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{{About|the Ivy League university in Rhode Island|the university in Arkansas|John Brown University}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Brown University
| image_name = Brown University coat of arms.svg
| image_size = 130
| latin_name = Universitas Brunensis
| motto = ''In Deo Speramus'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = In God We Hope<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html|title=Brown University Admission Facts and Figures |publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
| established = 1764
|former_names = Rhode Island College (1764-1804)
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| academic_affiliations = {{unbulleted list|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[568 Group]]}}
| endowment = [[US$]]3.8 billion<ref>As of October 2, 2018. {{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/money/browns-endowment-posts-132-25-gain-best-in-ivy-league-so-far/ar-BBNPTBW |publisher=Bloomberg.com |year=2018}}</ref> (2018)
| president = [[Christina Paxson]]
| provost = [[Richard M. Locke]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nickel|first1=Mark|title=Locke named 13th provost of Brown University|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2015/06/locke|website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University|accessdate=14 September 2015|quote=Richard M. Locke ... has been appointed provost of the University ... [starting] July 1, 2015}}</ref>
| students = 9,380 (Fall 2017)<ref name="BrownFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/facts|title=Facts about Brown University|publisher=Brown University|date=November 2015 |accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>
| undergrad = 6,580 (Fall 2017)<ref name="BrownFacts"/>
| postgrad = 2,255 (Fall 2017)<ref name="BrownFacts"/>
| other = 545 (medical)<ref name="BrownFacts"/>
| faculty = 731 (2015–16)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees |title=Faculty and Employees }}</ref>
| city = [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
| state = [[Rhode Island]]
| country = U.S.
| coor = {{Coord|41.8262|-71.4032|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban<br />143 [[acre]]s (579,000 m²)
| colors = Brown, White, and, Cardinal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/communications/sites/communications/files/Brown_Visual_Identity_Policy_2016-07-22.pdf|title=Brown Visual Identity Policy|publisher=}}</ref><br/>{{college color boxes|Brown Bears}}
| mascot = Bruno the [[Brown bear|Bear]]
| athletics_nickname = [[Brown Bears|Bears]]
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Ivy League]]<br/>[[ECAC Hockey]], [[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]/[[Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges|EAWRC]]
| website = {{URL|brown.edu}}
| logo = Brown University logo.svg
| logo_size = 175
}}
'''Brown University''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[United States]]. Founded in 1764 as the ''College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations'', it is the [[List of colonial colleges|seventh-oldest institution]] of [[higher education]] in the U.S. and one of the nine [[colonial colleges]] chartered before the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=B0180 |title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Bicentennial celebration |publisher=Brown University |accessdate=July 9, 2009}}</ref>
At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the U.S. to accept students regardless of their [[religious affiliation]].<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 30.</ref> Its [[engineering]] program was established in 1847. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U.S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding [[Master's degree|masters]] and [[doctoral studies]] in 1887.<ref>Bronson, Walter C., The History of Brown University. Providence: Published by the University, 1914, pages 407-408</ref> In 1969, Brown adopted a [[Brown University#The New Curriculum|New Curriculum]] sometimes referred to as the Brown Curriculum after a period of student lobbying. The New Curriculum eliminated mandatory "[[Secondary education|general education]]" distribution requirements, made students "the architects of their own syllabus" and allowed them to take any course for a grade of satisfactory or unrecorded no-credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0780|title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Curriculum |publisher=Brown University |accessdate=December 27, 2014}}</ref> In 1971, Brown's coordinate women's institution, [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]], was fully [[merger (politics)|merged]] into the university; Pembroke Campus now includes dormitories and classrooms used by all of Brown.
Undergraduate [[University and college admission|admission]]s is highly selective, with an acceptance rate of 7.2% for the class of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title= University admits record low 7.2 percent of applicants to Class of 2022 |url= http://www.browndailyherald.com/2018/03/28/university-admits-record-low-7-2-percent-applicants-class-2022 |agency= Brown University |accessdate= March 28, 2018 }}</ref> The university comprises the [[The College of Brown University|College]], the [[Graduate School of Brown University|Graduate School]], [[Alpert Medical School]], the [[Brown University School of Engineering|School of Engineering]], the School of Public Health and the School of Professional Studies (which includes the [[IE Business School|IE]] Brown Executive MBA program). Brown's international programs are organized through the [[Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]], and the university is academically affiliated with the [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] and the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]. The [[Brown University#Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program|Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program]], offered in conjunction with the [[Rhode Island School of Design]], is a five-year course that awards degrees from both institutions.
Brown's main campus is located in the [[College Hill Historic District (Providence, Rhode Island)|College Hill Historic District]] in the [[city]] of [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. The University's neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. Benefit Street, on the western edge of the campus, contains "one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architecture in the United States".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/ONS/neighborhoods/college-hill|title=Providence, Rhode Island - Neighborhood Services - College Hill|publisher=City of Providence|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
{{as of|2018|August}}, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|8 Nobel Prize winners]] have been affiliated with Brown University as alumni, faculty members or researchers. In addition, Brown's [[List of Brown University people|faculty and alumni]] include five [[National Humanities Medal]]ists<ref>{{cite web|title = Awards & Honors: National Humanities Medals|url = http://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals |access-date = 15 December 2014}}</ref> and ten [[National Medal of Science]] laureates. [[List of Brown University people|Other notable alumni]] include eight billionaire graduates,<ref>{{cite web|title = The 20 Universities That Have Produced the Most Billionaires|url = http://www.businessinsider.in/The-20-Universities-That-Have-Produced-The-Most-Billionaires/articleshow/42733554.cms|publisher = Business Insider|date=September 7, 2014|accessdate = July 26, 2015}}</ref> a [[Chief Justice of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice]], four [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretaries of State]] and other Cabinet officials, 54 members of the [[United States Congress]], 55 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 52 [[Gates Cambridge Scholarships|Gates Cambridge Scholars]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodesscholar.org/winners/college-and-university-winners/|title=Colleges and Universities with U.S. Rhodes Scholarship Winners {{!}} The Rhodes Scholarships|website=www.rhodesscholar.org|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref> 49 [[Marshall Scholars]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.marshallscholarship.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/12/marshall|title=Class of 2015 graduate awarded prestigious Marshall Scholarship|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref> 14 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Genius]] Fellows,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbn.com/Brown-eighth-on-list-for-producing-most-MacArthur-Fellows,106076|title=Brown eighth on list for producing most MacArthur Fellows|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref> 21 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, various royals and nobles, as well as leaders and founders of [[Fortune 500]] companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownbears.com/athletics/Miscellaneous/Prominent_Brown_Alumni|title=Prominent Brown Alumni|publisher=Brownbears.com|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525163114/http://brownbears.com/athletics/Miscellaneous/Prominent_Brown_Alumni|archive-date=May 25, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Brown University}}
===The foundation and the charter===
[[File:Brown University Ezra Stiles Charter large.jpg|thumb|right|170px|The [[Ezra Stiles]] copy of the Brown University Charter of 1764]]
[[File:James Manning head by Cosmo Alexander.JPG|thumb|right|170px|The first president, James Manning, taught the earliest college classes at his parish house]]
The origin of Brown University can be dated to 1761, when three residents of [[Newport, Rhode Island]] drafted a petition to the [[Rhode Island General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the colony:<ref>[[#Dexter|Dexter (1916)]], pp. 24–25.</ref>
<blockquote>Your Petitioners propose to open a literary institution or School for instructing young Gentlemen in the Languages, Mathematics, Geography & History, & such other branches of Knowledge as shall be desired. That for this End ... it will be necessary ... to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors.</blockquote>
The three petitioners were [[Ezra Stiles]], pastor of Newport's [[Clarke Street Meeting House|Second Congregational Church]] and future president of [[Yale University|Yale]]; [[William Ellery|William Ellery, Jr.]], future [[Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence|signer]] of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]; and [[Josias Lyndon]], future governor of the colony. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later. The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University."<ref>[[#Dexter|Dexter (1916)]], p. 25.</ref>
There is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles:<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 13–14.</ref>
<blockquote>The week before last I sent you the Copy of Yale College Charter ... Should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it; I heartily wish you Success therein.</blockquote>
The Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches also had an eye on Rhode Island, home of the mother church of their denomination: the [[First Baptist Church in America]], founded in Providence in 1638 by [[Roger Williams (theologian)|Roger Williams]]. The Baptists were as yet unrepresented among colonial colleges; the [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregationalists]] had [[Harvard]] and [[Yale]], the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] had the College of New Jersey (later [[Princeton University|Princeton]]), and the [[Church of England|Episcopalians]] had the [[College of William and Mary]] and King's College (later [[Columbia University|Columbia]]). Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, writing in 1784. He described the October 1762 resolution taken at Philadelphia:<ref>Isaac Backus, ''A History of New-England'', 3 vols. (Boston, 1777–96), vol. 2, quoted in [[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 8.</ref>
<blockquote>The Philadelphia Association obtained such an acquaintance with our affairs, as to bring them to an apprehension that it was practicable and expedient to erect a college in the Colony of Rhode-Island, under the chief direction of the Baptists; ... Mr. [[James Manning (minister)|James Manning]], who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September, 1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work.</blockquote>
Manning arrived at [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]] in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, who agreed to write the Charter for the College. Stiles's first draft was read to the [[Rhode Island General Assembly|General Assembly]] in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3, 1764.
