March 22, 1997 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> He did not completely ally himself with the later [[Christian right|religious right]], saying that Jesus did not have a political party.<ref name="time1993" /> He gave his support to various political candidates over the years.<ref name="worldscollide" />
In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join [[Jerry Falwell]]'s [[Moral Majority]] in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the [[Panama Canal]] or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle in order to preach to all people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Merritt |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Billy Graham, the Last Nonpartisan Evangelical? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/opinion/billy-graham-nonpartisan-evangelical.html}}</ref>
According to a 2006 ''[[Newsweek]]'' interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel ... When ''Newsweek'' asked Graham whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"<ref name="newsweek2006p4">{{cite news |title=Pilgrim's Progress| page= 4 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/46365/page/4 |work=Newsweek |date=August 14, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref>
In 2012, Graham publicly endorsed the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate, [[Mitt Romney]].<ref name="wapo101112">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/11/billy-graham-to-mitt-romney-ill-do-all-i-can-to-help-you/?wprss=rss_election-2012 |title=Billy Graham to Mitt Romney: 'I'll do all I can to help you' |work=The Washington Post |date=October 11, 2012 |access-date=October 11, 2012 |author=O'Keefe, Ed}}</ref> Shortly after, apparently in order to accommodate Romney, who is a [[Mormonism|Mormon]], references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/16/billy-grahams-group-removes-mormon-cult-reference-from-website-after-romney-meeting/comment-page-14/ |title=Billy Graham site removes Mormon 'cult' reference after Romney meeting |publisher=CNN |date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/16/billy-graham-website-mormon-cult-removed_n_1971669.html |title=Billy Graham Website Removes Mormon 'Cult' Reference After Romney Meeting |work=HuffPost |date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as [[same-sex marriage]] coming from Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, [[Franklin Graham|Franklin]], head of the BGEA. Franklin denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/billy-graham-speaks-with-his-own-voice-son-franklin-says/article_a7bf875e-c2c4-5bd4-8dd8-6182ed451bfd.html |work=McClatchy News Service |date=October 24, 2012 |title=Billy Graham speaks with his own voice, son Franklin says |first=Michael |last=Gordon}}</ref>
===Pastor to presidents===
[[File:Reagans with Billy Graham.jpg|thumb|President [[Ronald Reagan]] and first lady [[Nancy Reagan]] greet Graham at the [[National Prayer Breakfast]] of 1981]]
Graham had a personal audience with many sitting [[president of the United States|US presidents]], from [[Harry S. Truman]] to [[Barack Obama]] – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter [[communism]] in [[North Korea]]. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting.<ref name="time1993" /> Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential.<ref name="worldscollide" />
Truman was not fond of Graham. He wrote about Graham in his 1974 autobiography ''Plain Speaking'', "But now we've got just this one evangelist, this Billy Graham, and he's gone off the beam. He's...well, I hadn't ought to say this, but he's one of those counterfeits I was telling you about. He claims he's a friend of all the Presidents, but he was never a friend of mine when I was President. I just don't go for people like that. All he's interested in is getting his name in the paper."<ref>Miller, Merle (1974) Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. New York: Putnam. p. 363.</ref>
[[File:Billy Graham (1966) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|Graham in 1966]]
Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to gain admission of black students to public schools.<ref name="time1993" /> House Speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] convinced Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first [[Worship|religious service]] on the steps of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol building]] in 1952.<ref name="time1993" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Atlas with a Halo |url=https://www.religion-online.org/article/charles-atlas-with-a-halo-americas-billy-graham/ |author=Wacker, Grant |date=April 1, 1992 |pages=336–41 |work=The Christian Century}}</ref> Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his [[death]]bed.<ref name="washpost1991">{{cite news |title=The President Preacher; In Crisis, White House Turns to Billy Graham |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1044879.html |work=The Washington Post |date=January 18, 1991 |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>
Graham met and would become a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon,<ref name="worldscollide" />{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=204–205}} and supported Nixon, a [[Quakers|Quaker]], for the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 presidential election]].<ref name="time1993" /> He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreaux, Switzerland, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] opponent, Senator [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>H. Larry Ingle, ''Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President''. pp. 101–04, University of Missouri Press, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-8262-2042-4}}</ref> Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of Communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy.<ref name=Aikman2010pp203-210 /> Thus, he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations.<ref name="worldscollide" /><ref name="martinbiopost">{{cite news |title=The Essence of Billy Graham; A Warm but Honest Biography of the Evangelist |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1091805.html |work=The Washington Post |date=October 25, 1991 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
On December 16, 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather Rev. [[George Washington Baines]], invited Graham to the White House to give him spiritual counseling. After this visit, Johnson frequently would call on Graham for more spiritual counselling as well as companionship. As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying to keep me there. He just never wanted me to leave."<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Aikman |authorlink1=David Aikman |chapter=Lyndon B. Johnson |chapterurl={{Google books|IbufdthAJx4C|page=195|plainurl=yes}} |pages=195–203 |year=2010 |title=Billy Graham: His Life and Influence |isbn=978-1-4185-8432-0}}</ref>
In striking contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and then pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so. Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203 /> In addition to his White House visits, Graham would visit Johnson at [[Camp David]] and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in [[Stonewall, Texas]]. Johnson would also become the first sitting President to attend one of Graham's crusades, which took place in Houston, Texas, in 1965.<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203 />
During the 1964 United States presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee [[Barry Goldwater]] sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham's hometown of [[Montreat, North Carolina]], and sought the preacher's endorsement. Supportive of Johnson's domestic policies, and hoping to preserve his friendship with the President, Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election. Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified. At one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor, though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203 /> Graham's biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other President he had ever known.<ref name=Aikman2010pp203-210 />
He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's.<ref name="washpost1991" /> After Nixon's victorious [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968 presidential campaign]], Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's private worship services.<ref name="worldscollide" /> In a meeting they had with [[Golda Meir]], Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to [[Israel]], but he refused.<ref name="time1993" />
[[File:Barack Obama and Billy Graham.jpg|thumb|Billy Graham meeting with President [[Barack Obama]] in [[Montreat, North Carolina|Montreat]], April 2010]]
In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in [[East Tennessee]], which they thought safe politically. It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee and protesters against the [[Vietnam War]]. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's platform.<ref name="worldscollide" /> Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post-[[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] behavior and the profanity heard on the [[Nixon White House tapes|Watergate tapes]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} They eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.<ref name="worldscollide" />
Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral. He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady [[Pat Nixon]] in 1993,<ref name="time1993" /> and the [[death and state funeral of Richard Nixon]] in 1994.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be "a spiritual person."{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} He was unable to attend the state funeral of [[Ronald Reagan]] on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://christianity.about.com/od/glossary/p/billygraham.htm |title=Biography of Evangelist Billy Graham |publisher=Christianity.about.com |access-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> This was mentioned by [[George W. Bush]] in his eulogy.
On April 25, 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they "had a private prayer."<ref name="nytimes2010">{{cite news |title=Obama Visits the Rev. Billy Graham |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/obama-visits-the-rev-billy-graham/ |work=The New York Times |date=April 25, 2010 |access-date=April 25, 2010 |first=Peter |last=Baker}}</ref>
===Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II===
Graham had a friendly relationship with [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-and-the-queen/|title=Billy Graham Reflects on His Friendship with Queen Elizabeth II|work=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-real-life-friendship-evangelist-billy-graham/|title=The Crown: The Truth Behind Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Friendship with Evangelist Billy Graham|work=People|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> They first met in 1955 and Graham preached at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|Windsor Chapel]] at the Queen's invitation during the following year. Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/billy-graham-dead-queen-elizabeth-ii-friendship-us-evangelical-preacher-the-crown-visit-a8221816.html|title=Billy Graham dead: Truth behind Queen Elizabeth II's friendship with the US evangelical preacher|work=The Independent|access-date=January 25, 2018|first=Clarisse |last=Loughrey |date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
===Foreign policy views===
Graham was outspoken against [[communism]] and supported the American [[Cold War]] policy, including the [[Vietnam War]]. In a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late [[North Korea]]n leader [[Kim Il-sung]], praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]." Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim's son and former North Korean [[Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea|leader]] [[Kim Jong-il]], he had "exchanged gifts with him."<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2553945.ece Preacher power: America's God squad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817195823/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2553945.ece |date=August 17, 2007}} Independent Article, ''Preacher power: America's God squad'', July 25, 2007;</ref>
In 1982, Graham preached in the [[Soviet Union]] and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of [[World War II]], when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against [[Nazism]]. He voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against [[Jews]], but "a nuclear holocaust" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day."<ref>"Dr. Billy Graham trying to avoid offending Soviets", [[United Press International]] story in ''[[Minden Press-Herald]]'', May 10, 1982, p. 1</ref>
==Controversial views==
===Discussion of Jews with President Nixon===
During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had agreed with many of President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] opinions, but he denied them and stressed his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed when declassified "[[Nixon White House tapes|Richard Nixon tapes]]" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.<ref name="nytimes03172002">[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/17/us/billy-graham-responds-to-lingering-anger-over-1972-remarks-on-jews.html Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews], ''The New York Times'', March 17, 2002</ref> Captured on the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that [[Antisemitic canard#Accusations of controlling the media|Jews control]] the [[Media of the United States|American media]], calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon, and suggesting that if Nixon was [[United States presidential election, 1972|re-elected]], they might be able to do something about it.<ref name="bbcregret">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1850077.stm "Graham regrets Jewish slur"], [[BBC]], March 2, 2002.</ref>
When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202154/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=32770 "Graham Apology Not Enough"], Eric J. Greenberg, [[United Jewish Communities]].</ref><ref name="newsweek1">{{cite news |title=Pilgrim's Progress, p. 5 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/46365/page/5 |work=Newsweek |date=August 14, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref> and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."<ref name="associatedpress-belief">{{cite news |title=Billy Graham apologizes for anti-Semitic comments in 1972 conversation with Nixon |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/News/2002/03/Billy-Graham-Apologizes-For-Anti-Semitic-Comments-In-1972-Conversation-With-Nixon.aspx |publisher=BeliefNet |author=Newton, Christopher (Associated Press Writer) |date=March 2, 2002 |access-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine, "[T]he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of [[Israel]] and his refusal to join in calls for [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|conversion of the Jews]]."<ref name="newsweek1" />
In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to Jews and "the synagogue of [[Satan]]". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the [[Book of Revelation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+3:9&version=NIV|title=Revelation 3:9|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref>) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values.<ref>{{cite news |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628074206/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm |title=In Nixon tapes, Billy Graham refers to 'synagogue of Satan' |first=Cathy Lynn |last=Grossman |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=July 31, 2009 |date=June 24, 2009 |archivedate=June 28, 2009}}</ref>
===Ecumenism===
After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his [[ecumenism]], even calling him "Antichrist".<ref name="Wirt">{{Cite book |first=Sherwood Eliot |last=Wirt |title=Billy: A Personal Look at Billy Graham, the World's Best-loved Evangelist |publisher=Crossway Books |location=Wheaton, Illinois |year=1997 |page=97 |isbn=0-89107-934-3}}</ref>
Graham expressed [[Inclusivism|inclusivist]] views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved. In a 1997 interview with [[Robert Schuller]], Graham said
{{Quote|I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven.<ref>Cited in [[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]], ''Evangelicalism Divided'' (2000), pp. 73–74.</ref>}}
[[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]], writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."<ref>[[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]], ''Evangelicalism Divided'' (2000), p. 74.</ref>
{{further|Anonymous Christian}}
===Views on women===
In 1970, Graham stated that feminism was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be "competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jesus and the Liberated Woman |first1=Billy |last1=Graham |journal=[[Ladies' Home Journal]] |date=December 1970 |volume=87 |pages=40–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Billy Graham Enters Women's Lib Controversy |date=November 28, 1970 |newspaper=The Kokomo Tribune |page=7 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/44885500/}}</ref> He further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the destiny of "real womanhood" according to the Judeo-Christian ethic; Graham's assertions, published in the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'', elicited letters of protest, and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of "The New Feminism" section of the publication added following sit-in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1970.html |title=Feminist Chronicles - 1970 |publisher=Feminist Majority Foundation |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News |page=112 |url={{Google books|tmtzAwAAQBAJ|page=112|plainurl=yes}} |first1=Bonnie J. |last1=Dow |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-252-09648-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://libcom.org/history/1970-feminist-sit-ladies-home-journal |title=1970: Feminist Sit in at Ladies Home Journal |first=ShaKea |last=Alston |date=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ellen Ott |last1=Marshall |chapter=A Matter of Pride, A Feminist Response |pages=79–91 |chapterurl={{Google books|pVAeaDLnCJoC|page=79|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-first=Michael G. |editor1-last=Long |year=2008 |title=The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist |isbn=978-0-664-23656-4}}</ref>