In September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor [[Stephen Hopkins (politician)|Stephen Hopkins]] was chosen chancellor, former and future governor [[Samuel Ward (American statesman)|Samuel Ward]] was vice chancellor, [[John Tillinghast]] treasurer, and [[Thomas Eyres]] secretary. The Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]], five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—"and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations."<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 502–503; the Charter and its drafts and associated documents are printed in [[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 493–507; and in [[#Guild|Guild (1867)]], pp. 119–146.</ref>
The Charter was not the grant of [[King George III]], as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document. First, other colleges had curricular strictures against opposing doctrines, while Brown's Charter asserted, "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not make any Part of the Public and Classical Instruction." Second, according to Brown University historian Walter Bronson, "the instrument governing Brown University recognized more broadly and fundamentally than any other the principle of denominational cooperation."<ref name="Bronson, pp. 29-33"/> The oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Brown's Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership; other college charters were also liberal in that particular.
[[File:Brown University 1792 engraving.jpg|thumb|right|[[University Hall (Brown University)|University Hall]] (right) and president's house, engraving 1792]]
[[James Manning (minister)|James Manning]] was sworn in as the College's first president in 1765 and served until 1791. In 1770, the College moved from [[Warren, Rhode Island]] to the crest of [[College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island|College Hill]] overlooking Providence. [[Solomon Drowne]], a freshman in the class of 1773, wrote in his diary on March 26, 1770:<ref>Quoted in [[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 54–55.</ref>
<blockquote>This day the Committee for settling the spot for the College, met at the New-Brick School House, when it was determined it should be set on ye Hill opposite Mr. John Jenkes; up the Presbyterian Lane.</blockquote>
Presbyterian Lane is the present College Street. The eight-acre site had been purchased in two parcels by the Corporation for £219, mainly from [[Moses Brown]] and [[John Brown (Rhode Island)|John Brown]], the parcels having "formed a part of the original home lots of their ancestor, [[Chad Brown (minister)|Chad Brown]], and of George Rickard, who bought them from the Indians." [[University Hall (Brown University)|University Hall]] was known as "The College Edifice" until 1823; it was modelled on [[Nassau Hall]] at the College of New Jersey. Its construction was managed by the firm of Nicholas Brown and Company, which spent £2,844 in the first year building the College Edifice and the adjacent President's House.<ref>[[#Guild|Guild (1867)]], pp. 233–236 & 299.</ref><ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 55–56.</ref>
[[File:Nicholas Brown Jr by Chester Harding 1836.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Nicholas Brown, Jr.]], founder of the [[Providence Athenaeum]], co-founder of [[Butler Hospital]], philanthropist, progressive, and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]. Following his major gift in 1804, the College was renamed Brown University. Painting by [[Chester Harding (painter)|Chester Harding]], 1836]]
====The Brown family====
[[Nicholas Brown Sr.|Nicholas Brown]], his son [[Nicholas Brown, Jr.]] (class of 1786), [[John Brown (Rhode Island)|John Brown]], [[Joseph Brown (astronomer)|Joseph Brown]], and [[Moses Brown]] were all instrumental in moving the College to Providence and securing its endowment. Joseph became a professor of natural philosophy at the College; John served as its treasurer from 1775 to 1796; and Nicholas Junior succeeded his uncle as treasurer from 1796 to 1825.
On September 8, 1803, the Corporation voted, "That the donation of $5000 Dollars, if made to this College within one Year from the late Commencement, shall entitle the donor to name the College." That appeal was answered by College treasurer Nicholas Brown Junior in a letter dated September 6, 1804, and the Corporation honored its promise. "In gratitude to Mr. Brown, the Corporation at the same meeting voted, 'That this College be called and known in all future time by the Name of Brown University'."<ref name="Bronson, pp. 29-33">[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 29–33.</ref> Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown, Jr. totaled nearly $160,000, an enormous sum for that period, and included the buildings Hope College (1821–22) and Manning Hall (1834-35).
It is sometimes erroneously supposed that Brown University was named after John Brown, whose commercial activity included the transportation of African slaves. In fact, Brown University was named for Nicholas Brown, Jr.—philanthropist, founder of the [[Providence Athenaeum]], co-founder of [[Butler Hospital]], and an [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]. Nicholas Brown, Jr. became a financier of the movement under the guidance of his uncle [[Moses Brown]], one of the leading abolitionists of his day.<ref>{{cite web |author= Howell, Ricardo |date=July 2001 |url= https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Info/Slavery.html |title= Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University |publisher= Brown University News Service |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409001105/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Info/Slavery.html |archivedate= April 9, 2008 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2016}}<ref>The opposing attitudes to the slave trade within the Brown family—from John Brown's unapologetic participation to Moses and Nicholas Brown's activist opposition—are described in Ricardo Howell, "Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University" (2001, published online at Brown.edu), and in Charles Rappleye, ''Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution'' (New York, 2006).</ref>
[[File:James Mitchell Varnum.jpg|upright|right|thumb|170px|Brigadier general [[James Mitchell Varnum]] (class of 1769) served in the [[Continental Army]] and advocated the enlistment of African Americans, which resulted in the reformation of the [[1st Rhode Island Regiment]] as an all-black unit. Painting by [[Charles Willson Peale]], 1804]]
[[File:Brown University, R.I (NYPL Hades-253912-478707).jpg|thumb|''Brown University, R.I'', c. 1840, New York Public Library]]
====The American Revolution====
The College library was moved out of Providence for safekeeping in the fall of 1776, with British vessels patrolling Narragansett Bay. On December 7, 1776, six thousand British and Hessian troops sailed into Newport harbor under the command of Sir Peter Parker. College President Manning said in a letter written after the war:<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 66–67.</ref>
<blockquote>The royal Army landed on Rhode Island & took possession of the same: This brought their Camp in plain View from the College with the naked Eye; upon which the Country flew to Arms & marched for Providence, there, unprovided with Barracks they marched into the College & dispossessed the Students, about 40 in Number.</blockquote>
"In the claim for damages presented by the Corporation to the United States government," says the University historian, "it is stated that the American troops used it for barracks and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and that the French troops used it for a hospital from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782."<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 68.</ref> The French troops were those of the [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Comte de Rochambeau]].
[[File:Brown University Sayles Hall.JPG|thumb|right|225x225px|On the College Green, Sayles Hall (left), built 1878–81, designed by [[Alpheus C. Morse]], and Wilson Hall, built 1891, designed by [[Frank W. Angell|Gould & Angell]], both buildings in the [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style]]
===The New Curriculum===
In 1966, the first Group Independent Study Project (GISP) at Brown was formed, involving 80 students and 15 professors. The GISP was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially [[San Francisco State University|San Francisco State College]], and sought ways to "put students at the center of their education" and "teach students how to think rather than just teaching facts."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2005/03/02/the-new-curriculum-then/|title=The New Curriculum Then|last=Leubsdorf|first=Ben|date=2005-03-02|work=Brown Daily Herald|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
Members of the GISP, Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell published a paper of their findings entitled, "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dl.lib.brown.edu/libweb/papers/maxwell.php|title=Draft of a working paper for education at Brown University|author=Ira magaziner with Elliot Maxwell|publisher=Brown University Library|accessdate=December 6, 2007|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The paper made proposals for the new curriculum, including [[interdisciplinary]] freshman-year courses that would introduce "modes of thought," with instruction from faculty from different disciplines as well as for an end to letter grades. The following year Magaziner began organizing the student body to press for the reforms, organizing discussions and protests.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=1993|title=Curriculum|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Brunoniana|publisher=Brown University Library|location=Providence, Rhode Island|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0780|accessdate=December 6, 2007|last=Mitchell|first=Martha|oclc=31085279}}</ref>
In 1969, University President Ray Heffner Special Committee on Curricular Philosophy in response to student rallies held support of curriculum reform. The committee was tasked with developing specific reforms and the resulting report was called the Maeder Report after the committee's chairman. The report was presented to the faculty, which voted the New Curriculum into existence on May 7, 1969. Its key features included:<ref name="bdh_newcurr">{{cite news|url=http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/03/02/Focus/The-New.Curriculum.Then-882258.shtml|title=The New Curriculum Then|last=Leubsdorf|first=Ben|date=March 2, 2005|accessdate=December 5, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328030651/http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/03/02/Focus/The-New.Curriculum.Then-882258.shtml|archivedate=March 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|publisher=Brown Daily Herald|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* Modes of Thought courses for first-year students
* The introduction of interdisciplinary courses
* The abandonment of "general education" distribution requirements
* The Satisfactory/No Credit (S/NC) grading option
* The ABC/No Credit grading system, which eliminated pluses, minuses, and D's; a grade of "No Credit" would not appear on external transcripts.
The Modes of Thought course was discontinued early on, but the other elements are still in place. In 2006, the reintroduction of plus/minus grading was broached by persons concerned about grade inflation. The idea was rejected by the College Curriculum Council after canvassing alumni, faculty, and students, including the original authors of the Magaziner-Maxwell Report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Sheridan_Center/pubs/teachingExchange/jan2002/grade_inflat.shtml|title=Grade Inflation and the Brown Grading System: 2001–2002 Sheridan Center Research Project|work=The Teaching Exchange|publisher=Sheridan Center for Teaching, Brown University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204090048/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Sheridan_Center/pubs/teachingExchange/jan2002/grade_inflat.shtml|archivedate=February 4, 2007|deadurl=no|accessdate=December 5, 2007|df=mdy}}; {{cite news|url=http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2006/03/15/CampusNews/Plusminus.Fails.Key.Test-1686967.shtml|title=Plus/minus fails key test: Faculty could still vote to change grading system|last=Lutts|first=Chloe|date=March 15, 2006|accessdate=December 11, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328034948/http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2006/03/15/CampusNews/Plusminus.Fails.Key.Test-1686967.shtml|archivedate=March 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|publisher=Brown Daily Herald|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==Coat of arms==
[[File:Brown seal.png|thumb|right|170px|Seal of the university]]
Brown University's coat of arms is a white field divided into four sectors by a red cross; within each sector is an open book. Above the shield is a crest consisting of the upper half of a [[sun in splendor]] among the clouds atop a red and white [[torse]].
The sun and clouds represent "learning piercing the clouds of ignorance." The cross is believed to be a [[Saint George's Cross]], and the open books represent learning.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Brown University: Visual Identity and Graphic Standards|url = https://www.brown.edu/webmaster/visual_identity/logo.html|website = www.brown.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
==Campus==
[[File:brown university robinson hall 2009a.JPG|thumb|left|263x263px|Robinson Hall, built 1875-78, designed by [[William R. Walker & Son|Walker and Gould]], an octagonal building in the [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Gothic]] style. It is an example of the panoptic principle in library design inspired by the British Museum reading room<ref>"Robinson Hall" in ''SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings'', Society of Architectural Historians (sah-archipedia.org)</ref>]]
Brown is the largest institutional landowner in Providence, with properties on College Hill and in the [[Jewelry District (Providence)|Jewelry District]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Facilities_Management/docs/Brown%20Houses_11x17.jpg
|title=Brown Houses
|accessdate=December 21, 2007
|publisher=Brown University}}</ref> The College Hill campus was built contemporarily with the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precincts that surround it, so that University buildings blend with the architectural fabric of the city. The only indicator of "campus" is a brick and wrought-iron fence on Prospect, George, and Waterman streets, enclosing the College Green and Front Green. The character of Brown's urban campus is then European organic rather than American landscaped.
===Main campus===
{{further|List of Brown University buildings}}
The main campus, comprising 235 buildings and {{convert|143|acre|km2}}, is on College Hill in Providence's [[East Side, Providence, Rhode Island|East Side]]. It is reached from downtown principally by three extremely steep streets—College, Waterman, and [[Angell Street|Angell]]—which run through the Benefit Street historic district and the campus of the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]. College Street, culminating with Van Wickle Gates at the top of the hill, is especially beautiful, and is the setting for the Convocation and Commencement processions.
[[File:BrownVWG.jpg|thumb|225x225px|At Convocation, new students march through Van Wickle Gates, built 1900-01, designed by [[Howard Hoppin|Hoppin and Ely]] of Providence and [[Howard Hoppin|Hoppin and Koen]] of New York.<ref>In later sources the architects are variously given as Hoppin & Koen of New York, or Hoppin & Ely of Providence, or both. The Hoppins were brothers; in 1895 Ely had taken Francis's place in the Providence firm. ''The Brown Alumni Monthly'' (December 1900, p. 67) says both firms were the designers; ''The American Institute of Architects Quarterly Bulletin'' (vol. 4, 1903, p. 123) shows Hoppin & Ely, with Hoppin & Koen as "associated architects"</ref> The gates were the gift of Augustus Stout Van Wickle, class of 1876, who also gave the [[FitzRandolph Gateway]] at Princeton, built 1905, as a memorial to his ancestor Nathaniel FitzRandolph]]
'''Van Wickle Gates'''
{{Main|Van Wickle Gates}}
The Van Wickle Gates, dedicated on June 18, 1901, have a pair of smaller side gates that are open year-round, and a large central gate that is opened two days a year for Convocation and Commencement. At Convocation the gate opens inward to admit the procession of new students. At Commencement the gate opens outward for the procession of graduates.<ref>Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "[https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=V0020 Van Wickle Gates]." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''</ref> A Brown superstition is that students who walk through the central gate a second time prematurely will not graduate, although walking backwards is said to cancel the hex. Members of the [[Brown University Band]] famously flout the superstition by walking through the gate three times too many, as they annually play their role in the Commencement parade.