Graham was well known for his practice of not spending time alone with any woman other than his wife. This has become known as the [[Billy Graham rule]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Justin|title=Where Did the 'Billy Graham Rule' Come From?|url=https://blogs.thegospelcoalition.org/evangelical-history/2017/03/30/where-did-the-billy-graham-rule-come-from/|publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]]|access-date=April 2, 2017|date=March 20, 2017}}</ref>
Billy's daughter Bunny recounts her father denying her and her sisters higher education. As reported in ''[[The Washington Post]]'':<ref name=Martin>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/02/21/divorce-drugs-drinking-billy-grahams-children-and-their-absent-father/ |title=Divorce, drugs, drinking: Billy Graham's children and their absent father |first=William |last=Martin |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 21, 2018 |access-date=February 23, 2018}}</ref>
<blockquote>Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. "There was never an idea of a career for us," she said. "I wanted to go to nursing school – Wheaton had a five-year program – but Daddy said no. No reason, no explanation, just 'No.' It wasn't confrontational and he wasn't angry, but when he decided, that was the end of it." She added, "He has forgotten that. Mother has not."</blockquote>
Billy talked his future wife, Ruth, into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in Tibet in favor of staying in the United States to marry him – and that to do otherwise would be "to thwart God's obvious will."<ref name=Martin /> After Ruth agreed to marry Billy, he cited the Bible for claiming authority over her, saying, "then I'll do the leading and you do the following."<ref name=Martin />
===Views on homosexuality===
Graham regarded [[homosexuality]] as a sin, and in 1974 described it as "a sinister form of perversion."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanders|first1=Linley|title=Internet Reacts to Obama Tweet About Billy Graham|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/internet-reacts-to-obama-tweet-about-billy-graham|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Tim|title=The complicated legacy of Billy Graham: Gospel or politics?|url=http://www.nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2018/02/billy_graham_gospel_politics.html|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|date=February 25, 2018}}</ref> In 1993 he said that he thought AIDS might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying, "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it."<ref name=Gjelten>{{cite news|last1=Gjelten|first1=Tom|title='America's Pastor' Billy Graham Dies At 99|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/21/136224476/americas-pastor-billy-graham-dies-at-99|access-date=March 2, 2018|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
Graham opposed [[same-sex marriage]],<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43142263 ''Billy Graham: Influential US evangelist dies at 99'']. BBC News, February 21, 2018.</ref> and in 2012, he took out full-page ads in favor of [[North Carolina Amendment 1]], which banned it in North Carolina.<ref>Ed Kilgore, [http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/02/billy-graham-lived-at-the-crossroads-of-faith-and-power.html ''Billy Graham Lived at the Crossroads of Faith and Power''], ''New York'', February 21, 2018</ref><ref>[http://www.wisconsingazette.com/news/billy-graham-urges-anti-gay-vote-in-n-c/article_d63fec14-f8b6-5e3d-89b5-272ab4f5517b.html ''Billy Graham urges anti-gay vote in N.C.'']. Wisconsin Gazette, May 12, 2012.</ref>
Graham's stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue.<ref name=Gjelten /> Corky Siemaszko, writing for [[NBC News]], noted that after the 1993 incident, Graham "largely steered clear of the subject."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siemaszko|first1=Corky|title=Franklin Graham followed in his father Billy's footsteps, but took a right-leaning path|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/franklin-graham-followed-his-father-billy-s-footsteps-took-right-n849981|access-date=March 2, 2018|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> After his death, however, some commentators called Graham "[[homophobic]]".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Douglas|title=The outpouring of grief for evangelist Billy Graham is disturbing given his homophobic views|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/billy-graham-dead-evangelist-homophobic-barack-obama-justin-welby-a8223561.html|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|date=February 22, 2018}}</ref>
==Awards and honors==
Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American" and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world.<ref name="satevepost" /> He appeared most frequently on [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]]'s list of most admired people.<ref name="century">{{cite news |title=The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/2004/07/The-Billy-Pulpit.aspx |publisher=Christian Century |date=November 15, 2003 |page=2 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> On the day of his death, Graham had been on Gallup's Top 10 "Most Admired Man" list 61 times, and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948.<ref name="Gallup 2018 most admired list">[http://news.gallup.com/poll/228089/news-billy-graham-admired-list-times.aspx Newport, Frank. "In the News: Billy Graham on 'Most Admired' List 61 Times".] Gallup. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref>
In 1967, he was the first [[Protestant]] to receive an [[honorary degree]] from [[Belmont Abbey College]], a [[Roman Catholic]] school.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Corey |work=Gaston Gazette |url=http://www.gastongazette.com/articles/belmont-38887-president-abbey.html |title=Former Belmont Abbey College president dies at 85 |date=October 10, 2009}}</ref>
In 1983, he was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by US President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/speeches/1983/22383c.htm|title=Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom|access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>
Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children. He was cited by the [[George Washington Carver]] Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He received the [[Templeton Prize|Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion]] and the [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]] for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.<ref name="goldmedal">{{cite news |title=Billy and Ruth Graham awarded Congressional Gold Medal for service. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004211356/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18252882.html |archivedate=October 4, 2007 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18252882.html |publisher=Knight-Ridder News Service |date=May 2, 1996 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
In 1999, the [[Gospel Music Association]] inducted Graham into the [[Gospel Music Hall of Fame]] to recognize his contributions to [[Christian music]] artists such as Michael W. Smith, dc Talk, [[Amy Grant]], [[Jars of Clay]] and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades.<ref name="Hall of Fame Archive: BG">[http://hof.doveawards.com/speaker-lineup/billy-graham/ "Inductees Archive: Billy Graham".] ''GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame''. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> Graham was the first non-musician inducted,<ref name="ABC Timeline 2018">[https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/national/remembering-billy-graham-a-timeline-of-the-evangelists-life-and-ministry CNN. "Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry".] ''ABC Action News''. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs.<ref name="Finstuen 2017 BG: Pilgrim">[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDskDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=BILLY+GRAHAM+GOSPEL+MUSIC+HALL+OF+FAME&source=bl&ots=imZtTNlggm&sig=u0jKvjsfppxYqn6n0F_ep7YYe28&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_1N2n3dHZAhVSSq0KHQuxB_w4ChDoAQg9MAQ#v=onepage&q=BILLY%20GRAHAM%20GOSPEL%20MUSIC%20HALL%20OF%20FAME&f=false "Singing to save".] ''Billy Graham: American Pilgrim''. 2017. Edited by Andrew Finstuen, Grant Wacker & Anne Blue Wills. Oxford University Press. pp.75-76. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> Singer [[Michael W. Smith]] was active in [[List of Billy Graham's crusades|Billy Graham Crusades]] as well as [[Samaritan's Purse]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.michaelwsmith.com/bio.html |work=Michael W Smith |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194544/http://www.michaelwsmith.com/bio.html |archivedate=May 26, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Smith sang "[[Just As I Am (hymn)|Just As I Am]]" in a tribute to Graham at the [[44th GMA Dove Awards]].<ref>{{Cite episode |title=44th Annual Dove Awards |episodelink= |url= |access-date=November 3, 2013 |series= |serieslink= |first= |last= |network=[[Up (TV network)]] |station= |city= |date= |began= |ended= |season= |seriesno= |number= |minutes= |time=1:39 |transcript= |transcripturl= |quote= |language=}}</ref> He also sang it at the memorial service [[United States Capitol rotunda#Lying in State and Honor|honoring Graham]] at the [[United States Capitol rotunda]] on February 28, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gospelmusic.org/michael-w-smith-leads-just-as-i-am-during-rev-billy-graham-capitol-service/|title=Michael W. Smith Leads "Just As I Am" During Rev. Billy Graham Capitol Service|date=March 1, 2018|publisher=Gospel Music Association|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="graham-honored-capitol-memorial" />
In 2000, former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]] presented the [[Ronald Reagan Freedom Award]] to Graham. Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075344/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp |archivedate=October 16, 2006 |title=The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award |access-date=February 24, 2007 |publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation}}</ref>
In 2001, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] awarded him an honorary knighthood. The honor was presented to him by [[Sir Christopher Meyer]], British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1364628/Honorary-knighthood-for-Billy-Graham.html|date=December 7, 2001|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|title=Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham}}</ref>
A professorial chair is named after him at the [[Alabama Baptist Convention|Alabama Baptist]]-affiliated [[Samford University]], the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth.<ref name="nytimes03172002" /> His ''alma mater'' Wheaton College has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> The [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]] has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham has received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more.<ref name="satevepost" /> In [[San Francisco]], [[California]], the [[Bill Graham Civic Auditorium]] is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and falsely considered to be named in his honor, but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/articles/Bill-Graham-Civic-Auditorium.html |title=Bill Graham Civic Auditorium |work=city-data.com |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
On May 31, 2007, the $27 million [[Billy Graham Library]] was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents [[Jimmy Carter]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[Bill Clinton]] appeared to celebrate with Graham.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3231108 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019002545/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3231108 |archivedate=October 19, 2007 |publisher=ABC News |title=Ex-Presidents at Graham Library Opening}}</ref> A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,<ref name="washpostburial" /> as does [[Interstate 240 (North Carolina)|I-240]] near Graham's home in [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]].
As Graham's final Crusade approached in 2005, his friend [[Pat Boone]] chose to create a song in honor of Graham,<ref name="Moring 2018 playlist">[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2018/february-web-only/billy-graham-playlist-lyrics-youtube-just-as-i-am-pat-boone.html Moring, Mark. "The ultimate Billy Graham playlist".] ''Christianity Today''. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> which he co-wrote and produced with [[David Pack]] and [[Billy Dean]],<ref name="TYBG Inspirations">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbjERoKiM20 "Thank You Billy Graham: The Inspiration".] patbooneus. September 16, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a "'[[We Are the World]]'-type" production.<ref name="TYBG Metro Voice">[http://metrovoicenews.com/video-tribute-billy-graham-featuring-entertainers-knew/ "Video tribute to Billy Graham featuring entertainers who knew Him".] ''Metro Voice and wire services''. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> Named "Thank You Billy Graham", the song's video<ref name="TYBG video">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cZn5grlA4E "Thank You Billy Graham".] GoldLabelArtists. August 13, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> was introduced by [[Bono]],<ref name="TYBG Metro Voice"/> and included [[Faith Hill]], [[MxPx]],<ref name="Moring 2018 playlist"/> [[John Ford Coley]], [[John Elefante]], [[Mike Herrera]], [[Michael McDonald (musician)|Michael McDonald]], [[Jeffrey Osborne]], [[LeAnn Rimes]], [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Connie Smith]], [[Michael Tait]] and other singers, with brief narration by [[Larry King]],<ref name="TYBG Making of">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hznVG-u3T20 "Thank You Billy Graham: The Making of".] Billy Dean. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> and was directed by [[Brian Lockwood (director)|Brian Lockwood]]<ref name="TYBG imdb">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1471338/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 "Thank You Billy Graham (2006)".] IMDb. The "Full Cast" list is incomplete. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> as a tribute album.<ref name="TYBG WorldCat">[https://www.worldcat.org/title/thank-you-billy-graham-a-musical-tribute-to-one-who-changed-our-world-with-one-message/oclc/232648275&referer=brief_results "Thank you Billy Graham : a musical tribute to one who changed our world with one message".] WorldCat. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> In 2013, the album ''My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham'' was recorded by [[Amy Grant]], [[Kari Jobe]], [[Newsboys]], [[Matthew West]], [[tobyMac]] and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his ''My Hope America with Billy Graham'' outreach and the publication of his book ''The Reason for My Hope: Salvation''.<ref name="CC 2013 My Hope CD">[https://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4712 "My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message of Billy Graham".] ''Christian Cinema.com''. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> Other songs written to honor Graham include "Hero of the Faith" written by Eddie Carswell of [[NewSong]], which became a hit,<ref name="All Music 2001 NewSong">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xR7MdpuSlAEC&pg=PT583&lpg=PT583&dq=Eddie+Carswell+hero+of+the+faith&source=bl&ots=b05rKOr24r&sig=AbMiU0QGLRxiNx0yn_KuEMXXhvY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAgrO59tDZAhXBuFkKHcvZAj8Q6AEIWTAN#v=onepage&q=Eddie%20Carswell%20hero%20of%20the%20faith&f=false "Gospel".] ''All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music''. 2001. Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra & Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Hal Leonard Corp. p. 610. Retrieved March 3, 2018. {{ISBN|9780879306274}}.</ref> "Billy, You're My Hero" by Greg Hitchcock,<ref name="Hitchcock 2009 Billy hero">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEtFa0EdzV8 "The Billy Graham Song - "Billy, You're My Hero".] Greg Hitchcock Music. September 25, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> "Billy Graham" by [[The Swirling Eddies]], "Billy Graham's Bible" by [[Joe Nichols]], "Billy Frank" by [[Randy Stonehill]], and an original song titled "Just as I Am" by [[Fernando Ortega]].<ref name="Moring 2018 playlist"/>
The movie ''[[Billy: The Early Years]]'' premiered in theaters officially on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th birthday.<ref name="christianpost">''[[The Christian Post]]'', [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080729/billy-graham-movie-prepares-for-oct-10-release.htm ''Billy Graham Movie Prepares for Oct 10 Release''], June 29, 2008.</ref> Graham didn't comment on the film, but his son, Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie."<ref name="movie">[http://www.billygraham.org/News_Article.asp?ArticleID=358 BGEA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904064456/http://www.billygraham.org/News_Article.asp?ArticleID=358 |date=September 4, 2008}} [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]], ''A response from Franklin Graham'', August 18, 2008</ref> Graham's eldest daughter Gigi praised the movie and was hired as a consultant to help promote the film.<ref name="christianpost.com">''[[The Christian Post]]'', [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080826/franklin-graham-among-billy-movie-critics.htm ''Franklin Graham Among 'Billy' Movie Critics''], August 26, 2008</ref>
===Other honors===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| header =
| image1 = Ruth and Billy Graham Congressional Gold Medal.jpg
| width1 = 160
| image2 = Ruth and Billy Graham Congressional Gold Medal (reverse).jpg
| width2 = 160
| footer = 1996 Congressional Gold Medal shows Ruth and Billy Graham in profile (obverse); the Ruth and Billy Graham Children's Health Center in Asheville, North Carolina (reverse).