[[File:BrownUniversity-CarrieTower.jpg|thumb|left|223x223px|Carrie Tower, built 1904 in [[English Baroque]] style, is a memorial to Caroline Mathilde Brown, granddaughter of [[Nicholas Brown, Jr.|Nicholas Brown]], class of 1786, for whom the University is named]]
The core green spaces of the main campus are the Front (or "Quiet") Green, the College (or "Main") Green, and the Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (until 2012 called Lincoln Field). The old buildings on these three greens are the most photographed.
Adjacent to this older campus are, to the south, academic buildings and residential quadrangles, including Wriston, Keeney, and Gregorian quadrangles; to the east, Sciences Park occupying two city blocks; to the north, connected to Simmons Quadrangle by The Walk, academic and residential precincts, including the life sciences complex and the Pembroke Campus; and to the west, on the slope of College Hill, academic buildings, including List Art Center and the Hay and Rockefeller libraries. Also on the slope of College Hill, contiguous with Brown, is the campus of the [[Rhode Island School of Design]].
[[File:BrownUniversity-JohnHayLibrary.jpg|thumb|right|211x211px|The [[John Hay Library]], built 1910, designed by [[Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge]] in the [[English Renaissance]] style, is home to rare books, special collections, and the University archives]]
'''John Hay Library'''
{{Main|John Hay Library}}
The John Hay Library is the second oldest library on campus. It was opened in 1910 and named for [[John Hay]] (class of 1858, private secretary to [[Abraham Lincoln]] and Secretary of State under two Presidents) at the request of his friend [[Andrew Carnegie]], who contributed half of the $300,000 cost of the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=J0080 |title=From Martha Mitchell's ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': John Hay Library |publisher=Brown.edu |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref> It is now the repository of the University's archives, rare books and manuscripts, and special collections. Noteworthy among the latter are the [[Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dl.lib.brown.edu/libweb/collections/askb/ |title=The Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection :: Brown University Library |publisher=Dl.lib.brown.edu |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> (described as "the foremost American collection of material devoted to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"), the Harris Collection of American Poetry and Plays (described as "the largest and most comprehensive collection of its kind in any research library"), the Lownes Collection of the History of Science (described as "one of the three most important private collections of books of science in America"), and (for popularity of requests) the papers of [[H.P. Lovecraft]]. The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of [[Incunable|incunabula]] (15th-century printed books) in the Americas, as well as such rarities as the manuscript of [[George Orwell|Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' and a Shakespeare [[First Folio]]. There are also three books [[Anthropodermic bibliopegy|bound in human skin]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Johnson |first= M.L. |date= January 7, 2006 |agency= Associated Press |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=20060111&id=K-lYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rVYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5031,2157846 |title= Some of nation's best libraries have books bound in human skin |accessdate=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:brown university john carter brown lib.JPG|thumb|left|228x228px|The [[John Carter Brown Library]] on the College Green, built 1898-1904, designed by [[Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge]] in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] style, is one of the world's leading repositories of ancient books and maps relating to the exploration and natural history of the Americas<ref>"EBSCO Publishing and the John Carter Brown Library Join Forces to Offer Database", September 16, 2010, published online at Journals.EBSCO.com</ref>]]
'''John Carter Brown Library'''
{{Main|John Carter Brown Library}}
The John Carter Brown Library, founded in 1846, is administered separately from the University, but has been located on the Main Green of the campus since 1904. It is generally regarded as the world's leading collection of primary historical sources pertaining to the Americas before 1825. It houses a very large percentage of the titles published before that date about the discovery, settlement, history, and natural history of the New World. The "JCB", as it is known, published the 29-volume ''Bibliotheca Americana'', a principal bibliography in the field. Typical of its noteworthy holdings is the best preserved of the eleven surviving copies of the [[Bay Psalm Book]] the earliest extant book printed in British North America and the most expensive printed book in the world.<ref>BBC News, "Bay Psalm Book is most expensive printed work at $14.2m," [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-25115524 BBC]; [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/2013/the-bay-psalm-book-sale-n09039/The-Bay-Psalm-Book/2013/10/census-of-copies-of-.html Sothebys.com]</ref> There is also a very fine Shakespeare [[First Folio]], added to the collection by John Carter Brown's widow (a Shakespeare enthusiast) on the grounds that it includes ''[[The Tempest]]'', a play set in the New World. The JCB holdings comprise more than 50,000 early titles and about 16,000 modern books, as well as prints, manuscripts, maps, and other items in the library's specialty. Manning now houses the [[Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology]].
[[File:Manning Chapel.jpg|thumb|214x214px|On the Front Green at the top of College Hill are Hope College (left), built 1821-22, and Manning Hall, built 1834-35, designed by [[Russell Warren (architect)|Russell Warren]]. Both buildings were the gift of Nicholas Brown, Junior]]
===Haffenreffer Museum===
{{Main|Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology}}
The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are located in Manning Hall on the campus's main green. Its one million artifacts, available for research and educational purposes, are located at its Collections Research Center in Bristol, RI. The museum's goal is to inspire creative and critical thinking about culture by fostering interdisciplinary understanding of the material world. It provides opportunities for faculty and students to work with collections and the public, teaching through objects and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The museum sponsors lectures and events in all areas of anthropology, and also runs an extensive program of outreach to local schools.
[[File:First Baptist Meetinghouse, Providence, RI.jpg|thumb|left|263x263px|Brown Commencements have been held since 1776 in the [[First Baptist Church in America]], built 1774-75, designed by [[Joseph Brown (astronomer)|Joseph Brown]]. This "meeting house" was built to accommodate 1,400 people and for the dual purpose of "the publick worship of Almighty God and also for holding commencement in"<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 63; the quote is from the Baptist Society resolution dated February 11, 1774</ref>]]
The "Walk" connects Pembroke Campus to the main campus. It is a succession of green spaces extending from Ruth Simmons Quadrangle (Lincoln Field) in the south to the Pembroke College monument on Meeting Street in the north. It is bordered by departmental buildings and the Granoff Center for the Creative Arts. A focal point of The Walk will be the [[Maya Lin]]-designed water-circulating topographical sculpture of Narragansett Bay, to be installed in 2014 next to the Institute for the Study of Environment and Society.
[[File:BrownUniversity-SmithBuonannoHall.jpg|thumb|right|201x201px|Smith-Buonanno Hall on the Pembroke Campus]]
[[File:Miller Hall (Brown University, Providence, RI, USA).jpg|thumb|right|293x293px|Miller Hall on the Pembroke Campus]]
===Pembroke campus===
The [[Pembroke College in Brown University|Women's College in Brown University]], known as Pembroke College, was founded in October 1891. When it merged with Brown in 1971, the Pembroke Campus was absorbed into the Brown campus. The Pembroke campus is centered on a quadrangle that fronts on Meeting Street, where a garden and monument—with scale-model of the quadrangle in bronze—compose the formal entry to the campus. The Pembroke campus is among the most pleasing spaces at Brown, with noteworthy examples of Victorian and Georgian architecture. The west side of the quadrangle comprises Pembroke Hall (1897), Smith-Buonanno Hall (1907, formerly Pembroke Gymnasium), and Metcalf Hall (1919); the east side comprises Alumnae Hall (1927) and Miller Hall (1910); the quadrangle culminates on the north with Andrews Hall (1947) and its terrace and garden. Pembroke Hall, originally a classroom building and library, now houses the Cogut Center for the Humanities.
[[File:BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg|thumb|left|253x253px|The Orwig Music Library in the former Isaac Gifford Ladd house, built 1850, acquired in 1969 when Brown bought the buildings and grounds of [[Bryant University]] on the southeast edge of the Brown campus]]
East Campus, centered on Hope and Charlesfield streets, was originally the site of [[Bryant University]]. In 1969, as Bryant was preparing to move to Smithfield, Rhode Island, Brown bought their Providence campus for $5 million. This expanded the Brown campus by {{convert|10|acre|m2}} and 26 buildings, included several historic houses, notably the Isaac Gifford Ladd house, built 1850 (now Brown's Orwig Music Library), and the Robert Taft House, built 1895 (now King House). The area was named East Campus in 1971.
[[Thayer Street]] runs through Brown's main campus, north to south, and is College Hill's reduced-scale counterpart to [[Harvard Square]] or Berkeley's [[Telegraph Avenue]]. Restaurants, cafes, bistros, tavernas, pubs, bookstores, second-hand shops, and the like abound. Tourists, people-watchers, buskers, and students from Providence's six colleges make the scene. Half a mile south of campus is Thayer Street's hipper cousin, [[Wickenden Street]]. More picturesque and with older architecture, it features galleries, pubs, specialty shops, artist-supply stores, and a regionally famous coffee shop that doubles as a film set (for [[Woody Allen]] and others).
[[Brown Stadium]], built in 1925 and home to the football team, is located approximately a mile to the northeast of the main campus. Marston Boathouse, the home of the crew teams, lies on the Blackstone/Seekonk River, to the southeast of campus. Brown's Warren Alpert Medical School is situated in the historic [[Jewelry District (Providence)|Jewelry District of Providence]], near the medical campus of Brown's teaching hospitals, [[Rhode Island Hospital]], [[Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island|Women and Infants Hospital]], and Hasbro Children's Hospital. Other University research facilities in the Jewelry District include the Laboratories for Molecular Medicine.
Brown's School of Public Health occupies a landmark modernist building overlooking Memorial Park on the Providence Riverwalk. Brown also owns {{convert|376|acre|km2|adj=on}} the [[Mount Hope (Rhode Island)|Mount Hope Grant]] in Bristol, Rhode Island, an important [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[King Philip's War]] site. Brown's [[Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology]] Collection Research Center, particularly strong in Native American items, is located in the Mount Hope Grant.
==Academics==
===Presidents===
[[File:Christina paxson.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|19th Brown president [[Christina Hull Paxson]], 2012 to present]]
[[File:JonathanMaxcy.jpg|upright|thumb|left|160px|2nd Brown president, [[Jonathan Maxcy]], 1792–1802 was the first alum to serve as president]]
[[File:Francis Wayland 4th President of Brown.jpg|thumb|left|160px|4th Brown president Francis Wayland, 1827-1855. His influential book ''Thoughts on the Present Collegiate System in the United States'' (1842) urged American universities to adopt a broader curriculum]]
[[File:DrRuthJSimmons.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|18th Brown president [[Ruth J. Simmons]], 2001–2012, was the first [[African-American]] to lead an Ivy League university]]
{{Main|List of Presidents of Brown University}}
Brown's current president [[Christina Hull Paxson]] took office in 2012. She had previously been dean of the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs|Woodrow Wilson School]] at [[Princeton University]] and a past-chair of Princeton's economics department.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2012/03/paxson |title=Economist Christina Hull Paxson elected 19th president of Brown University | Brown University News and Events |publisher=News.brown.edu |date=March 2, 2012 |accessdate=April 1, 2012|others=Media Contact: Marisa Quinn}}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, Paxson presided over the year-long celebration of the 250th anniversary of Brown's founding. Her immediate predecessor as president was Ruth J. Simmons, the first [[African American]] president of an Ivy League institution. Simmons will remain at Brown as a professor of Comparative Literature and Africana Studies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ruth Simmons Resigning|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/15/ruth-simmons-resigning-brown_n_964174.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=September 9, 2011|first=Alana|last=Horowitz}}</ref>
===The College===
{{Main|The College of Brown University}}
Founded in 1764, the College is the oldest school of Brown University. About 6,400 undergraduate students are currently enrolled in the College, and 79 concentrations (majors) are offered. Completed concentrations of undergraduates by area are social sciences 42 percent, humanities 26 percent, life sciences 17 percent, and physical sciences 14 percent.<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Institutional_Research/documents/QuickReference09-10.pdf|title=Home|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> The concentrations with the greatest number of students are Biology, History, and International Relations. Brown is one of the few schools in the United States with an undergraduate concentration (major) in [[Egyptology]]. Undergraduates can also design an independent concentration if the existing programs do not align with their curricular focus.
35 percent of undergraduates pursue graduate or professional study immediately, 60 percent within 5 years, and 80 percent within 10 years.<ref name="admit-facts">{{cite web|author=Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html |title=Brown University Office of Admission facts and figures |publisher=Brown.edu |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref> For the Class of 1998, 75 percent of all graduates have since enrolled in a graduate or professional degree program.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Institutional_Research/documents/UndergraduateOutcomes2008.pdf|title=Home|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> The degrees acquired were doctoral 22 percent, master's 35 percent, medicine 28 percent, and law 14 percent.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
The highest fields of employment for graduates of the College are business 36 percent, education 19 percent, health/medical 6 percent, arts 6 percent, government 6 percent, and communications/media 5 percent.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:List_Art_Center,_Brown_University.jpg|thumb|right|208x208px|The List Art Center, built 1969-71, designed by [[Philip Johnson]], houses the Department of Visual Art and the David Winton Bell Gallery, and is adjacent to the campus of the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]]]
===Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program===
Brown's near neighbor on College Hill is the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] (RISD), America's top-ranked art college.<ref>{{cite web|title=RISD Ranks #1 for Fine Arts Grad Programs|url=http://www.risd.edu/About/News/RISD_Ranks_1.aspx|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=15 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727031422/http://www.risd.edu/about/news/risd_ranks_1.aspx|archivedate=July 27, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Brown and RISD students can cross-register at the two institutions, with Brown students permitted to take as many as four courses at RISD that count towards a Brown degree. The two institutions partner to provide various student-life services and the two student bodies compose a synergy in the College Hill cultural scene.
After several years of discussion between the two institutions and several students pursuing dual degrees unofficially, Brown and RISD formally established a five-year dual degree program in 2007, with the first class matriculating in the fall of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2007-08/07-013.html|title=07-013 (Brown/RISD Joint Degree)|website=www.brown.edu|access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref> The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, among the most selective in the country, offered admission to 19 of the 707 applicants for the class entering in autumn 2018, an acceptance rate of 2.7 percent.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2018/03/admission|title=News from Brown - With record applications, Brown admits 2,566 to Class of 2022|last=|first=|date=|website=www.brown.edu|access-date=}}</ref> It combines the complementary strengths of the two institutions, integrating studio art and design at RISD with the entire spectrum of Brown's departmental offerings. Students are admitted to the Dual Degree Program for a course lasting five years and culminating in both the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) or Bachelor of Science (Sc.B.) degree from Brown and the Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) degree from RISD. Prospective students must apply to the two schools separately and be accepted by separate admissions committees. Their application must then be approved by a third Brown/RISD joint committee.
Admitted students spend the first year in residence at RISD completing its first-year Experimental and Foundation Studies curriculum, while taking up to three Brown classes. The second year is spent in residence at Brown, during which students take mainly Brown courses while starting on their RISD major requirements. In the third, fourth, and fifth years, students can elect to live at either school or off-campus, and course distribution is determined by the requirements of each student's unique combination of Brown concentration and RISD major. Program participants are noted for their creative and original approach to cross-disciplinary opportunities, combining, for example, industrial design with engineering, or anatomical illustration with human biology, or philosophy with sculpture, or architecture with urban studies. An annual "BRDD Exhibition" is a well-publicized and heavily attended event, drawing interest and attendees from the wider world of industry, design, the media, and the fine arts.