}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* The [[Salvation Army]]'s Distinguished Service Medal<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining">[https://books.google.com/books?id=XuJKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446&lpg=PA446&dq=The+Salvation+Army's+Distinguished+Service+Medal+billy+graham&source=bl&ots=nyjBYDYoeY&sig=2VOPQCutp5nDlRbp2Pv1d5apSRY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrp6HflczZAhVSrVkKHR-sD7AQ6AEIQTAD#v=onepage&q=The%20Salvation%20Army's%20Distinguished%20Service%20Medal%20billy%20graham&f=false Johnston, Thomas P.(2003). "Appendix 4: Other Awards and Honors".] ''Examining Billy Graham's Theology of Evangelism''. [[Wipf and Stock Publishers]]. pp. 445-451. Retrieved March 1, 2018. {{ISBN|9781592441624}}.</ref>
* [[Who's Who in America]] listing annually since 1954<ref name="BG Profile">[https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/#biography "Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr".] ''Billy Graham Evangelistic Association''. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref>
* [[Freedoms Foundation]] Distinguished Persons Award (several years)<ref>{{cite book | last=Climo | first=J. | last2=Cattell | first2=M.G. | title=Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7591-0178-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ICFN4iJpgwC&pg=RA1-PA5 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=5}}</ref><ref name="Aikman 2003" />
* Gold Medal Award, National Institute of Social Science, New York, 1957<ref name="Aikman 2003">{{cite book | last=Aikman | first=D. | title=Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-7391-0438-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ycSyi1yNyYC&pg=PA5 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | pages=5–6}}</ref>
* Annual Gutenberg Award of the Chicago Bible Society, 1962<ref>{{cite book | title=The American Lutheran | publisher=American Lutheran Publicity Bureau | issue=v. 46 | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igIoAAAAMAAJ | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=23}}</ref>
* Gold Award of the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute, 1964, for contribution to race relations, presented by [[Jacob K. Javits|Senator Javits]] (NY)<ref name="EWB" />
* Speaker of the Year Award, awarded by Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha, 1965{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |p=47}}
* The [[American Academy of Achievement]]'s [[List of Golden Plate awardees|Golden Plate Award]], 1965<ref name="BG 1965 Golden Plate">[http://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/all-honorees/"Golden Plate Awardees listed by year".] Academy of Achievement. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref>
* [[Horatio Alger Award]], 1965<ref name="EWB">"William Franklin Graham, Jr." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', Gale, 1998. ''Biography in Context'',</ref>
* National Citizenship Award by the Military Chaplains Association of the United States of America, 1965<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* Wisdom Award of Honor, 1965<ref>{{cite book | last=Adler | first=B. | title=Ask Billy Graham: The World's Best-Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions | publisher=Thomas Nelson | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4185-6868-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NKHSpR6brgC&pg=PA51 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=51}}</ref>
* The Torch of Liberty Plaque by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of [[B'nai B'rith]], 1969{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |p=47}}
* George Washington Honor Medal from [[Freedoms Foundation]] of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for his sermon "The Violent Society", 1969 (also in 1974)<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* Honored by [[Morality in Media]] for "fostering the principles of truth, taste, inspiration and love in media", 1969<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* International Brotherhood Award from the [[National Conference of Christians and Jews]], 1971<ref name="CJ 1971 Brotherhood Award">[http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/np00020004/1971-03-24/ed-1/seq-3.pdf "Brotherhood Award".] ''Courier-Journal'' of Rochester, New York. March 24, 1971. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref>
* Distinguished Service Award from the [[National Association of Broadcasters]], 1972<ref>{{cite book | title=Cite Graham | publisher=''Billboard''
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=20| date=February 19, 1972
}}</ref>
* Franciscan International Award, 1972<ref name="EWB" />
* [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]] from United States Military Academy Association of Graduates at West Point (The most prestigious award the United States Military Academy gives to a US citizen), 1972<ref name="Aikman 2003" />
* [[Direct Selling Association]]'s Salesman of the Decade award, 1975{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |p=47}}
* Philip Award from the Association of United Methodist Evangelists, 1976<ref name="Philip Award 1976">[http://www.naume.org/philip-award "Philip Award".] The National Association of United Methodist Evangelists. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref>
* [[American Jewish Committee]]'s First National Interreligious Award, 1977<ref name="Grossman 2007 Interreligious">[https://books.google.com/books?id=5o4P-6Fe9nIC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=American+Jewish+Committee+First+National+Interreligious+Award,+1977&source=bl&ots=11TLL_8pXQ&sig=ZNjP89bx8o2fT3vlkTpychB4Rwo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3leLU58zZAhVBp1kKHUEeAAoQ6AEILzAD#v=onepage&q=American%20Jewish%20Committee%20First%20National%20Interreligious%20Award%2C%201977&f=false Grossman, Lawrence. "The organized Jewish community and evangelical America".] ''Uneasy Allies?: Evangelical and Jewish Relations''. Lexington Books. Edited by Alan Mittleman, Byron Johnson and Nancy Isserman. 2007. p. 53. Retrieved March 3, 2018. {{ISBN|9780739119662}}.</ref>
* [[Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission]]'s Distinguished Communications Medal, 1977<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* Jabotinsky Centennial Medal presented by The Jabotinsky Foundation, 1980<ref name="Aikman 2003" />
* Religious Broadcasting Hall of Fame award, 1981<ref name="CNN 2018">{{cite web | title=Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry | publisher=WGBA | date=February 21, 2018 | url=https://www.nbc26.com/news/national/remembering-billy-graham-a-timeline-of-the-evangelists-life-and-ministry | access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Templeton Foundation]] Prize for Progress in Religion award, 1982<ref name="EWB" />
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the nation's highest civilian award, 1983<ref name="CNN 2018" />
* [[National Religious Broadcasters]] Award of Merit, 1986<ref name="CNN 2018" />
* North Carolina Award in Public Service, 1986<ref name="MOA 1993">{{cite book | title=Men of Achievement | publisher=Taylor & Francis | issue=v. 15 | year=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DloAAAAMAAJ | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=293}}</ref>
* [[Good Housekeeping]] Most Admired Men Poll,<ref name="MOA 1993" /> 1997, No. 1 for five years in a row and 16th time in top 10<ref name="BG Profile" />
* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (along with wife Ruth), highest honor Congress can bestow on a private citizen, 1996<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |chapter=A Family Crusade |chapterurl={{Google books|HQvtTF1HSL8C|page=141|plainurl=yes}} |pages=141–2 |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |series=Greenwood biographies |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32718-6}}</ref>
* Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award, for monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom, 2000<ref>{{cite book | last=Angier | first=M.E. | last2=Pond | first2=S. | last3=Angier | first3=D. | title=101 Best Ways to Get Ahead | publisher=Success Networks International | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-9704175-3-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMkIPkgS-zYC&pg=PA83 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=83}}</ref>
* Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE)<ref name="CNN 2018" /> for his international contribution to civic and religious life over 60 years, 2001<ref name="Telegraph KBE 2001">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1364628/Honorary-knighthood-for-Billy-Graham.html Davies, Caroline. "Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham".] ''The Telegraph''. December 7, 2001. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref>
* Many honorary degrees including [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul]], Minnesota, where Graham was once president, named its newest campus building the Billy Graham Community Life Commons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unwsp.edu/web/10141/1611 |title=Northwestern Celebrates Billy Graham Community Life Commons Grand Opening |publisher=University of Northwestern – St. Paul website (unwsp.edu) |access-date=January 2, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194014/http://www.unwsp.edu/web/10141/1611 |archivedate=January 2, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> He also received [[Doctor of Divinity#United States|honorary Doctor of Divinity]] degrees.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Nancy|title=God's Billy Pulpit|url=http://205.188.238.109/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573-1,00.html|access-date=February 26, 2014|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=November 15, 1993|author2=Richard N. Ostling|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207023217/http://205.188.238.109/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573-1,00.html|archivedate=December 7, 2007}}</ref><ref name="www2_BGEA">{{Cite web
| title = Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Chronology
| author =
| work = www2.wheaton.edu
| date = June 17, 2014
| access-date = May 20, 2015
| url = http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/bgeachro/bgeachron02.htm
| language =
| quote =
}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Media portrayals==
* ''[[Unbroken: Path to Redemption]]'' (2018): Played by his grandson [[Will Graham (evangelist)|Will Graham]].
* ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'' (2016 – present): [[Netflix]] series, Season 2 Episode 6. Played by actor [[Paul Sparks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0817027/|title=Paul Sparks|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Billy: The Early Years]]'' (2008): Played by actor [[Armie Hammer]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Benson|first=Robby|title=Billy: The Early Years|date=October 10, 2008|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1213672/|others=J. Thomas Bailey, Dan Beene, Cliff Bemis|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Man in the 5th Dimension]]'' (1964): short biographical film featuring Graham.
==Works==
Graham's ''My Answer'' advice column appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/|title=My Answer by Billy Graham|publisher=[[Tribune Content Agency]]|access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref>
===Books===
Graham authored the following books;<ref>Graham, Billy. ''Just As I Am''. New York: Harper Collins Worldwide, 1997. Copyright 1997 by the Billy Graham Evangelist Association.</ref> many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, ''The Jesus Generation'' sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication; ''Angels: God's Secret Agents'' had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; ''How to Be Born Again'' was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies."<ref name="satevepost" />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Calling Youth to Christ'' (1947)
* ''America's Hour of Decision'' (1951)
* ''I Saw Your Sons at War'' (1953)
* ''Peace with God'' (1953, 1984)
* ''Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins'' (1955)
* ''The Secret of Happiness'' (1955, 1985)
* ''Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers'' (1958)
* ''My Answer'' (1960)
* ''Billy Graham Answers Your Questions'' (1960)
* ''World Aflame'' (1965)
* ''The Challenge'' (1969)
* ''The Jesus Generation'' (1971)
* ''Angels: God's Secret Agents'' (1975, 1985)
* ''How to Be Born Again'' (1977)
* ''The Holy Spirit'' (1978)
* ''Evangelist to the World'' (1979)
* ''Till Armageddon'' (1981)
* ''Approaching Hoofbeats'' (1983)
* ''A Biblical Standard for Evangelists'' (1984)
* ''Unto the Hills'' (1986)
* ''Facing Death and the Life After'' (1987)
* ''Answers to Life's Problems'' (1988)
* ''Hope for the Troubled Heart'' (1991)
* ''Storm Warning'' (1992)
* ''Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham'' (1997, 2007)
* ''Hope for Each Day'' (2002)
* ''The Key to Personal Peace'' (2003)
* ''Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade'' (2005)
* ''The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World'' (2006)
* ''Wisdom for Each Day'' (2008)
* ''Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well'' (2011)
* ''The Heaven Answer Book'' (2012)
* ''The Reason for My Hope: Salvation'' (2013)<ref name="Banks 2013 Hope book">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/06/billy-graham-book-the-reason-for-my-hope-salvation_n_4025835.html Banks, Adelle M. "Billy Graham book 'The Reason for My Hope: Salvation,' talks sin, selfishness, and 'trendy religion'" ] ''Huffington Post''. October 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref>
* ''Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond the Now'' (2015)<ref name="Zaimov 2015 New book">[https://www.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-coming-out-with-new-book-on-heaven-eternity-and-our-life-beyond-144122/ Zaimov, Stoyan. "Billy Graham coming out with new book on 'Heaven, Eternity and Our Life Beyond'.] ''Christian Post.com''. August 31, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Aikman2010pp203-210>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Aikman |authorlink1=David Aikman |chapter=Richard M. Nixon |chapterurl={{Google books|IbufdthAJx4C|page=203|plainurl=yes}} |pages=203–10 |year=2010 |title=Billy Graham: His Life and Influence |isbn=978-1-4185-8432-0}}</ref>
<ref name=grahammlik>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_graham_william_franklin_1918/ |work=Martin Luther King Jr. And The Global Freedom Struggle |title=Graham, William Franklin (1918– ) |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520204913/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_graham_william_franklin_1918/ |archive-date=May 20, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}
==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Aikman |first=David |authorlink1=David Aikman |title=Billy Graham: His Life and Influence |location=Nashville |publisher=Thomas Nelson |year=2007 |asin=B008JM5FE2|ref=harv}} short biography
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Michael G. |title=The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist |year=2008 |asin=B002LE87N0|ref=harv}} scholarly essays
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Steven P. |title=Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4151-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first1=H. Edward |last1=Schier |year=2013 |chapter=Civil Rights Movement |chapterurl={{Google books|BZqYAAAAQBAJ|page=404|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil |isbn=978-1-4817-5876-5 |ref=harv }}
==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allison |first=Lon |title=Billy Graham: An Ordinary Man and His Extraordinary God |origyear=2018 |year=2018 |publisher=Paraclete Press |isbn=978-1-64060-087-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-3133-2718-6|ref=harv}}
* Finstuen, Andrew, et al., eds. ''Billy Graham: American Pilgrim'' (Oxford UP, 2017) 326 pp. essays by scholars
* Himes, A. (2011). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/ ''Sword of the Lord: the roots of fundamentalism in an American family''] Seattle: Chiara Press.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.273 |title=When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=273–95 |year=1997 |last1=King |first1=Randall E.|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=William |title=A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story |publisher=Zondervan |year=2007 |location=Grand Rapids |isbn=0-310-24198-7|ref=harv}} scholarly biography, updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow.
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=William |title=Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story |publisher=Zonderkidz |year=2013 |location=Grand Rapids |asin=B004HOV0CW|ref=harv}} Middle-school version.
* {{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=John |title=Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World |year=1979 |publisher= |isbn=0060666919|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sherwood |first=Timothy H. |title=The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2013 |pages=1–158 |asin=B00E1CYKCC|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Strober |first1=Deborah Hart |first2=Gerald S. |last2=Strober |title=Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography |year=2006 |publisher=Jossey-Bass |isbn=978-0-78-79-8401-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009640709990400 |title=Billy Graham's America |journal=Church History |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=489–511 |year=2009 |last1=Wacker |first1=Grant|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wacker |first=Grant |title=America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation |origyear=2006 |agency=Jossey-Bass |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05218-5|ref=harv}}
{{div col end}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://billygraham.org}}
* [https://archon.wheaton.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=1277 Billy Graham Papers], Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College.
* [http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/exhibits/NYC57/16sample88.htm 1957 event in Times Square], streaming video clip
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000818173056/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Graham-B/GrahamB.asp Monroe Billington, Oral History Interview with Billy Graham], October 12, 1983, transcript, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{C-SPAN|Billy Graham}}
* ''The New York Times'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/obituaries/billy-graham-dead.html obituary]
* Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-billy-graham/billy-graham-preacher-to-millions-adviser-to-u-s-presidents-dies-at-99-idUSKCN1G51O9 obituary]
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{{s-bef|before = [[William Bell Riley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = President of [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul|Northwestern Bible College]]|years=1948–1952}}
{{s-aft|after = Richard Elvee}}
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{{s-bef|before = [[Cicely Saunders]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Templeton Prize]]|years = 1982}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]}}
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{{s-bef|before = [[Daniel Inouye]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Persons who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]]<br />in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=February 28 – March 1, 2018}}
{{s-aft|after = [[John McCain]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Templeton Prize Laureates}}
{{Lain in State (USA)|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Baptist |portal2=Evangelical Christianity |portal3=Biography |portal4=United States |commons=yes |q=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q213550}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Billy}}
[[Category:Billy Graham| ]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Billy Graham
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBEh}}
| image = Billy Graham bw photo, April 11, 1966.jpg
| caption = Graham in April 1966
| alt = Graham in a suit with his fist clenched
| birth_name = William Franklin Graham Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|2|21|1918|11|7}}
| death_place = [[Montreat, North Carolina]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Billy Graham Library]]
| profession = [[Evangelism|Evangelist]]
| religion = [[Christianity]] ([[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Protestantism]])
| denomination = [[Baptists|Baptist]]
| church = [[Southern Baptist Convention]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Indepth: Billy Graham |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/ |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=December 1, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119143909/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/graham_billy/ |archivedate=January 19, 2011}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ruth Graham|Ruth Bell]]|1943|June 14, 2007|reason=died}}
| children = 5, including [[Anne Graham Lotz|Anne]] and [[Franklin Graham|Franklin]]
| education = [[Trinity College (Florida)|Florida Bible Institute]]<br />[[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]]
| ordination =
| congregations =
| signature = Billy Graham Signature.svg
| website = {{URL|https://billygraham.org/}}
}}
'''William Franklin Graham Jr.''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KBEh}} (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) <!-- DO NOT ADD Billy Graham into here, William Franklin Graham Jr is his birth name --> was an American [[Evangelism|evangelist]], a prominent [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christian]] figure, <!-- This is not an error. Evangelicalism is a movement within Protestant Christianity. An evangelist is a role, such as pastor, priest or janitor. --> and an ordained [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptist]] minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s. One of his biographers has placed him "among the most influential Christian leaders" of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|quote=Billy Graham stands among the most influential Christian leaders of the twentieth century.|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/billy-graham-9780190683528?cc=us&lang=en&#|title=Billy Graham: American Pilgrim|access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