[[File:BrownUniversity-LymanHall.jpg|thumb|left|221x221px|Lyman Hall, built 1890-92, designed by [[Stone, Carpenter & Willson|Stone, Carpenter and Willson]] in [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style, houses the Department of Theatre Arts and Performance Studies]]
===Theatre and playwriting===
Brown's theatre and playwriting programs are among the best-regarded in the country. Since 2003, eight different Brown graduates have either won (four times) or been nominated for (six times) the [[Pulitzer Prize]]—including winners [[Lynn Nottage]] '86 (twice—2009, 2017), [[Ayad Akhtar]] '93, [[Nilo Cruz]] '94, and [[Quiara Alegría Hudes]] '04; and nominees [[Sarah Ruhl]] '97 (twice), [[Gina Gionfriddo]] '97 (twice), [[Stephen Karam]] '02, and [[Jordan Harrison]] '03. In ''American Theater'' magazine's 2009 ranking of the most-produced American plays, Brown graduates occupied four of the top five places—Peter Nachtrieb '97, Rachel Sheinkin '89, Sarah Ruhl '97, and Stephen Karam '02.<ref>Kathy Borchers, "Brown University turning out one exceptional playwright after another," Associated Press (''Providence Journal''), December 18, 2009; {{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/features/article/most-produced-plays |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903071900/http://www.playbill.com/features/article/most-produced-plays |archivedate=September 3, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>
The undergraduate concentration (major) encompasses programs in theatre history, performance theory, playwriting, dramaturgy, acting, directing, dance, speech, and technical production. Applications for doctoral and master's degree programs are made through the University Graduate School. Master's degrees in acting and directing are pursued in conjunction with the Rep MFA program, which partners with one of the country's great regional theatres, [[Trinity Repertory Company]], home of the last longstanding resident acting company in the country.<ref>Molly Lederer, "Trinity Rep is still shining after 50 years," ''East Side Monthly'', Oct. 2013, p. 17</ref> Trinity Rep's present artistic director [[Curt Columbus]] succeeded [[Oskar Eustis]] in 2006, when Eustis was chosen to lead New York's [[The Public Theater|Public Theater]].
The many performance spaces available to Brown students include the Chace and Dowling theaters at Trinity Rep; the McCormack Family, Lee Strasberg, Rites and Reason, Ashamu Dance, Stuart, and Leeds theatres in University departments; the Upstairs Space and Downstairs Space belonging to the wholly student-run [[Production Workshop]]; and Alumnae Hall, used by Brown University Gilbert & Sullivan and by [[Brown Opera Productions]]. Production design courses utilize the John Street Studio of [[Eugene Lee (designer)|Eugene Lee]], three-time [[Tony Award]]-winner.
[[File:BrownUniversity-HopeCollege.jpg|thumb|left|190x190px|Hope College, built 1821-22 in late [[Federal architecture|Federal]] style, was named for Hope Brown Ives, sister of [[Nicholas Brown, Jr.|Nicholas Brown, Junior]], and was the first purpose-built residence hall at Brown]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-FacultyClub.jpg|thumb|right|214x214px|Membership in the Brown Faculty Club is open to all faculty, staff, alumni, and Brown parents, and confers reciprocal privileges at other clubs—in North America, England, Spain, and Israel—through the Association of College and University Clubs]]
===Writing programs===
Writing at Brown—fiction, non-fiction, poetry, playwriting, screenwriting, electronic writing, mixed media, and the undergraduate writing proficiency requirement—is catered for by various centers and degree programs, and a faculty that has long included nationally and internationally known authors. The undergraduate concentration (major) in literary arts offers courses in fiction, poetry, screenwriting, literary hypermedia, and translation. Graduate programs include the fiction and poetry MFA writing programs in the literary arts department, and the MFA playwriting program in the theatre arts and performance studies department. The non-fiction writing program is offered in the English department. Screenwriting and cinema narrativity courses are offered in the departments of literary arts and modern culture and media. The undergraduate writing proficiency requirement is supported by the Writing Center.
===Author prizewinners===
Alumni authors take their degrees across the spectrum of degree concentrations, but a gauge of the strength of writing at Brown is the number of major national writing prizes won. To note only winners since the year 2000: [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]-winners [[Jeffrey Eugenides]] '82 (2003), [[Marilynne Robinson]] '66 (2005), and [[Andrew Sean Greer]] '92 (2018); British [[Orange Prize]]-winners [[Marilynne Robinson]] '66 (2009) and [[Madeline Miller]] '00 (2012); [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]]-winners [[Nilo Cruz]] '94 (2003), [[Lynn Nottage]] '86 (twice, 2009, 2017), [[Quiara Alegría Hudes]] '04 (2012), and [[Ayad Akhtar]] '93 (2013); [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize for Biography]]-winner [[David Kertzer]] '69 (2015); [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize for Journalism]]-winners [[James Risen]] '77 (twice, 2002, 2006), [[Mark Maremont]] '80 (twice, 2003, 2007), [[Gareth Cook]] '91 (2005), [[Tony Horwitz]] '80 (2005), Peter Kovacs '77 (2006), Stephanie Grace '86 (2006), Mary Swerczek '98 (2006), Jane B. Spencer '99 (2006), [[Usha Lee McFarling]] '89 (2007), James Bandler '89 (2007), Amy Goldstein '75 (2009), [[David Rohde]] '90 (twice, 1996, 2009), [[Kathryn Schulz]] '96 (2016), and [[Alissa J. Rubin]] '80 (2016); [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction|Pulitzer Prize for General]] Nonfiction-winner [[James Forman Jr.]] '88 (2018), as well as [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]]-winner [[Peter Balakian]] PhD '80.
[[File:BrownUniversity-WatsonCIT.jpg|thumb|left|188x188px|The Watson Center for Information Technology, built 1988, designed by [[Cambridge Seven Associates]]. It is named for Thomas J. Watson, Jr., Brown class of 1937, who led the global rise of [[IBM]].]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-182GeorgeSt.jpg|thumb|right|231x231px|The division of applied mathematics in the former Henry Pearce House, built 1898, designed by Frank W. Angell and Frank H. Swift, acquired by Brown in 1952]]
===Computer science===
Brown began offering computer science courses through the departments of Economics and Applied Mathematics in 1956 when it acquired an IBM machine. Brown added an [[IBM 650]] in January 1958, the only one of its type between Hartford and Boston. In 1960, Brown opened its first dedicated computer building. The building, designed by [[Philip Johnson]] and opened on George Street, received an [[IBM 7070]] computer the next year. Brown granted computer sciences full Departmental status in 1979. In 2009, IBM and Brown announced the installation of a supercomputer (by teraflops standards), the most powerful in the southeastern New England region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2009/11/supercomputer|title=Brown, IBM Unveil Multimillion-Dollar Supercomputer - News from Brown|work=brown.edu|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref>
In the 1960s, [[Andries van Dam]] along with [[Ted Nelson]], and [[Bob Wallace]] invented The [[Hypertext Editing System]]s, [[Hypertext Editing System|HES]] and [[FRESS]] while at Brown. Nelson coined the word ''[[hypertext]]''. Van Dam's students helped originate [[XML]], [[XSLT]], and related Web standards. Other Brown alumni have distinguished themselves in the computer sciences. They include a principal architect of the [[Classic Mac OS]], a principal architect of the [[Intel 80386]] microprocessor line, the [[Windows 95|Microsoft Windows 95]] project chief, a CEO of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], the former head of the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]], the inaugural chair of the [[Computing Community Consortium]], and design chiefs at [[Pixar]] and [[Industrial Light & Magic]], protegees of graphics guru [[Andries van Dam]]. The character "Andy" in the animated film ''Toy Story'' is taken to be an homage to Van Dam from his students employed at Pixar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114709/trivia|title=IMDB trivia for Toy Story page|work=IMDb|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> Van Dam denies this, but a copy of his book (''Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice'') appears on Andy's bookshelf in the film. Brown computer science graduate and ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' actor [[Masi Oka]] '97, was an animator at [[Industrial Light & Magic]].
The department today is home to [[Cave Automatic Virtual Environment|The CAVE]]. This project is a [[virtual reality]] room used for everything from three-dimensional drawing classes to tours of the [[circulatory system]] for medical students. In 2000, students from Brown's Technology House converted the south face of the Sciences Library into a [[Tetris]] game, the first high-rise-building Tetris ever attempted. Code named La Bastille, the game used a [[personal computer]] running [[Linux]], a radio-frequency video game controller, eleven circuit boards, a 12-story data network, and over 10,000 Christmas lights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bastilleweb.techhouse.org/ |title=La Bastille: A Tech House Art Installation |publisher=Bastilleweb.techhouse.org |date=April 14, 2000 |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.macobserver.com/news/00/april/000425/wozontetris.shtml
|title=Play Tetris On A Building Wall ... And Steve Wozniak Will Visit You
|publisher=The Mac Observer
|date=April 25, 2000 }}</ref>
[[File:Rhode Island Hall, Brown University, Providence RI.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Rhode Island Hall on the College Green, built 1839-40, designed by [[Russell Warren (architect)|James Bucklin]] in [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style to house the Natural History department, is now home to the [[Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World|Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology]]]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-WilbourHall.jpg|thumb|right|240x240px|The Department of Egyptology and Assyriology in Wilbour Hall, the former Samuel Dorrance Mansion, built 1888. Wilbour Hall is named for [[Charles Edwin Wilbour]], class of 1854, famed Egyptologist, whose collections and papers are held in the Wilbour Library in New York]]
===The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World===
The [[Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World]] pursues fieldwork and excavations, regional surveys, and academic study of the archaeology and art of the ancient Mediterranean, Egypt, and Western Asia from the Levant to the Caucasus. The Institute has a very active fieldwork profile, with faculty-led excavations and regional surveys presently in Petra, Jordan, in West-Central Turkey, at Abydos in Egypt, and in Sudan, Italy, Mexico, Guatemala, Montserrat in the West Indies, and Providence, Rhode Island.
The Institute's faculty includes cross-appointments from the departments of Egyptology, Assyriology, Classics, Anthropology, and History of Art and Architecture. Faculty research and publication areas include Greek and Roman art and architecture, landscape archaeology, urban and religious architecture of the Levant, Roman provincial studies, the Aegean Bronze Age, and the archaeology of the Caucasus. The Institute offers visiting teaching appointments and postdoctoral fellowships which have, in recent years, included Near Eastern Archaeology and Art, Classical Archaeology and Art, Islamic Archaeology and Art, and Archaeology and Media Studies.
'''Egyptology and Assyriology'''
Facing the Joukowsky Institute, across the Front Green, is the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology, formed in 2006 by the merger of Brown's renowned departments of Egyptology and History of Mathematics. It is one of only a handful of such departments in the United States. The curricular focus is on three principal areas: Egyptology (the study of the ancient languages, history, and culture of Egypt), Assyriology (the study of the ancient lands of present-day Iraq, Syria, and Turkey), and the history of the ancient exact sciences (astronomy, astrology, and mathematics). Many courses in the department are open to all Brown undergraduates without prerequisite, and include archaeology, languages, history, and Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions, literature, and science. Students concentrating (majoring) in the department choose a track of either Egyptology or Assyriology. Graduate level study comprises three tracks to the doctoral degree: Egyptology, Assyriology, or the History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity.
[[File:BrownUniversity-WatsonInstitute.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Watson Institute for International Studies|Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]], built 2000-2002, designed by [[Rafael Viñoly]]]]
=== The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs ===
{{Main|Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs}}
The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs is a center for the study of global issues and public affairs and is one of the leading institutes of its type in the country. It occupies an architecturally distinctive building designed by Uruguayan architect [[Rafael Viñoly]]. The Institute was initially endowed by [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]], Brown class of 1937, former [[Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], and longtime president of [[IBM]]. Institute faculty includes, or formerly included, Italian prime minister and [[European Commission]] president [[Romano Prodi]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/prodi Brown.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930014537/http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/prodi |date=September 30, 2014 }}</ref> Brazilian president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/news/2012/former-professor-large-cardoso-awarded-kluge-prize-study-humanity Brown.edu] {{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref> Chilean president [[Ricardo Lagos|Ricardo Lagos Escobar]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/lagos Brown.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402013501/http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/lagos |date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> Mexican novelist and statesman [[Carlos Fuentes]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Social Fabric: Global Migration, Local Exclusions, and the New Iberoamerican Agenda|url=http://watson.brown.edu/events/2011/social-fabric-global-migration-local-exclusions-and-new-iberoamerican-agenda|publisher=Watson Institute|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=April 6, 2011}}</ref> Brazilian statesman and United Nations commission head [[Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/pinheiro Brown.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930064440/http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/pinheiro |date=September 30, 2014 }}</ref> Indian foreign minister and ambassador to the United States [[Nirupama Rao]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Meera and Vikram Gandhi Fellows|url=https://brown.edu/initiatives/india/meera-and-vikram-gandhi-fellows|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=9 March 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150309230031/http://brown.edu/initiatives/india/meera-and-vikram-gandhi-fellows|archivedate=March 9, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> American diplomat and [[Dayton Agreement|Dayton Peace Accords]] author [[Richard Holbrooke]] (Brown '62),<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown University community mourns loss of Richard C. Holbrooke, alumnus and career diplomat|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/12/hol|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> and [[Sergei Khrushchev]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Khrushchev Recalls the Cuban Missile Crisis on BBC|url=http://watson.brown.edu/news/2012/sergei-khrushchev-recalls-cuban-missile-crisis-bbc|publisher=Watson Institute|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=October 15, 2012}}</ref> editor of the papers of his father [[Nikita Khrushchev]], leader of the [[Soviet Union]].
The Institute's curricular interest is organized into the principal themes of development, security, and governance—with further focuses on globalization, economic uncertainty, security threats, environmental degradation, and poverty. Three Brown undergraduate concentrations (majors) are hosted by the Watson Institute—Development Studies, International Relations, and Public Policy. Graduate programs offered at the Watson Institute include the Graduate Program in Development (Ph.D.) and the Public Policy Program (M.P.A). The Institute also offers Post Doctoral, professional development and global outreach programming. In support of these programs, the Institute houses various centers, including the Brazil Initiative, Brown-India Initiative, China Initiative, Middle East Studies center, The Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS) and the Taubman Center for Public Policy. In recent years, the most internationally cited product of the Watson Institute has been its [[Casualties of the Iraq War|Costs of War Project]], first released in 2011 and continuously updated. The Project comprises a team of economists, anthropologists, political scientists, legal experts, and physicians, and seeks to calculate the economic costs, human casualties, and impact on civil liberties of the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan since 2001.
[[File:Slater_Hall,_Brown_University.jpg|thumb|left|240px|upright|Slater Hall, built 1879, designed by [[Stone, Carpenter & Willson|Stone and Carpenter]] in [[High Victorian Gothic|Ruskinian Gothic]] style. When its foundation was dug at the south end of the College Green, neighbors objected that the Green "upon which so many are accustomed to gaze while taking daily walks" would be blocked from view, and Slater Hall was re-sited facing the Front Green]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-SalomonCenter.jpg|thumb|right|240x240px|Rogers Hall on the College Green, built 1862, designed by [[Alpheus C. Morse|Alpheus Morse]] in the [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]] style as a chemistry laboratory, was renamed in 1989 the Salomon Center for Teaching]]
===The School of Engineering===
{{main|Brown University School of Engineering}}
Established in 1847, Brown's engineering program is the oldest in the Ivy League and the third oldest civilian engineering program in the country, preceded only by [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] (1824) and [[Union College]] (1845). In 1916, the departments of electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering were merged into a Division of Engineering, and in 2010 the division was elevated to a School of Engineering.