As a [[preacher]], he held large indoor and outdoor rallies with sermons broadcast on radio and television; some were still being re-broadcast into the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swank jr |first=J. Grant |url=http://www.tbn.org/announcements/billy-graham-classics-span-25-years-of-gospel-preaching-for-the-masses |title=Billy Graham Classics Span 25 Years of Gospel Preaching for the Masses |work=[[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN]] |access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref> In his six decades of television, Graham hosted annual "[[List of Billy Graham's crusades|Crusades]]", evangelistic campaigns, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005. He also hosted the radio show ''[[Hour of Decision]]'' from 1950 to 1954. He repudiated [[racial segregation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellis |first=Carl |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2018/february/advocate-for-all-remembering-billy-graham.html |title=Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism: Remembering Billy Graham |work=[[Christianity Today]] |access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref> In addition to his religious aims, he helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people who came from different backgrounds, leading them to find a relationship between the [[Bible]] and contemporary secular viewpoints. According to his website, Graham preached to live audiences of 210 million people in more than 185 countries and territories through various meetings, including [[BMS World Mission]] and [[Global Mission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billygraham.org/mediaRelations/bios.asp?p=1 |title=Media: Bios - William (Billy) F. Graham |publisher=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070131004400/http://www.billygraham.org/mediaRelations/bios.asp?p=1 |archive-date=January 31, 2007}}</ref>
Graham was a spiritual adviser to U.S. presidents and provided spiritual counsel for every president from the 33rd, [[Harry S. Truman]], to the 44th, [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-pastor-to-presidents-2/|title=Billy Graham: Pastor to Presidents|work=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association|access-date=November 15, 2017}}</ref> He was particularly close to [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (one of Graham's closest friends),{{sfn|Aikman|2010|p=203}} and [[Richard Nixon]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE6D61E3AF93AA35751C1A964958260 |title=The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 9, 1992 |access-date=December 24, 2007}}</ref> He insisted on [[racial integration]] for his revivals and crusades, starting in 1953, and invited [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] to preach jointly at a revival in [[New York City]] in 1957. He was also lifelong friends with another televangelist, the founding pastor of the [[Crystal Cathedral]], [[Robert Schuller]], whom Graham talked into starting his own television ministry.<ref name="crystalcathedral archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcathedral.org/about/rhs.php |title=Dr. Robert H. Schuller |publisher=Crystal Cathedral Ministries |access-date=November 3, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016112941/http://www.crystalcathedral.org/about/rhs.php |archivedate=October 16, 2012}}</ref>
Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets.<ref name="cincinnati post">{{cite news |title=Man with a mission |url=http://www2.cincinnati.com/billygraham/p_man.html |first=Barry M. |last=Horstmann |work=Cincinnati Post |date=June 27, 2002 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> According to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept [[Jesus Christ]] as their [[Salvation#Christianity|personal savior]]". Graham's [[evangelism]] was appreciated by [[mainline Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic]] denominations as he encouraged new [[conversion to Christianity|converts]] to become members of these Churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/02/21/how-billy-graham-shaped-american-catholicism|title=How Billy Graham shaped American Catholicism|last=Sweeney|first=Jon M.|date=21 February 2018|publisher=[[America Magazine]]|language=English|accessdate=2 April 2018|quote=A few years later, in 1964, Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston (who, as archbishop, had even endorsed a Graham crusade in Boston in 1950) met with Mr. Graham upon returning from Rome and the Second Vatican Council, declaring before a national television audience that Mr. Graham's message was good for Catholics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Killen|first1=Patricia O'Connell |last2=Silk|first2=Mark |title=Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone|publisher=Rowman Altamira|language=English|quote=In the 1957 revival in New York City Graham partnered with mainline Protestant denominations and insisted that those who were converted at the revivals return to their mainline churches.|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.christiancentury.org/article/2003-11/billy-pulpit|title=The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline|last=Wacker|first=Grant|date=November 15, 2003|publisher=[[The Christian Century]]|language=English|access-date=March 1, 2018|quote=Crusade counselors are instructed to return the favor by sending "inquirers" back to mainline churches when requested.}}</ref> As of 2008, Graham's estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, topped 2.2 billion. One special televised broadcast in 1996 alone may have reached a television audience of as many as 2.5 billion people worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-20/local/me-60636_1_billy-graham |title=Billy Graham Program Takes Cue From MTV |first=Larry B.|last=Stammer |date=April 20, 1996 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Because of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> Graham was on [[Gallup (company)|Gallup's]] [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|list of most admired men and women]] 61 times, more than any man or woman in history.<ref name="Gallup 2018 most admired list"/> [[Grant Wacker]] writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator": "By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events".{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |pages=24–25}}
==Early life==
William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref name=Bruns2004pp5-14>{{cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |chapter=A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher |pages=5–14 |chapterurl={{Google books|HQvtTF1HSL8C|page=5|plainurl=yes}} |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |series=Greenwood biographies |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32718-6}}</ref> He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham Sr., a dairy farmer.<ref name=Bruns2004pp5-14 /> Graham was raised on a family dairy farm with his two younger sisters, Catherine Morrow and Jean and a younger brother, Melvin Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Billy Graham's Mother Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/16/obituaries/billy-graham-s-mother-dies.html|publisher=The New York Times Archives|date=August 16, 1981}}</ref> When he was eight years old in 1927, the family moved about {{convert|75|yd}} from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://billygrahamlibrary.org/video-graham-family-homeplace/ |title=Billy Graham's Childhood Home |publisher=Billygrahamlibrary.org |access-date=October 21, 2015}}</ref> He was raised by his parents in the [[Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church]].<ref>James E. Kilgore, ''Billy Graham, The Preacher,'' Exposition Press, 1968{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref><ref>David George Mullan, ''Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland,'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, p. 27</ref> Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.us/mothergraham.toc.html#Chapter |title=They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham |work=ccel.us |access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> He started to read books from an early age and loved to read novels for boys, especially ''[[Tarzan (book series)|Tarzan]]''. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular [[Tarzan yell]], scaring both horses and drivers. According to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-trivia-what-did-billy-graham-read-as-a-child/-'Billy-Graham-Trivia-What-Did-Billy-Graham-Read-as-a-Child |title=Billy Graham Trivia What Did Billy Graham Read as a Child| publisher=billygraham.org| date=August 10, 2015|access-date=October 10, 2015}}</ref> When he was fourteen in 1933, [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] ended in December, and Graham's father forced him and his sister, Katherine, to drink beer until they got sick. This created such an aversion that Graham and his sister avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.<ref name="time1993">{{cite news |first1=Nancy |last1=Gibbs |first2=Richard N. |last2=Ostling |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573,00.html |title=God's Billy Pulpit |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=November 15, 1993 |access-date=November 7, 2011}}</ref>
Graham had been turned down for membership in a local youth group for being "too worldly"<ref name="time1993" /> when Albert McMakin, who worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go and see the evangelist [[Mordecai Ham]].<ref name="cincinnati post" /> According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of revival meetings in Charlotte led by Ham.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/faq/13.htm |title=Who led Billy Graham to Christ... |publisher=Archives, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College |access-date=May 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110513224056/http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/faq/13.htm |archivedate=May 13, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=An Interview with Reverend Billy Graham|url=http://cmstory.org/billygraham|website=The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story|publisher=Charlotte Mecklenburg Library|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021132143/http://www.cmstory.org/billygraham|archive-date=October 21, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended [[Bob Jones University|Bob Jones College]], then located in [[Cleveland, Tennessee]]. After one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules.<ref name="time1993" /> At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but [[Bob Jones Sr.]] warned him not to throw his life away: "At best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks ... You have a voice that pulls. God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily."<ref name="time1993" />
In 1937 Graham transferred to the [[Trinity College (Florida)|Florida Bible Institute]] in [[Temple Terrace, Florida]], near [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]].<ref>The Institute is now [[Trinity College (Florida)|Trinity College of Florida]] in [[New Port Richey, Florida]]</ref> He preached his first sermon that year at Bostwick Baptist Church near [[Palatka, Florida]], while still a student.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirkland|first1=Gary|title=Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka|url=http://www.gainesville.com/article/LK/20050625/News/604163212/GS/|access-date=February 21, 2018|publisher=Gainesville Sun|date=June 25, 2005}}</ref> In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving his "calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club", which was adjacent to the Institute campus. Reverend Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the [[Hillsborough River (Florida)|Hillsborough River]], directly east of the 18th green and across from where Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergymen at Peniel Baptist Church in [[Palatka, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/ |title=Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr., Evangelist and Chairman of the Board |website=billygraham.org/ |publisher=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association |location=Charlotte, NC |access-date=October 10, 2017}}</ref> In 1943, Graham graduated from [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]] in [[Wheaton, Illinois]], with a degree in [[anthropology]].<ref name="Wheaton Alumnus Billy Graham Update">[https://www.wheaton.edu/news/recent-news/2018/february/wheaton-college-alumnus-billy-graham/ "Wheaton College Alumnus Billy Graham: 1918-2018".] Wheaton.edu. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref>
During his time at Wheaton, Graham decided to accept the Bible as the [[Biblical infallibility|infallible]] word of God. [[Henrietta Mears]] of the [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]] (Hollywood, California) was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the [[Big Bear Lake, California|Big Bear Lake area]] in [[southern California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Billy Graham's California Dream |url=http://www.californiality.com/2011/12/billy-grahams-california.html |work=californiality.com |access-date=August 14, 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> A memorial there marks the site of Graham's decision.
==Family==
On August 13, 1943, Graham married Wheaton classmate [[Ruth Graham|Ruth Bell]], whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China. Her father, [[L. Nelson Bell]], was a general surgeon.<ref name="satevepost">{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-4151300.html |title=Billy Graham: the world is his pulpit |work=Saturday Evening Post |author=Stoddard, Maynard Good |date=March 1, 1986}}</ref> Ruth Graham died on June 14, 2007, at the age of 87.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ruthbellgrahammemorial.org/obituary/|title=Obituary - RUTH BELL GRAHAM|website=ruthbellgrahammemorial.org|access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref> The Grahams were married for almost 64 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2018/02/21/billy-graham-billy-and-ruth/359224002/|title=Billy Graham: Billy and Ruth|work=Citizen Times|access-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref>
Graham and his wife had five children together: Virginia Leftwich (Gigi) Graham (b. 1945), an inspirational speaker and author; [[Anne Graham Lotz]] (b. 1948), runs AnGeL ministries; Ruth Graham (b. 1950), founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends, leads conferences throughout the US and Canada; [[Franklin Graham]] (b. 1952), serves as president and CEO of the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] and as president and CEO of international relief organization, [[Samaritan's Purse]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samaritanspurse.org/ |title=Samaritan's Purse |publisher=Samaritanspurse.org |access-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> and Nelson Edman Graham (b. 1958), a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International,<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228052237/http://www.eastgates.org/awordfrombg.html |archivedate=February 28, 2009 |url=http://www.eastgates.org/awordfrombg.html |title=East Gates International |publisher=Eastgates.org |access-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> which distributes Christian literature in China.
At the time of his death, Graham had 19 grandchildren, including former pastor [[Tullian Tchividjian]], 41 great-grandchildren and 6 great-great-grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news|title=World-Renowned TV Evangelist The Rev. Billy Graham Dead At 99|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/02/21/billy-graham-dies/|access-date=March 3, 2018|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
==Ministry career==
While attending college, Graham became pastor of the United Gospel Tabernacle and also had other preaching engagements.
From 1943 to 1944, Graham briefly served as pastor of the First Baptist Church in [[Western Springs, Illinois]], which was not far from Wheaton. While there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, ''Songs in the Night'', was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January 2, 1944, still called ''Songs in the Night'', Graham recruited the [[bass-baritone]] [[George Beverly Shea]] as his director of radio ministry. While the radio ministry continued for many years, Graham decided to move on in early 1945.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
In 1948 at the age of 29, he became president of [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul|Northwestern Bible College]] in [[Minneapolis]] and the youngest president of a college or university in the country, from which he resigned in 1952.<ref name="ABC 2018 Youngest president">[http://kstp.com/national/christian-evangelist-rev-billy-graham-dies-age-99/4797356/ AP and Hauser, Tom. "Evangelist Billy Graham, a former Minnesota College president, dies at 99".] ''ABC Eyewitness News''. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref> Graham initially intended to become a [[chaplain]] in the [[United States Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], but he contracted [[mumps]] shortly after applying for a commission. After a period of recuperation in [[Florida]], he was hired as the first full-time [[evangelism|evangelist]] of the new [[Youth for Christ]] (YFC), co-founded by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelist [[Charles Templeton]]. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as a YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvTR05fodqYC ''Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith''].{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}</ref>
Graham scheduled a series of [[revival meeting]]s in [[Los Angeles Crusade (1949)|Los Angeles]] in 1949, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> He attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative [[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst chain]], although Hearst and Graham never met.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.273 |jstor=23919865 |title=When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=273–95 |year=1997 |last1=King |first1=Randall E.}}</ref> The crusade event ran for eight weeks – five weeks longer than planned. Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the wire services and national magazines.<ref>William Martin, "The Riptide of Revival," ''Christian History and Biography'' (2006), Issue 92, pp. 24–29, online</ref>
===Crusades===
{{main|List of Billy Graham's crusades}}
[[File:Billy Graham - L0055 860Fo30141612210142 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Graham speaking at a Crusade in [[Oslo]], Norway, 1955]]
From the time his ministry began in 1947, Graham conducted more than 400 crusades in 185 countries and territories on six continents. The first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 13–21, 1947, in the [[Welsh Auditorium|Civic Auditorium]] in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], was attended by 6,000 people. Graham was 28 years old. He called them crusades, after the medieval Christian forces who conquered Jerusalem.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} He would rent a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street. As the sessions became larger, he arranged a group of up to 5,000 people to sing in a choir. He would preach the [[gospel]] and invite people to come forward (a practice begun by [[Dwight L. Moody]]). Such people were called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor, to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers were often given a copy of the [[Gospel of John]] or a [[Bible]] study booklet. In [[Moscow]], in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in Graham's audience went forward at his call.<ref name="time1993" /> During his crusades, he frequently used the [[altar call]] song, "[[Just As I Am (hymn)#Altar Song in the Billy Graham crusades|Just As I Am]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Usborne |date=June 24, 2005 |title=Billy Graham and the Last Crusade |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/billy-graham-and-the-last-crusade-294716.html |work=The Independent}}</ref>
Graham was offered a five-year, $1 million contract from [[NBC]] to appear on television opposite [[Arthur Godfrey]], but he had prearranged commitments. He turned down the offer in order to continue his touring revivals.<ref name="satevepost" /> Graham had crusades in [[London]], which lasted 12 weeks, and a [[New York City]] crusade in [[Madison Square Garden (1925)|Madison Square Garden]] in 1957, which ran nightly for 16 weeks.
====Student ministry====
Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's [[Urbana (conference)|Urbana Student Missions Conference]] at least nine times — in 1948, 1957, 1961, 1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intervarsity.org/news/billy-graham-intervarsity--new-york-city-1788 |title=Billy Graham, InterVarsity & New York City |publisher=intervarsity.org |date=June 21, 2005 |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref>
At each Urbana conference, he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their lives. He often quoted a six-word phrase that was reportedly written in the Bible of [[William Whiting Borden]], the son of a wealthy silver magnate: "No reserves, no retreat, no regrets".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/regret.htm |title=William Borden: No Reserves. No Retreats. No Regrets |publisher=Home.snu.edu |access-date=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Borden had died in Egypt on his way to the mission field.
Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.<ref>''For Christ and the University: The Story of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship of the USA – 1940–1990'' by Keith Hunt and Gladys Hunt, InterVarsity Press, 1991.{{Page needed|date=March 2018}}</ref>
In 1955 he was invited by students to lead the mission to Cambridge University, arranged by the [[Cambridge Inter-Collegiate Christian Union|CICCU]], with the London pastor-theologian [[John Stott]] as his chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of ''[[The Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |title=Oliver Barclay |url=https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/Oliver_Barclay.pdf |newspaper=The Times |location=London |publisher=Times Newspapers Limited |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
====Evangelistic association====
In 1950, Graham founded the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] (BGEA) with its headquarters in [[Minneapolis]]. The association relocated to [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], in 1999. BGEA ministries have included:
* ''[[Hour of Decision]]'', a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for more than 50 years
* Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada
* A syndicated newspaper column, ''My Answer'', carried by [[newspaper]]s across the United States and distributed by [[Tribune Content Agency]]<ref name="tca">{{cite web |title=My Answer from the writings of the Rev. Billy Graham {{!}} Tribune Content Agency |url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/ |website=Tribune Content Agency |accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref>
* ''Decision'' magazine, the official publication of the association
* ''[[Christianity Today]]'' was started in 1956 with [[Carl F. H. Henry]] as its first editor
* Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA
* [[World Wide Pictures]], which has produced and distributed more than 130 films
In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history, encouraging church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is for Christians to follow the example of the disciple [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]] in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2013/04/new_billy_graham_outreach_host.html |title=New Billy Graham outreach: Hosting 'Matthew parties' to share the gospel |publisher=al.com |access-date=August 12, 2013}}</ref> The video, called "The Cross", is the main program in the My Hope America series and was also broadcast the week of Graham's 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Evangelist Billy Graham to mark 95th birthday with message to America | last=Jenkins | first=Colleen | work=[[Reuters]] | date=October 31, 2013 | access-date=November 6, 2018 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-people-graham/evangelist-billy-graham-to-mark-95th-birthday-with-message-to-america-idUSBRE99U14020131031 }}</ref>
====Civil rights movement====
Graham's early crusades were [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]], but he began adjusting his approach in the 50s.{{sfn|Schier|2013|pages=404–5}} During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected in order to segregate the audience into racial sections. In his memoirs, he recounted that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival without me."{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}} He warned a white audience, "we have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people. Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."{{sfn|Miller|2009|pp=13–38}}
In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and [[Gardner C. Taylor]] to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee<ref name=grahammlik/> and invited the Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], whom he first met during the [[Montgomery bus boycott]] in 1955,<ref name=grahammlik /> to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City, where 2.3 million gathered at [[Madison Square Garden]], [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]], and [[Times Square]] to hear them.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> Graham recalled in his autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who referred to King as "Mike", a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.<ref>[http://www.billygraham.org/articlepage.asp?articleid=8423 Remembering Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Gun Fire 45 Years Ago Kills Man that Billy Graham Considered a Friend] Billy Graham.com, April 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013</ref> Following King's assassination in 1968, Graham mourned that the US had lost "a social leader and a prophet".<ref name=grahammlik /> In private, Graham advised King and other members of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] (SCLC).<ref name=upppava />
Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958 when the sponsoring committee of a crusade which took place in [[San Antonio]], Texas on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, [[Price Daniel]].<ref name=grahammlik /> On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and discrimination."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/23-July-1958_ToGraham.pdf |title=To Billy Graham |format=PDF |access-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every issue, we still love him in Christ."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/28-July-1958_FromWilson.pdf |title=From Grady Wilson |format=PDF |access-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with Graham in the Deep South,<ref name=upppava /> the two still remained friends and King told a Canadian television audience the following year that Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."<ref name=upppava>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBKaYVni9Z8C&pg=PA92 |title=Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South |page=92 |first=Steven P. |last=Miller |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-4151-8 |access-date=April 9, 2015}}</ref> Graham and King would also come to differ on the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name=grahammlik /> After King's "[[Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence|Beyond Vietnam]]" speech denouncing US intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their criticism of US foreign policy.<ref name=grahammlik />
By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the [[Baptist World Alliance]].<ref name=grahammlik /> In 1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the [[Birmingham campaign]], according to Long (2008),{{sfn|Long|2008|pp=150-151}} and the King Center acknowledged that Graham had bailed King out of jail during the [[Albany Movement]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/theme/2179|title=The Archive - The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|website=www.thekingcenter.org|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}</ref> although historian Steven Miller told CNN he could not find any proof of the incident.<ref>{{cite news |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/22/us/billy-graham-mlk-civil-rights/index.html |title=Where Billy Graham 'missed the mark' |date=February 22, 2018 |accessdate=March 20, 2018 |first=John |last=Blake}}</ref> Graham held integrated crusades in Birmingham, Alabama, on Easter 1964 in the aftermath of the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing|bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church]], and toured Alabama again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the first [[Selma to Montgomery marches|Selma to Montgomery march]] in 1965.<ref name=grahammlik />
Following his death, former SCLC official and furture Atlanta politician [[Andrew Young]] acknowledged his friendship with Graham and stated that Graham did in fact travel with King to the 1965 European Baptist Convention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.11alive.com/video/news/billy-graham-passes-away-andrew-young-remembers-the-reverend/85-8015124|title=Billy Graham passes away: Andrew Young remembers the reverend|publisher=|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Young also claimed that Graham had often invited King to his crusades in the Northern states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/rev-billy-graham-remembered-as-a-friend-to-the-civil-rights-movement|title=Civil rights leader reflects on Billy Graham's impact on Atlanta, movement|first=|last=FOX|publisher=|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}</ref>
Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation; he told a member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] that integration was necessary primarily for religious reasons: "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."<ref name="baptisthistory">{{cite news |title=Billy Graham: an appreciation |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-87912863.html |publisher=Baptist History and Heritage |date=June 22, 2006 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
====Lausanne Movement====
The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the [[Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization|Lausanne Movement]], of which Graham was a founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin.{{clarify|date=December 2013}} In collaboration with ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Graham convened what ''TIME'' magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |title=Religion: A Challenge from Evangelicals |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879423,00.html |journal=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=August 5, 1974 |access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref> with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the [[First International Congress on World Evangelization|International Congress on World Evangelization]]. This took place in Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Graham, Billy |date=July 16, 1974 |title=Why Lausanne? |medium=Audio recording |location=Lausanne, Switzerland |publisher=Billy Graham Center Archives |url=http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/docs/Lausanne/704/graham.htm}}</ref> Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the [[Lausanne Covenant]], which issued from the Congress and which, according to Graham, "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."<ref>{{cite book |last=Stott |first=John |year=1997 |title=Making Christ known: historic mission documents from the Lausanne Movement, 1974–1989 |chapter=Foreword by Billy Graham |location=US |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |isbn=0-8028-4315-8}}</ref> The movement remains a significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/september/34.66.html |title=The Most Diverse Gathering Ever |author=Kennedy, John W. |journal=Christianity Today |date=September 29, 2010 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
==Multiple roles==
[[File:Billy Graham.JPG|thumb|Graham with his son, Franklin, at [[Cleveland Stadium]], June 1994]]
Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other. Grant Wacker identifies eight major roles he played: preacher, icon, Southerner, entrepreneur, architect (or bridge builder), pilgrim, pastor and finally his widely recognized status as America's Protestant patriarch, on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John Paul II.<ref>Grant Wacker. ''America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation'' Look for the purposes 2014) p. 2.</ref>
Graham as bridge builder deliberately reached into the secular world. For example, as entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the [[1964 New York World's Fair]].<ref name=IN70>{{cite web|url=http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm |title="Man in the 5th Dimension," In 70 mm News / The 70 mm Newsletter |publisher=In70mm.com |date=March 6, 2005 |access-date=May 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223201/http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm |archivedate=May 25, 2011 |df=mdy}}</ref> He appeared as a guest on a 1969 [[Woody Allen]] television special, where he joined the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=xS9f-DI5ag4C&pg=PA52 |title=Love, Sex, Death & The Meaning of Life: The Films of Woody Allen |first=Foster |last=Hirsch |publisher=Da Capo Press |page=52 |year=2001 |isbn=0-306-81017-4}}</ref>
During the [[Cold War]], Graham-the-bridge-builder became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the [[Iron Curtain]], addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union, calling for peace.<ref>Duffy, Michael and Gibbs, Nancy. [http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1627139,00.html "Billy Graham: A Spiritual Gift to All"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', May 31, 2007. Retrieved 2007-24-11.</ref> During the [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid]] era, Graham consistently refused to visit [[South Africa]] until its government allowed integrated seating for audiences. During his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced [[apartheid]].{{sfn|Aikman|2007|pages=109–10}} Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leader [[Nelson Mandela]] during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.<ref>[http://crossmap.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-nelson-mandela-united-by-apartheid-opposition-7290] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211081713/http://crossmap.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-nelson-mandela-united-by-apartheid-opposition-7290|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Billy Graham in het Feyenoord stadion.ogg|thumb|Billy Graham at the Feyenoord-stadion in Rotterdam, The Netherlands (June 30, 1955)]]
In 1984, he led a series of meetings in the United Kingdom summer, called Mission England, using outdoor [[Association football|football]] (soccer) grounds as venues.
Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world. In 1983, 1986 and 2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for Christian evangelists from around the world; with the largest representations of nations ever held until that time. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the [[Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre|RAI Convention Center]] in [[Amsterdam]], the Netherlands. At one revival in [[Seoul]], South Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.<ref name="satevepost" /> He appeared in [[China]] in 1988 – for Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in [[North Korea]] in 1992.<ref name="baptisthistory" />
On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-16/local/me-93_1_evangelist-billy-graham |title=Billy Graham Now a Hollywood Star |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 16, 1989 |access-date=November 25, 2012 |first=Sheryl |last=Stolberg}}</ref>
On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on [[Great Lawn and Turtle Pond, Central Park|the Great Lawn]] of New York's [[Central Park]]. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke at [[TED (conference)]] to a crowd of scientists and philosophers.
On September 14, 2001, only three days after the [[September 11 attacks|World Trade Center attacks]], Graham was invited to lead a service at [[Washington National Cathedral]], which was attended by President [[George W. Bush]] and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service following the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] in 1995.<ref name="baptisthistory" /> On June 24–26, 2005, Billy Graham began what he has said would be his last North American crusade, three days at the [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in New York City. But on the weekend of March 11–12, 2006, Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, [[Franklin Graham]]. The [[festival]] was held in [[New Orleans]], which was recovering from [[Hurricane Katrina]].
Graham prepared one last sermon, ''My Hope America'', released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between November 7–10, 2013, November 7 being his 95th birthday, hoping to cause a revival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myhopewithbillygraham.org/what-is-my-hope/? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822005233/http://myhopewithbillygraham.org/what-is-my-hope/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |title=My Hope With Billy Graham Mission Statement |publisher=My Hope America Website |access-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
==Later life, death, and memorial==
[[File:Billy Graham's memorial service.jpg|thumb|right| President [[Donald Trump]] and First Lady [[Melania Trump]] honor the late Reverend Billy Graham on February 28, 2018.]]
Graham said that his planned [[retirement]] was because of his failing health; he had suffered from [[hydrocephalus]] from 1992 on.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/state_region/billy-graham-has-brain-shunt-adjusted/article_b1919452-0c66-560d-8e15-a283bfe48a7a.html|title=Billy Graham has brain shunt adjusted|last=Staff|first=JournalNow|work=Winston-Salem Journal|access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref> In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking for his library in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony. On July 9, 2006, he spoke at the [[Metro Maryland Youth For Christ|Metro Maryland Franklin Graham Festival]], held in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, at [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]].
In April 2010, Graham, at 91 and with substantial vision, hearing and balance loss, made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the renovated [[Billy Graham Library]].<ref>Tim Funk, [http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/04/21/92603/lion-in-winter-billy-graham-hearing.html "Lion in Winter: Billy Graham, Hearing and Sight Failing, Pays a Visit"], ''Charlotte Observer'', April 2010.</ref>
There had been controversy over Graham's proposed burial place; he announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte. Graham's younger son Ned had argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be buried not in Charlotte but in the mountains at the Billy Graham Training Center at The Cove near [[Asheville, North Carolina]], where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his mother's choice.<ref name="washpostburial">{{cite news |title=A Family at Cross-Purposes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/12/AR2006121201338.html |work=The Washington Post |date=December 13, 2006 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref><ref name="hearld">{{cite news |title=Graham's wife in coma, close to death; both will be buried at library. |url=http://www.heraldonline.com/news/local/article12181541.html |work=The Herald |date=June 14, 2007 |access-date=February 28, 2018}}</ref> Novelist [[Patricia Cornwell]], a family friend, also opposed burial at the library, calling it a tourist attraction. Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site.<ref name="washpostburial" /> At the time of Ruth Graham's death, it was announced that they would be buried at the library site.<ref name="hearld" />
Graham died of natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/21/rev-billy-graham-prominent-christian-evangelist-dead-at-99-fox-news-confirms.html|title=The Rev. Billy Graham, prominent Christian evangelist, dead at 99|date=February 21, 2018|publisher=Fox News|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="GrahamDeath">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ea6f9efdc7544a6dab337690c5849bfc|title=Evangelist Billy Graham dies at age 99; reached millions|agency=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
{{external media| float = right|width=230px| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?441849-1/billy-graham-lies-honor-us-capitol Capitol Visitation for Billy Graham, February 28, 2018], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?441940-1/reverend-billy-graham-funeral-service Funeral Service, Billy Graham Library, Charlotte, North Carolina, March 2, 2018], [[C-SPAN]]}}
On February 28 and March 1, 2018, Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen in United States history to [[United States Capitol rotunda#Lying in State and Honor|lie in honor]] at the [[United States Capitol rotunda]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>[https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/event-calendar/special-event-honoring-rev-billy-graham?2018-02-28 Special Event – Honoring Rev. Billy Graham], U.S. Capitol Visitor Center, February 28, 2018</ref><ref name="nyt20180222">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/us/politics/billy-graham-capitol-rotunda.html|title=Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol|first=Emily|last=Cochrane|date=February 22, 2018|access-date=February 26, 2018|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Graham is the first religious leader to be honored. At the ceremony, Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] and Speaker of the House [[Paul Ryan]] called Graham "America's pastor". President [[Donald Trump]] said Graham was "an ambassador for Christ".<ref name="graham-honored-capitol-memorial">{{cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-honored-capitol-memorial-service-trump-dad-love-america-pastor-219766/|title=Billy Graham Honored at US Capitol Memorial Service; Trump Recalls Dad's Love for 'America's Pastor'|work=Christian Post|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> In addition, Televangelist [[Jim Bakker]] paid respect to Graham, stating he was the greatest preacher since Jesus. He also said that Graham visited him in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/special-reports/billy-graham-life/article202470224.html|title=Fallen evangelist Jim Bakker and wife pay their respects to Billy Graham in Charlotte|access-date=February 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fallen PTL pastor Jim Bakker recalls prison visit from Rev. Billy Graham|url=http://m.wbtv.com/story/37607004/fallen-ptl-pastor-jim-bakker-recalls-prison-visit-from-rev-billy-graham|publisher=[[WBTV]]|access-date=February 27, 2018}}</ref>
A private funeral service was held on March 2, 2018. Graham was buried beside his wife at the foot of the cross-shaped brick walkway in the Prayer Garden on the northeast side of the Billy Graham Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://memorial.billygraham.org/memorial-events/|title=Memorial Events|publisher=Billy Graham Memorial|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref> Graham's pine plywood casket, handcrafted in 2006 by inmates at the [[Louisiana State Penitentiary]], is topped with a wooden cross nailed to it by the prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/article202566329.html|title=Billy Graham's coffin was built by a prison inmate named 'Grasshopper.' Here's why|work=Kansas City Star|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article202297304.html|title=Here's what is special about Billy Graham's casket|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref>
==Politics==
After his close relationships with [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and [[Richard Nixon]], Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says:
:He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the Christian right ... His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sarah Pulliam |last=Bailey |title=How Donald Trump is bringing Billy Graham's complicated family back into White House circles |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/01/12/how-donald-trump-is-bringing-billy-grahams-complicated-family-back-into-white-house-circles/ |work=Washington Post |date=January 12, 2017}}</ref>
Graham was a registered member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name="nbcinterv2005">{{cite news |title=Rev. Billy Graham on his lasting legacy |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8326362/ |publisher=Today Show |date=June 23, 2005 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref> In 1960 he was opposed to the candidacy of [[John F. Kennedy]], fearing that because Kennedy was a Catholic, he would be bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to speak out against him.<ref name="GIA" /> Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in [[Montreux]], [[Switzerland]], during the 1960 campaign, to discuss their mobilizing congregations to defeat Kennedy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/transcripts/hour-five.html |title=God in America: 'The Soul of a Nation' |publisher=PBS |quote=Billy Graham convenes a meeting of American Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, for the purpose of discussing how they could ensure that John Kennedy would not be elected in November |date=October 11, 2010 |access-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref> According to the [[PBS]] ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' program, ''God in America'' (2010), Episode 5, Graham also organized a meeting in September 1960 of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C. to this purpose; [[Norman Vincent Peale]] led the meeting.<ref name="GIA">[https://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/study-guide/five.html Study Guide: ''God in America'', Episode 5, "The Soul of America"] PBS Frontline, October 2010, program available online</ref> This was shortly before Kennedy's speech on the separation of church and state in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], which was considered to be successful in meeting concerns of many voters. After his election, however, Kennedy invited Graham to play golf in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], after which Graham acknowledged Kennedy's election as an opportunity for Catholics and Protestants to come closer together.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Funk|first1=Tim|title=The Presidents' preacher: From Truman to Trump|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/special-reports/billy-graham-life/article201279814.html|access-date=February 22, 2018|work=Charlotte Observer|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Mize>{{cite news|last1=Mize|first1=Douglas W.|title=John F. Kennedy, Billy Graham: irrecoverable moments in 1963|url=http://www.bpnews.net/41541/john-f-kennedy-billy-graham-irrecoverable-moments-in-1963|access-date=February 22, 2018|work=Baptist Press|date=November 2, 2013}}</ref> After they had discussed Jesus Christ at that meeting, the two remained in touch, meeting for the last time at a [[National Day of Prayer]] meeting in February 1963.<ref name=Mize /> In his autobiography, Graham claimed to have felt an "inner foreboding" in the week before [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy's assassination]], and to have tried to contact him to say, "Don't go to Texas!"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crosbie|first1=Robert C.|title=Billy Graham's Warning to JFK|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-c-crosby-dmin/billy-grahams-warning-to-_b_4289423.html|access-date=February 22, 2018|work=HuffPost|date=November 18, 2013}}</ref>
Graham leaned toward the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] during the presidency of Richard Nixon, whom he had met and befriended as Vice President under [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref name="worldscollide">{{cite journal |title=When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19592304.html |first=Randall E. |last=King |journal=Journal of Church and State |date=March 22, 1997 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> He did not completely ally himself with the later [[Christian right|religious right]], saying that Jesus did not have a political party.<ref name="time1993" /> He gave his support to various political candidates over the years.<ref name="worldscollide" />
In 2007, Graham explained his refusal to join [[Jerry Falwell]]'s [[Moral Majority]] in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on the [[Panama Canal]] or superiority of armaments. Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle in order to preach to all people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Merritt |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Billy Graham, the Last Nonpartisan Evangelical? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/opinion/billy-graham-nonpartisan-evangelical.html}}</ref>
According to a 2006 ''[[Newsweek]]'' interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel ... When ''Newsweek'' asked Graham whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"<ref name="newsweek2006p4">{{cite news |title=Pilgrim's Progress| page= 4 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/46365/page/4 |work=Newsweek |date=August 14, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref>
In 2012, Graham publicly endorsed the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential candidate, [[Mitt Romney]].<ref name="wapo101112">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/election-2012/wp/2012/10/11/billy-graham-to-mitt-romney-ill-do-all-i-can-to-help-you/?wprss=rss_election-2012 |title=Billy Graham to Mitt Romney: 'I'll do all I can to help you' |work=The Washington Post |date=October 11, 2012 |access-date=October 11, 2012 |author=O'Keefe, Ed}}</ref> Shortly after, apparently in order to accommodate Romney, who is a [[Mormonism|Mormon]], references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/16/billy-grahams-group-removes-mormon-cult-reference-from-website-after-romney-meeting/comment-page-14/ |title=Billy Graham site removes Mormon 'cult' reference after Romney meeting |publisher=CNN |date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/16/billy-graham-website-mormon-cult-removed_n_1971669.html |title=Billy Graham Website Removes Mormon 'Cult' Reference After Romney Meeting |work=HuffPost |date=October 16, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref> Observers have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as [[same-sex marriage]] coming from Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, [[Franklin Graham|Franklin]], head of the BGEA. Franklin denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/billy-graham-speaks-with-his-own-voice-son-franklin-says/article_a7bf875e-c2c4-5bd4-8dd8-6182ed451bfd.html |work=McClatchy News Service |date=October 24, 2012 |title=Billy Graham speaks with his own voice, son Franklin says |first=Michael |last=Gordon}}</ref>
===Pastor to presidents===
[[File:Reagans with Billy Graham.jpg|thumb|President [[Ronald Reagan]] and first lady [[Nancy Reagan]] greet Graham at the [[National Prayer Breakfast]] of 1981]]
Graham had a personal audience with many sitting [[president of the United States|US presidents]], from [[Harry S. Truman]] to [[Barack Obama]] – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter [[communism]] in [[North Korea]]. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that meeting.<ref name="time1993" /> Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as confidential.<ref name="worldscollide" />
Truman was not fond of Graham. He wrote about Graham in his 1974 autobiography ''Plain Speaking'', "But now we've got just this one evangelist, this Billy Graham, and he's gone off the beam. He's...well, I hadn't ought to say this, but he's one of those counterfeits I was telling you about. He claims he's a friend of all the Presidents, but he was never a friend of mine when I was President. I just don't go for people like that. All he's interested in is getting his name in the paper."<ref>Miller, Merle (1974) Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman. New York: Putnam. p. 363.</ref>
[[File:Billy Graham (1966) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg|thumb|Graham in 1966]]
Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the [[Little Rock Nine]] to gain admission of black students to public schools.<ref name="time1993" /> House Speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] convinced Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first [[Worship|religious service]] on the steps of the [[United States Capitol|Capitol building]] in 1952.<ref name="time1993" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Atlas with a Halo |url=https://www.religion-online.org/article/charles-atlas-with-a-halo-americas-billy-graham/ |author=Wacker, Grant |date=April 1, 1992 |pages=336–41 |work=The Christian Century}}</ref> Eisenhower asked for Graham while on his [[death]]bed.<ref name="washpost1991">{{cite news |title=The President Preacher; In Crisis, White House Turns to Billy Graham |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1044879.html |work=The Washington Post |date=January 18, 1991 |access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>
Graham met and would become a close friend of Vice President Richard Nixon,<ref name="worldscollide" />{{sfn|Aikman|2010|pp=204–205}} and supported Nixon, a [[Quakers|Quaker]], for the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 presidential election]].<ref name="time1993" /> He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreaux, Switzerland, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] opponent, Senator [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>H. Larry Ingle, ''Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President''. pp. 101–04, University of Missouri Press, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-8262-2042-4}}</ref> Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm support of aggression against the foreign threat of Communism and strongly sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy.<ref name=Aikman2010pp203-210 /> Thus, he was more sympathetic to Republican administrations.<ref name="worldscollide" /><ref name="martinbiopost">{{cite news |title=The Essence of Billy Graham; A Warm but Honest Biography of the Evangelist |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1091805.html |work=The Washington Post |date=October 25, 1991 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
On December 16, 1963, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather Rev. [[George Washington Baines]], invited Graham to the White House to give him spiritual counseling. After this visit, Johnson frequently would call on Graham for more spiritual counselling as well as companionship. As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying to keep me there. He just never wanted me to leave."<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Aikman |authorlink1=David Aikman |chapter=Lyndon B. Johnson |chapterurl={{Google books|IbufdthAJx4C|page=195|plainurl=yes}} |pages=195–203 |year=2010 |title=Billy Graham: His Life and Influence |isbn=978-1-4185-8432-0}}</ref>
In striking contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and then pray with him whenever the President requested him to do so. Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203 /> In addition to his White House visits, Graham would visit Johnson at [[Camp David]] and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in [[Stonewall, Texas]]. Johnson would also become the first sitting President to attend one of Graham's crusades, which took place in Houston, Texas, in 1965.<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203 />
During the 1964 United States presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee [[Barry Goldwater]] sent an estimated 2 million telegrams to Graham's hometown of [[Montreat, North Carolina]], and sought the preacher's endorsement. Supportive of Johnson's domestic policies, and hoping to preserve his friendship with the President, Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed neutral in the election. Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified. At one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor, though Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.<ref name=Aikman2010pp195-203 /> Graham's biographer David Aikman acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other President he had ever known.<ref name=Aikman2010pp203-210 />
He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's.<ref name="washpost1991" /> After Nixon's victorious [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968 presidential campaign]], Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's private worship services.<ref name="worldscollide" /> In a meeting they had with [[Golda Meir]], Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to [[Israel]], but he refused.<ref name="time1993" />
[[File:Barack Obama and Billy Graham.jpg|thumb|Billy Graham meeting with President [[Barack Obama]] in [[Montreat, North Carolina|Montreat]], April 2010]]
In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in [[East Tennessee]], which they thought safe politically. It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee and protesters against the [[Vietnam War]]. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's platform.<ref name="worldscollide" /> Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon for his post-[[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] behavior and the profanity heard on the [[Nixon White House tapes|Watergate tapes]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} They eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.<ref name="worldscollide" />
Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral. He presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973 and took part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of former First Lady [[Pat Nixon]] in 1993,<ref name="time1993" /> and the [[death and state funeral of Richard Nixon]] in 1994.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Graham asserted that he believed President Bill Clinton to be "a spiritual person."{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} He was unable to attend the state funeral of [[Ronald Reagan]] on June 11, 2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement surgery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://christianity.about.com/od/glossary/p/billygraham.htm |title=Biography of Evangelist Billy Graham |publisher=Christianity.about.com |access-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> This was mentioned by [[George W. Bush]] in his eulogy.
On April 25, 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, where they "had a private prayer."<ref name="nytimes2010">{{cite news |title=Obama Visits the Rev. Billy Graham |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/obama-visits-the-rev-billy-graham/ |work=The New York Times |date=April 25, 2010 |access-date=April 25, 2010 |first=Peter |last=Baker}}</ref>
===Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II===
Graham had a friendly relationship with [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://billygraham.org/story/billy-graham-and-the-queen/|title=Billy Graham Reflects on His Friendship with Queen Elizabeth II|work=Billy Graham Evangelistic Association|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-real-life-friendship-evangelist-billy-graham/|title=The Crown: The Truth Behind Queen Elizabeth's Real-Life Friendship with Evangelist Billy Graham|work=People|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> They first met in 1955 and Graham preached at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle|Windsor Chapel]] at the Queen's invitation during the following year. Their friendly relationship may have been because they shared a traditional approach to the practical aspects of the Christian faith.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/billy-graham-dead-queen-elizabeth-ii-friendship-us-evangelical-preacher-the-crown-visit-a8221816.html|title=Billy Graham dead: Truth behind Queen Elizabeth II's friendship with the US evangelical preacher|work=The Independent|access-date=January 25, 2018|first=Clarisse |last=Loughrey |date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
===Foreign policy views===
Graham was outspoken against [[communism]] and supported the American [[Cold War]] policy, including the [[Vietnam War]]. In a 1999 speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late [[North Korea]]n leader [[Kim Il-sung]], praising him as a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]]." Graham went on to note that although he had never met Kim's son and former North Korean [[Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea|leader]] [[Kim Jong-il]], he had "exchanged gifts with him."<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2553945.ece Preacher power: America's God squad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817195823/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2553945.ece |date=August 17, 2007}} Independent Article, ''Preacher power: America's God squad'', July 25, 2007;</ref>
In 1982, Graham preached in the [[Soviet Union]] and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of [[World War II]], when the Soviets were American allies in the fight against [[Nazism]]. He voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against [[Jews]], but "a nuclear holocaust" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day."<ref>"Dr. Billy Graham trying to avoid offending Soviets", [[United Press International]] story in ''[[Minden Press-Herald]]'', May 10, 1982, p. 1</ref>
==Controversial views==
===Discussion of Jews with President Nixon===
During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had agreed with many of President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] opinions, but he denied them and stressed his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed when declassified "[[Nixon White House tapes|Richard Nixon tapes]]" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.<ref name="nytimes03172002">[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/17/us/billy-graham-responds-to-lingering-anger-over-1972-remarks-on-jews.html Billy Graham Responds to Lingering Anger Over 1972 Remarks on Jews], ''The New York Times'', March 17, 2002</ref> Captured on the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that [[Antisemitic canard#Accusations of controlling the media|Jews control]] the [[Media of the United States|American media]], calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with Nixon, and suggesting that if Nixon was [[United States presidential election, 1972|re-elected]], they might be able to do something about it.<ref name="bbcregret">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1850077.stm "Graham regrets Jewish slur"], [[BBC]], March 2, 2002.</ref>
When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202154/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=32770 "Graham Apology Not Enough"], Eric J. Greenberg, [[United Jewish Communities]].</ref><ref name="newsweek1">{{cite news |title=Pilgrim's Progress, p. 5 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/46365/page/5 |work=Newsweek |date=August 14, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2008}}</ref> and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."<ref name="associatedpress-belief">{{cite news |title=Billy Graham apologizes for anti-Semitic comments in 1972 conversation with Nixon |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/News/2002/03/Billy-Graham-Apologizes-For-Anti-Semitic-Comments-In-1972-Conversation-With-Nixon.aspx |publisher=BeliefNet |author=Newton, Christopher (Associated Press Writer) |date=March 2, 2002 |access-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine, "[T]he shock of the revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of [[Israel]] and his refusal to join in calls for [[Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews|conversion of the Jews]]."<ref name="newsweek1" />
In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to Jews and "the synagogue of [[Satan]]". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord with the context of the quotation in the [[Book of Revelation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+3:9&version=NIV|title=Revelation 3:9|work=Bible Gateway}}</ref>) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not holding to traditional Jewish values.<ref>{{cite news |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628074206/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-06-24-graham-tapes_N.htm |title=In Nixon tapes, Billy Graham refers to 'synagogue of Satan' |first=Cathy Lynn |last=Grossman |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=July 31, 2009 |date=June 24, 2009 |archivedate=June 28, 2009}}</ref>
===Ecumenism===
After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his [[ecumenism]], even calling him "Antichrist".<ref name="Wirt">{{Cite book |first=Sherwood Eliot |last=Wirt |title=Billy: A Personal Look at Billy Graham, the World's Best-loved Evangelist |publisher=Crossway Books |location=Wheaton, Illinois |year=1997 |page=97 |isbn=0-89107-934-3}}</ref>
Graham expressed [[Inclusivism|inclusivist]] views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved. In a 1997 interview with [[Robert Schuller]], Graham said
{{Quote|I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in heaven.<ref>Cited in [[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]], ''Evangelicalism Divided'' (2000), pp. 73–74.</ref>}}
[[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]], writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."<ref>[[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]], ''Evangelicalism Divided'' (2000), p. 74.</ref>
{{further|Anonymous Christian}}
===Views on women===
In 1970, Graham stated that feminism was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be "competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jesus and the Liberated Woman |first1=Billy |last1=Graham |journal=[[Ladies' Home Journal]] |date=December 1970 |volume=87 |pages=40–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Billy Graham Enters Women's Lib Controversy |date=November 28, 1970 |newspaper=The Kokomo Tribune |page=7 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/44885500/}}</ref> He further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the destiny of "real womanhood" according to the Judeo-Christian ethic; Graham's assertions, published in the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'', elicited letters of protest, and were offered as rebuttal to the establishment of "The New Feminism" section of the publication added following sit-in protest at the Journal offices demanding female representation on the staff of the publication.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1970.html |title=Feminist Chronicles - 1970 |publisher=Feminist Majority Foundation |access-date=May 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Watching Women's Liberation, 1970: Feminism's Pivotal Year on the Network News |page=112 |url={{Google books|tmtzAwAAQBAJ|page=112|plainurl=yes}} |first1=Bonnie J. |last1=Dow |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-252-09648-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://libcom.org/history/1970-feminist-sit-ladies-home-journal |title=1970: Feminist Sit in at Ladies Home Journal |first=ShaKea |last=Alston |date=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Ellen Ott |last1=Marshall |chapter=A Matter of Pride, A Feminist Response |pages=79–91 |chapterurl={{Google books|pVAeaDLnCJoC|page=79|plainurl=yes}} |editor1-first=Michael G. |editor1-last=Long |year=2008 |title=The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist |isbn=978-0-664-23656-4}}</ref>
Graham was well known for his practice of not spending time alone with any woman other than his wife. This has become known as the [[Billy Graham rule]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Justin|title=Where Did the 'Billy Graham Rule' Come From?|url=https://blogs.thegospelcoalition.org/evangelical-history/2017/03/30/where-did-the-billy-graham-rule-come-from/|publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]]|access-date=April 2, 2017|date=March 20, 2017}}</ref>
Billy's daughter Bunny recounts her father denying her and her sisters higher education. As reported in ''[[The Washington Post]]'':<ref name=Martin>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2018/02/21/divorce-drugs-drinking-billy-grahams-children-and-their-absent-father/ |title=Divorce, drugs, drinking: Billy Graham's children and their absent father |first=William |last=Martin |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 21, 2018 |access-date=February 23, 2018}}</ref>
<blockquote>Bunny remembers being groomed for the life of wife, homemaker, and mother. "There was never an idea of a career for us," she said. "I wanted to go to nursing school – Wheaton had a five-year program – but Daddy said no. No reason, no explanation, just 'No.' It wasn't confrontational and he wasn't angry, but when he decided, that was the end of it." She added, "He has forgotten that. Mother has not."</blockquote>
Billy talked his future wife, Ruth, into abandoning her ambition to evangelize in Tibet in favor of staying in the United States to marry him – and that to do otherwise would be "to thwart God's obvious will."<ref name=Martin /> After Ruth agreed to marry Billy, he cited the Bible for claiming authority over her, saying, "then I'll do the leading and you do the following."<ref name=Martin />
===Views on homosexuality===
Graham regarded [[homosexuality]] as a sin, and in 1974 described it as "a sinister form of perversion."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanders|first1=Linley|title=Internet Reacts to Obama Tweet About Billy Graham|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/internet-reacts-to-obama-tweet-about-billy-graham|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Tim|title=The complicated legacy of Billy Graham: Gospel or politics?|url=http://www.nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2018/02/billy_graham_gospel_politics.html|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=[[The Times-Picayune]]|date=February 25, 2018}}</ref> In 1993 he said that he thought AIDS might be a "judgment" from God, but two weeks later he retracted the remark, saying, "I don't believe that, and I don't know why I said it."<ref name=Gjelten>{{cite news|last1=Gjelten|first1=Tom|title='America's Pastor' Billy Graham Dies At 99|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/21/136224476/americas-pastor-billy-graham-dies-at-99|access-date=March 2, 2018|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref>
Graham opposed [[same-sex marriage]],<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43142263 ''Billy Graham: Influential US evangelist dies at 99'']. BBC News, February 21, 2018.</ref> and in 2012, he took out full-page ads in favor of [[North Carolina Amendment 1]], which banned it in North Carolina.<ref>Ed Kilgore, [http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/02/billy-graham-lived-at-the-crossroads-of-faith-and-power.html ''Billy Graham Lived at the Crossroads of Faith and Power''], ''New York'', February 21, 2018</ref><ref>[http://www.wisconsingazette.com/news/billy-graham-urges-anti-gay-vote-in-n-c/article_d63fec14-f8b6-5e3d-89b5-272ab4f5517b.html ''Billy Graham urges anti-gay vote in N.C.'']. Wisconsin Gazette, May 12, 2012.</ref>
Graham's stated position was that he did not want to talk about homosexuality as a political issue.<ref name=Gjelten /> Corky Siemaszko, writing for [[NBC News]], noted that after the 1993 incident, Graham "largely steered clear of the subject."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siemaszko|first1=Corky|title=Franklin Graham followed in his father Billy's footsteps, but took a right-leaning path|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/franklin-graham-followed-his-father-billy-s-footsteps-took-right-n849981|access-date=March 2, 2018|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> After his death, however, some commentators called Graham "[[homophobic]]".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Douglas|title=The outpouring of grief for evangelist Billy Graham is disturbing given his homophobic views|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/billy-graham-dead-evangelist-homophobic-barack-obama-justin-welby-a8223561.html|access-date=March 2, 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|date=February 22, 2018}}</ref>
==Awards and honors==
Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American" and consistently ranked among the most admired persons in the United States and the world.<ref name="satevepost" /> He appeared most frequently on [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]]'s list of most admired people.<ref name="century">{{cite news |title=The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/2004/07/The-Billy-Pulpit.aspx |publisher=Christian Century |date=November 15, 2003 |page=2 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref> On the day of his death, Graham had been on Gallup's Top 10 "Most Admired Man" list 61 times, and held the highest rank of any person since the list began in 1948.<ref name="Gallup 2018 most admired list">[http://news.gallup.com/poll/228089/news-billy-graham-admired-list-times.aspx Newport, Frank. "In the News: Billy Graham on 'Most Admired' List 61 Times".] Gallup. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref>
In 1967, he was the first [[Protestant]] to receive an [[honorary degree]] from [[Belmont Abbey College]], a [[Roman Catholic]] school.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Corey |work=Gaston Gazette |url=http://www.gastongazette.com/articles/belmont-38887-president-abbey.html |title=Former Belmont Abbey College president dies at 85 |date=October 10, 2009}}</ref>
In 1983, he was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by US President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.archives.gov/archives/speeches/1983/22383c.htm|title=Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom|access-date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>
Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children. He was cited by the [[George Washington Carver]] Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He received the [[Templeton Prize|Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion]] and the [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]] for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.<ref name="goldmedal">{{cite news |title=Billy and Ruth Graham awarded Congressional Gold Medal for service. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004211356/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18252882.html |archivedate=October 4, 2007 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18252882.html |publisher=Knight-Ridder News Service |date=May 2, 1996 |access-date=August 18, 2007}}</ref>
In 1999, the [[Gospel Music Association]] inducted Graham into the [[Gospel Music Hall of Fame]] to recognize his contributions to [[Christian music]] artists such as Michael W. Smith, dc Talk, [[Amy Grant]], [[Jars of Clay]] and others who performed at the Billy Graham Crusades.<ref name="Hall of Fame Archive: BG">[http://hof.doveawards.com/speaker-lineup/billy-graham/ "Inductees Archive: Billy Graham".] ''GMA Gospel Music Hall of Fame''. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> Graham was the first non-musician inducted,<ref name="ABC Timeline 2018">[https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/national/remembering-billy-graham-a-timeline-of-the-evangelists-life-and-ministry CNN. "Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry".] ''ABC Action News''. February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> and had also helped to revitalize interest in hymns and create new favorite songs.<ref name="Finstuen 2017 BG: Pilgrim">[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDskDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=BILLY+GRAHAM+GOSPEL+MUSIC+HALL+OF+FAME&source=bl&ots=imZtTNlggm&sig=u0jKvjsfppxYqn6n0F_ep7YYe28&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_1N2n3dHZAhVSSq0KHQuxB_w4ChDoAQg9MAQ#v=onepage&q=BILLY%20GRAHAM%20GOSPEL%20MUSIC%20HALL%20OF%20FAME&f=false "Singing to save".] ''Billy Graham: American Pilgrim''. 2017. Edited by Andrew Finstuen, Grant Wacker & Anne Blue Wills. Oxford University Press. pp.75-76. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> Singer [[Michael W. Smith]] was active in [[List of Billy Graham's crusades|Billy Graham Crusades]] as well as [[Samaritan's Purse]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.michaelwsmith.com/bio.html |work=Michael W Smith |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526194544/http://www.michaelwsmith.com/bio.html |archivedate=May 26, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Smith sang "[[Just As I Am (hymn)|Just As I Am]]" in a tribute to Graham at the [[44th GMA Dove Awards]].<ref>{{Cite episode |title=44th Annual Dove Awards |episodelink= |url= |access-date=November 3, 2013 |series= |serieslink= |first= |last= |network=[[Up (TV network)]] |station= |city= |date= |began= |ended= |season= |seriesno= |number= |minutes= |time=1:39 |transcript= |transcripturl= |quote= |language=}}</ref> He also sang it at the memorial service [[United States Capitol rotunda#Lying in State and Honor|honoring Graham]] at the [[United States Capitol rotunda]] on February 28, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gospelmusic.org/michael-w-smith-leads-just-as-i-am-during-rev-billy-graham-capitol-service/|title=Michael W. Smith Leads "Just As I Am" During Rev. Billy Graham Capitol Service|date=March 1, 2018|publisher=Gospel Music Association|access-date=March 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="graham-honored-capitol-memorial" />
In 2000, former [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]] presented the [[Ronald Reagan Freedom Award]] to Graham. Graham was a friend of the Reagans for years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075344/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/cpa/awards.asp |archivedate=October 16, 2006 |title=The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award |access-date=February 24, 2007 |publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation}}</ref>
In 2001, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] awarded him an honorary knighthood. The honor was presented to him by [[Sir Christopher Meyer]], British Ambassador to the US at the British Embassy in Washington DC on December 6, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1364628/Honorary-knighthood-for-Billy-Graham.html|date=December 7, 2001|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|title=Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham}}</ref>
A professorial chair is named after him at the [[Alabama Baptist Convention|Alabama Baptist]]-affiliated [[Samford University]], the Billy Graham Professor of Evangelism and Church Growth.<ref name="nytimes03172002" /> His ''alma mater'' Wheaton College has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.<ref name="cincinnati post" /> The [[Southern Baptist Theological Seminary]] has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham has received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more.<ref name="satevepost" /> In [[San Francisco]], [[California]], the [[Bill Graham Civic Auditorium]] is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and falsely considered to be named in his honor, but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/articles/Bill-Graham-Civic-Auditorium.html |title=Bill Graham Civic Auditorium |work=city-data.com |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
On May 31, 2007, the $27 million [[Billy Graham Library]] was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents [[Jimmy Carter]], [[George H. W. Bush]], and [[Bill Clinton]] appeared to celebrate with Graham.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3231108 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019002545/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=3231108 |archivedate=October 19, 2007 |publisher=ABC News |title=Ex-Presidents at Graham Library Opening}}</ref> A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,<ref name="washpostburial" /> as does [[Interstate 240 (North Carolina)|I-240]] near Graham's home in [[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]].
As Graham's final Crusade approached in 2005, his friend [[Pat Boone]] chose to create a song in honor of Graham,<ref name="Moring 2018 playlist">[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2018/february-web-only/billy-graham-playlist-lyrics-youtube-just-as-i-am-pat-boone.html Moring, Mark. "The ultimate Billy Graham playlist".] ''Christianity Today''. February 22, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> which he co-wrote and produced with [[David Pack]] and [[Billy Dean]],<ref name="TYBG Inspirations">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbjERoKiM20 "Thank You Billy Graham: The Inspiration".] patbooneus. September 16, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> who digitally combined studio recordings of various artists into what has been called a "'[[We Are the World]]'-type" production.<ref name="TYBG Metro Voice">[http://metrovoicenews.com/video-tribute-billy-graham-featuring-entertainers-knew/ "Video tribute to Billy Graham featuring entertainers who knew Him".] ''Metro Voice and wire services''. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> Named "Thank You Billy Graham", the song's video<ref name="TYBG video">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cZn5grlA4E "Thank You Billy Graham".] GoldLabelArtists. August 13, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> was introduced by [[Bono]],<ref name="TYBG Metro Voice"/> and included [[Faith Hill]], [[MxPx]],<ref name="Moring 2018 playlist"/> [[John Ford Coley]], [[John Elefante]], [[Mike Herrera]], [[Michael McDonald (musician)|Michael McDonald]], [[Jeffrey Osborne]], [[LeAnn Rimes]], [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Connie Smith]], [[Michael Tait]] and other singers, with brief narration by [[Larry King]],<ref name="TYBG Making of">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hznVG-u3T20 "Thank You Billy Graham: The Making of".] Billy Dean. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> and was directed by [[Brian Lockwood (director)|Brian Lockwood]]<ref name="TYBG imdb">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1471338/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 "Thank You Billy Graham (2006)".] IMDb. The "Full Cast" list is incomplete. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> as a tribute album.<ref name="TYBG WorldCat">[https://www.worldcat.org/title/thank-you-billy-graham-a-musical-tribute-to-one-who-changed-our-world-with-one-message/oclc/232648275&referer=brief_results "Thank you Billy Graham : a musical tribute to one who changed our world with one message".] WorldCat. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> In 2013, the album ''My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message and Mission of Billy Graham'' was recorded by [[Amy Grant]], [[Kari Jobe]], [[Newsboys]], [[Matthew West]], [[tobyMac]] and other music artists with new songs to honor Graham during his ''My Hope America with Billy Graham'' outreach and the publication of his book ''The Reason for My Hope: Salvation''.<ref name="CC 2013 My Hope CD">[https://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4712 "My Hope: Songs Inspired by the Message of Billy Graham".] ''Christian Cinema.com''. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref> Other songs written to honor Graham include "Hero of the Faith" written by Eddie Carswell of [[NewSong]], which became a hit,<ref name="All Music 2001 NewSong">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xR7MdpuSlAEC&pg=PT583&lpg=PT583&dq=Eddie+Carswell+hero+of+the+faith&source=bl&ots=b05rKOr24r&sig=AbMiU0QGLRxiNx0yn_KuEMXXhvY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAgrO59tDZAhXBuFkKHcvZAj8Q6AEIWTAN#v=onepage&q=Eddie%20Carswell%20hero%20of%20the%20faith&f=false "Gospel".] ''All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music''. 2001. Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra & Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Hal Leonard Corp. p. 610. Retrieved March 3, 2018. {{ISBN|9780879306274}}.</ref> "Billy, You're My Hero" by Greg Hitchcock,<ref name="Hitchcock 2009 Billy hero">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEtFa0EdzV8 "The Billy Graham Song - "Billy, You're My Hero".] Greg Hitchcock Music. September 25, 2009. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref> "Billy Graham" by [[The Swirling Eddies]], "Billy Graham's Bible" by [[Joe Nichols]], "Billy Frank" by [[Randy Stonehill]], and an original song titled "Just as I Am" by [[Fernando Ortega]].<ref name="Moring 2018 playlist"/>
The movie ''[[Billy: The Early Years]]'' premiered in theaters officially on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th birthday.<ref name="christianpost">''[[The Christian Post]]'', [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080729/billy-graham-movie-prepares-for-oct-10-release.htm ''Billy Graham Movie Prepares for Oct 10 Release''], June 29, 2008.</ref> Graham didn't comment on the film, but his son, Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that the [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]] "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie."<ref name="movie">[http://www.billygraham.org/News_Article.asp?ArticleID=358 BGEA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904064456/http://www.billygraham.org/News_Article.asp?ArticleID=358 |date=September 4, 2008}} [[Billy Graham Evangelistic Association]], ''A response from Franklin Graham'', August 18, 2008</ref> Graham's eldest daughter Gigi praised the movie and was hired as a consultant to help promote the film.<ref name="christianpost.com">''[[The Christian Post]]'', [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080826/franklin-graham-among-billy-movie-critics.htm ''Franklin Graham Among 'Billy' Movie Critics''], August 26, 2008</ref>
===Other honors===
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| footer = 1996 Congressional Gold Medal shows Ruth and Billy Graham in profile (obverse); the Ruth and Billy Graham Children's Health Center in Asheville, North Carolina (reverse).
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* The [[Salvation Army]]'s Distinguished Service Medal<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining">[https://books.google.com/books?id=XuJKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446&lpg=PA446&dq=The+Salvation+Army's+Distinguished+Service+Medal+billy+graham&source=bl&ots=nyjBYDYoeY&sig=2VOPQCutp5nDlRbp2Pv1d5apSRY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrp6HflczZAhVSrVkKHR-sD7AQ6AEIQTAD#v=onepage&q=The%20Salvation%20Army's%20Distinguished%20Service%20Medal%20billy%20graham&f=false Johnston, Thomas P.(2003). "Appendix 4: Other Awards and Honors".] ''Examining Billy Graham's Theology of Evangelism''. [[Wipf and Stock Publishers]]. pp. 445-451. Retrieved March 1, 2018. {{ISBN|9781592441624}}.</ref>
* [[Who's Who in America]] listing annually since 1954<ref name="BG Profile">[https://billygraham.org/about/biographies/billy-graham/#biography "Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr".] ''Billy Graham Evangelistic Association''. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref>
* [[Freedoms Foundation]] Distinguished Persons Award (several years)<ref>{{cite book | last=Climo | first=J. | last2=Cattell | first2=M.G. | title=Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives | publisher=AltaMira Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7591-0178-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ICFN4iJpgwC&pg=RA1-PA5 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=5}}</ref><ref name="Aikman 2003" />
* Gold Medal Award, National Institute of Social Science, New York, 1957<ref name="Aikman 2003">{{cite book | last=Aikman | first=D. | title=Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-7391-0438-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ycSyi1yNyYC&pg=PA5 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | pages=5–6}}</ref>
* Annual Gutenberg Award of the Chicago Bible Society, 1962<ref>{{cite book | title=The American Lutheran | publisher=American Lutheran Publicity Bureau | issue=v. 46 | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igIoAAAAMAAJ | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=23}}</ref>
* Gold Award of the George Washington Carver Memorial Institute, 1964, for contribution to race relations, presented by [[Jacob K. Javits|Senator Javits]] (NY)<ref name="EWB" />
* Speaker of the Year Award, awarded by Delta Sigma Rho-Tau Kappa Alpha, 1965{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |p=47}}
* The [[American Academy of Achievement]]'s [[List of Golden Plate awardees|Golden Plate Award]], 1965<ref name="BG 1965 Golden Plate">[http://www.achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/all-honorees/"Golden Plate Awardees listed by year".] Academy of Achievement. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref>
* [[Horatio Alger Award]], 1965<ref name="EWB">"William Franklin Graham, Jr." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', Gale, 1998. ''Biography in Context'',</ref>
* National Citizenship Award by the Military Chaplains Association of the United States of America, 1965<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* Wisdom Award of Honor, 1965<ref>{{cite book | last=Adler | first=B. | title=Ask Billy Graham: The World's Best-Loved Preacher Answers Your Most Important Questions | publisher=Thomas Nelson | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4185-6868-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NKHSpR6brgC&pg=PA51 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=51}}</ref>
* The Torch of Liberty Plaque by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of [[B'nai B'rith]], 1969{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |p=47}}
* George Washington Honor Medal from [[Freedoms Foundation]] of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for his sermon "The Violent Society", 1969 (also in 1974)<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* Honored by [[Morality in Media]] for "fostering the principles of truth, taste, inspiration and love in media", 1969<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* International Brotherhood Award from the [[National Conference of Christians and Jews]], 1971<ref name="CJ 1971 Brotherhood Award">[http://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/np00020004/1971-03-24/ed-1/seq-3.pdf "Brotherhood Award".] ''Courier-Journal'' of Rochester, New York. March 24, 1971. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</ref>
* Distinguished Service Award from the [[National Association of Broadcasters]], 1972<ref>{{cite book | title=Cite Graham | publisher=''Billboard''
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=20| date=February 19, 1972
}}</ref>
* Franciscan International Award, 1972<ref name="EWB" />
* [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]] from United States Military Academy Association of Graduates at West Point (The most prestigious award the United States Military Academy gives to a US citizen), 1972<ref name="Aikman 2003" />
* [[Direct Selling Association]]'s Salesman of the Decade award, 1975{{sfn |Wacker |2014 |p=47}}
* Philip Award from the Association of United Methodist Evangelists, 1976<ref name="Philip Award 1976">[http://www.naume.org/philip-award "Philip Award".] The National Association of United Methodist Evangelists. Retrieved March 3, 2018.</ref>
* [[American Jewish Committee]]'s First National Interreligious Award, 1977<ref name="Grossman 2007 Interreligious">[https://books.google.com/books?id=5o4P-6Fe9nIC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=American+Jewish+Committee+First+National+Interreligious+Award,+1977&source=bl&ots=11TLL_8pXQ&sig=ZNjP89bx8o2fT3vlkTpychB4Rwo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3leLU58zZAhVBp1kKHUEeAAoQ6AEILzAD#v=onepage&q=American%20Jewish%20Committee%20First%20National%20Interreligious%20Award%2C%201977&f=false Grossman, Lawrence. "The organized Jewish community and evangelical America".] ''Uneasy Allies?: Evangelical and Jewish Relations''. Lexington Books. Edited by Alan Mittleman, Byron Johnson and Nancy Isserman. 2007. p. 53. Retrieved March 3, 2018. {{ISBN|9780739119662}}.</ref>
* [[Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission]]'s Distinguished Communications Medal, 1977<ref name="Johnston 2003 Examining" />
* Jabotinsky Centennial Medal presented by The Jabotinsky Foundation, 1980<ref name="Aikman 2003" />
* Religious Broadcasting Hall of Fame award, 1981<ref name="CNN 2018">{{cite web | title=Remembering Billy Graham: A timeline of the evangelist's life and ministry | publisher=WGBA | date=February 21, 2018 | url=https://www.nbc26.com/news/national/remembering-billy-graham-a-timeline-of-the-evangelists-life-and-ministry | access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Templeton Foundation]] Prize for Progress in Religion award, 1982<ref name="EWB" />
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the nation's highest civilian award, 1983<ref name="CNN 2018" />
* [[National Religious Broadcasters]] Award of Merit, 1986<ref name="CNN 2018" />
* North Carolina Award in Public Service, 1986<ref name="MOA 1993">{{cite book | title=Men of Achievement | publisher=Taylor & Francis | issue=v. 15 | year=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DloAAAAMAAJ | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=293}}</ref>
* [[Good Housekeeping]] Most Admired Men Poll,<ref name="MOA 1993" /> 1997, No. 1 for five years in a row and 16th time in top 10<ref name="BG Profile" />
* [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (along with wife Ruth), highest honor Congress can bestow on a private citizen, 1996<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |chapter=A Family Crusade |chapterurl={{Google books|HQvtTF1HSL8C|page=141|plainurl=yes}} |pages=141–2 |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |series=Greenwood biographies |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32718-6}}</ref>
* Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom Award, for monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom, 2000<ref>{{cite book | last=Angier | first=M.E. | last2=Pond | first2=S. | last3=Angier | first3=D. | title=101 Best Ways to Get Ahead | publisher=Success Networks International | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-9704175-3-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMkIPkgS-zYC&pg=PA83 | access-date=February 22, 2018 | page=83}}</ref>
* Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE)<ref name="CNN 2018" /> for his international contribution to civic and religious life over 60 years, 2001<ref name="Telegraph KBE 2001">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1364628/Honorary-knighthood-for-Billy-Graham.html Davies, Caroline. "Honorary knighthood for Billy Graham".] ''The Telegraph''. December 7, 2001. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</ref>
* Many honorary degrees including [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul]], Minnesota, where Graham was once president, named its newest campus building the Billy Graham Community Life Commons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unwsp.edu/web/10141/1611 |title=Northwestern Celebrates Billy Graham Community Life Commons Grand Opening |publisher=University of Northwestern – St. Paul website (unwsp.edu) |access-date=January 2, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194014/http://www.unwsp.edu/web/10141/1611 |archivedate=January 2, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> He also received [[Doctor of Divinity#United States|honorary Doctor of Divinity]] degrees.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Nancy|title=God's Billy Pulpit|url=http://205.188.238.109/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573-1,00.html|access-date=February 26, 2014|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=November 15, 1993|author2=Richard N. Ostling|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207023217/http://205.188.238.109/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979573-1,00.html|archivedate=December 7, 2007}}</ref><ref name="www2_BGEA">{{Cite web
| title = Billy Graham Evangelistic Association Chronology
| author =
| work = www2.wheaton.edu
| date = June 17, 2014
| access-date = May 20, 2015
| url = http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/bgeachro/bgeachron02.htm
| language =
| quote =
}}</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Media portrayals==
* ''[[Unbroken: Path to Redemption]]'' (2018): Played by his grandson [[Will Graham (evangelist)|Will Graham]].
* ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'' (2016 – present): [[Netflix]] series, Season 2 Episode 6. Played by actor [[Paul Sparks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0817027/|title=Paul Sparks|publisher=IMDb|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Billy: The Early Years]]'' (2008): Played by actor [[Armie Hammer]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Benson|first=Robby|title=Billy: The Early Years|date=October 10, 2008|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1213672/|others=J. Thomas Bailey, Dan Beene, Cliff Bemis|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* ''[[Man in the 5th Dimension]]'' (1964): short biographical film featuring Graham.
==Works==
Graham's ''My Answer'' advice column appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribunecontentagency.com/premium-content/advice/my-answer/|title=My Answer by Billy Graham|publisher=[[Tribune Content Agency]]|access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref>
===Books===
Graham authored the following books;<ref>Graham, Billy. ''Just As I Am''. New York: Harper Collins Worldwide, 1997. Copyright 1997 by the Billy Graham Evangelist Association.</ref> many of which have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, ''The Jesus Generation'' sold 200,000 copies in the first two weeks after its publication; ''Angels: God's Secret Agents'' had sales of a million copies within 90 days after release; ''How to Be Born Again'' was said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies."<ref name="satevepost" />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Calling Youth to Christ'' (1947)
* ''America's Hour of Decision'' (1951)
* ''I Saw Your Sons at War'' (1953)
* ''Peace with God'' (1953, 1984)
* ''Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins'' (1955)
* ''The Secret of Happiness'' (1955, 1985)
* ''Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers'' (1958)
* ''My Answer'' (1960)
* ''Billy Graham Answers Your Questions'' (1960)
* ''World Aflame'' (1965)
* ''The Challenge'' (1969)
* ''The Jesus Generation'' (1971)
* ''Angels: God's Secret Agents'' (1975, 1985)
* ''How to Be Born Again'' (1977)
* ''The Holy Spirit'' (1978)
* ''Evangelist to the World'' (1979)
* ''Till Armageddon'' (1981)
* ''Approaching Hoofbeats'' (1983)
* ''A Biblical Standard for Evangelists'' (1984)
* ''Unto the Hills'' (1986)
* ''Facing Death and the Life After'' (1987)
* ''Answers to Life's Problems'' (1988)
* ''Hope for the Troubled Heart'' (1991)
* ''Storm Warning'' (1992)
* ''Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham'' (1997, 2007)
* ''Hope for Each Day'' (2002)
* ''The Key to Personal Peace'' (2003)
* ''Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade'' (2005)
* ''The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain World'' (2006)
* ''Wisdom for Each Day'' (2008)
* ''Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well'' (2011)
* ''The Heaven Answer Book'' (2012)
* ''The Reason for My Hope: Salvation'' (2013)<ref name="Banks 2013 Hope book">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/06/billy-graham-book-the-reason-for-my-hope-salvation_n_4025835.html Banks, Adelle M. "Billy Graham book 'The Reason for My Hope: Salvation,' talks sin, selfishness, and 'trendy religion'" ] ''Huffington Post''. October 6, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref>
* ''Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond the Now'' (2015)<ref name="Zaimov 2015 New book">[https://www.christianpost.com/news/billy-graham-coming-out-with-new-book-on-heaven-eternity-and-our-life-beyond-144122/ Zaimov, Stoyan. "Billy Graham coming out with new book on 'Heaven, Eternity and Our Life Beyond'.] ''Christian Post.com''. August 31, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</ref>
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Aikman2010pp203-210>{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Aikman |authorlink1=David Aikman |chapter=Richard M. Nixon |chapterurl={{Google books|IbufdthAJx4C|page=203|plainurl=yes}} |pages=203–10 |year=2010 |title=Billy Graham: His Life and Influence |isbn=978-1-4185-8432-0}}</ref>
<ref name=grahammlik>{{cite web |url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_graham_william_franklin_1918/ |work=Martin Luther King Jr. And The Global Freedom Struggle |title=Graham, William Franklin (1918– ) |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520204913/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_graham_william_franklin_1918/ |archive-date=May 20, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}
==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Aikman |first=David |authorlink1=David Aikman |title=Billy Graham: His Life and Influence |location=Nashville |publisher=Thomas Nelson |year=2007 |asin=B008JM5FE2|ref=harv}} short biography
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Michael G. |title=The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist |year=2008 |asin=B002LE87N0|ref=harv}} scholarly essays
* {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Steven P. |title=Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South |year=2009 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4151-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first1=H. Edward |last1=Schier |year=2013 |chapter=Civil Rights Movement |chapterurl={{Google books|BZqYAAAAQBAJ|page=404|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil |isbn=978-1-4817-5876-5 |ref=harv }}
==Further reading==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allison |first=Lon |title=Billy Graham: An Ordinary Man and His Extraordinary God |origyear=2018 |year=2018 |publisher=Paraclete Press |isbn=978-1-64060-087-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bruns |first=Roger |title=Billy Graham: A Biography |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-3133-2718-6|ref=harv}}
* Finstuen, Andrew, et al., eds. ''Billy Graham: American Pilgrim'' (Oxford UP, 2017) 326 pp. essays by scholars
* Himes, A. (2011). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/ ''Sword of the Lord: the roots of fundamentalism in an American family''] Seattle: Chiara Press.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jcs/39.2.273 |title=When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=273–95 |year=1997 |last1=King |first1=Randall E.|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=William |title=A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story |publisher=Zondervan |year=2007 |location=Grand Rapids |isbn=0-310-24198-7|ref=harv}} scholarly biography, updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow.
* {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=William |title=Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story |publisher=Zonderkidz |year=2013 |location=Grand Rapids |asin=B004HOV0CW|ref=harv}} Middle-school version.
* {{Cite book |last=Pollock |first=John |title=Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World |year=1979 |publisher= |isbn=0060666919|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sherwood |first=Timothy H. |title=The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2013 |pages=1–158 |asin=B00E1CYKCC|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Strober |first1=Deborah Hart |first2=Gerald S. |last2=Strober |title=Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography |year=2006 |publisher=Jossey-Bass |isbn=978-0-78-79-8401-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0009640709990400 |title=Billy Graham's America |journal=Church History |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=489–511 |year=2009 |last1=Wacker |first1=Grant|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wacker |first=Grant |title=America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation |origyear=2006 |agency=Jossey-Bass |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05218-5|ref=harv}}
{{div col end}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://billygraham.org}}
* [https://archon.wheaton.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=1277 Billy Graham Papers], Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College.
* [http://www2.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/exhibits/NYC57/16sample88.htm 1957 event in Times Square], streaming video clip
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000818173056/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/Graham-B/GrahamB.asp Monroe Billington, Oral History Interview with Billy Graham], October 12, 1983, transcript, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{C-SPAN|Billy Graham}}
* ''The New York Times'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/obituaries/billy-graham-dead.html obituary]
* Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-billy-graham/billy-graham-preacher-to-millions-adviser-to-u-s-presidents-dies-at-99-idUSKCN1G51O9 obituary]
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{{s-bef|before = [[William Bell Riley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = President of [[University of Northwestern – St. Paul|Northwestern Bible College]]|years=1948–1952}}
{{s-aft|after = Richard Elvee}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Cicely Saunders]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Templeton Prize]]|years = 1982}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Daniel Inouye]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Persons who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]]<br />in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=February 28 – March 1, 2018}}
{{s-aft|after = [[John McCain]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Templeton Prize Laureates}}
{{Lain in State (USA)|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Baptist |portal2=Evangelical Christianity |portal3=Biography |portal4=United States |commons=yes |q=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q213550}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Billy}}
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