Engineering at Brown is especially interdisciplinary. The School is organized without the traditional departments or boundaries found at most schools, and follows a model of connectivity between disciplines—including biology, medicine, physics, chemistry, computer science, the humanities and the social sciences. The School practices an innovative clustering of faculties in which engineers team with non-engineers to bring a convergence of ideas.
===IE Brown Executive MBA Dual Degree Program===
Since 2009, Brown has developed an Executive MBA program in conjunction with one of the leading Business Schools in Europe; [[IE Business School]] in Madrid. This relationship has since strengthened resulting in both institutions offering a dual degree program.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown's website |date= October 2014 |url= https://brown.edu/professional/executive/iebrown-mba/ |title= IE Brown Executive MBA |publisher= Brown University News Service |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141107114344/http://brown.edu/professional/executive/iebrown-mba/ |archivedate= November 7, 2014 |deadurl= yes |df= mdy-all }}</ref> In this partnership, Brown provides its traditional coursework while IE provides most of the business-related subjects making a differentiated alternative program to other Ivy League's EMBAs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Patrick|title=Brown University Gets Into the MBA Game|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-05-23/brown-university-gets-into-the-mba-game|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=May 23, 2014}}</ref> The cohort typically consists of 25-30 EMBA candidates from some 20 countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iebrown.com/faqs.php |title=IE Brown Executive MBA - Faqs - IE Brown Executive MBA |work=iebrown.com |accessdate=July 24, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217091212/http://www.iebrown.com/faqs.php |archivedate=December 17, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>
Classes are held in Providence, Madrid, Cape Town and Online.
===The Pembroke Center===
{{Main|Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women}}
The Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women was established at Brown in 1981 by [[Joan Wallach Scott]] as a research center on gender. It was named for Pembroke College, the former women's coordinate college at Brown, and is affiliated with Brown's [[Sarah Doyle Women's Center]]. It supports the undergraduate concentration in [[Gender]] and [[Human sexuality|Sexuality]] Studies, post-doctoral research fellowships, the annual Pembroke Seminar, and other academic programs. The Center also manages various collections, archives, and resources, including the Elizabeth Weed Feminist Theory Papers and the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archive.
===The Graduate School===
{{Main|Brown University Graduate School}}
Established in 1887, the Graduate School has around 2,000 students studying over 50 disciplines. 20 different [[master's degrees]] are offered as well as [[Ph.D.]] degrees in over 40 subjects ranging from [[applied mathematics]] to [[public policy]]. Overall, admission to the Graduate School is most competitive with an acceptance rate of about 10 percent.
[[File:Ship Street Farmers' Market in front of Brown Alpert Medical School.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The Ship Street Farmer's Market in front of the Medical Education Building on the campus of Brown's Alpert Medical School in the [[Jewelry District (Providence)|Jewelry District]]]]
[[File:Brown University 121 South Main Street Building.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Brown's School of Public Health on the Riverwalk in Providence occupies a building designed by [[Edward Larrabee Barnes]]]]
===Alpert Medical School===
{{Main|Alpert Medical School}}
The University's medical program started in 1811, but the school was suspended by President Wayland in 1827 after the program's faculty declined to live on campus (a new requirement under Wayland). In 1975, the first M.D. degrees from the new Program in Medicine were awarded to a graduating class of 58 students. In 1991, the school was officially renamed the Brown University School of Medicine, then renamed once more to Brown Medical School in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://med.brown.edu/timeline/ |title=History of the Brown Medical School |publisher=Med.brown.edu |accessdate=June 6, 2012}}</ref> In January 2007, Warren Alpert donated $100 million to Brown Medical School, in recognition of which its name was changed to the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
In 2014, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Brown's medical school the 5th most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 2.9 percent.<ref name=usnews.com>{{cite web|last1=Smith-Barrow|first1=Delece|title=10 Medical Schools With the Lowest Acceptance Rates|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/the-short-list-grad-school/articles/2014/03/27/10-medical-schools-with-the-lowest-acceptance-rates|publisher=U.S. News and World Report LP|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316192021/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/the-short-list-grad-school/articles/2014/03/27/10-medical-schools-with-the-lowest-acceptance-rates|archive-date=March 16, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
''U.S. News'' ranks it 31st for research and 21st in primary care.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings?int=af3309&int=b3b50a&int=aac509 |title=Best Medical Schools (Primary Care) Ranked in 2019 - US News Rankings |publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |accessdate=December 15, 2017}}</ref>
The medical school is known especially for its eight-year [[Program in Liberal Medical Education]] (PLME), inaugurated in 1984. One of the most selective and renowned programs of its type in the country, it offered admission to 90 of the 2,290 applicants for the class entering in autumn 2015, an acceptance rate of 3.9 percent.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Since 1976, the Early Identification Program (EIP) has encouraged Rhode Island residents to pursue careers in medicine by recruiting sophomores from [[Providence College]], [[Rhode Island College]], the [[University of Rhode Island]], and [[Tougaloo College]]. In 2004, the school once again began to accept applications from premedical students at other colleges and universities via [[AMCAS]] like most other medical schools. The medical school also offers combined degree programs leading to the M.D./[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], M.D./[[Master of Public Health|M.P.H.]] and M.D./[[Master of Public Policy|M.P.P.]] degrees.
===The Marine Biological Laboratory===
{{Main|Marine Biological Laboratory}}
The [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] (MBL) is an independent research institution established in 1882 at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The laboratory is linked to 54 current or past [[Nobel Laureates]] who have been research or teaching faculty. Since 2005, the MBL and Brown have collaborated in a Ph.D. program in biological and environmental sciences that combines faculty at both institutions, including the faculties of the Ecosystems Center, the Bay Paul Center, the Program in Cellular Dynamics, and the Marine Resources Center.
===Online Programs===
[[File:Brown School of Professional Studies.jpg|thumb|The building in which the School of Professional Studies resides.]]The Brown University School of Professional Studies currently offers [[blended learning]] Executive master's degrees in Healthcare Leadership, Cyber Security, and Science and Technology Leadership.<ref>{{cite|title=Brown School of Professional Studies|url=https://professional.brown.edu/|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref> The master's degrees are designed to help students who have a job and life outside of academia to progress in their respective fields. The students meet in [[Providence, RI]] every 6–7 weeks for a week seminar each trimester.
The University has also invested in [[MOOC]] development starting in 2013, when two courses, ''Archeology's Dirty Little Secrets'' and ''The Fiction of Relationship'', both of which received thousands of students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brown launches two free online courses|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2013/06/coursera|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref> However, after a year of courses, the University broke its contract with [[Coursera]] and revamped its online persona and MOOC development department. By 2017, the University released new courses on [[EdX|edx]], two of which were ''The Ethics of Memory'' and ''Artful Medicine: Art's Power to Enrich Patient Care''. In January 2018, Brown published its first "game-ified" course called '' Fantastic Places, Unhuman Humans: Exploring Humanity Through Literature'', which featured out of platform games to help learners understand materials, as well as a story-line that immerses users into a fictional world to help characters along their journey.<ref>{{cite|title=BrownX|url=https://www.edx.org/school/brownx|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref>
==Admissions and financial aid==
{| style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px" "text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Fall Admission Statistics''
|-
!
!2018<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2018/03/admission |title=With record applications, Brown admits 2,566 to Class of 2022 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>
!2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/09/firstyear|title=Meet the Class of 2021|last=|first=|date=|website=Brown University|access-date=}}</ref>!! 2016<ref name=Admit>{{cite web |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2016/03/admitted2020 |title=From largest applicant pool in history, Brown admits 2,919 to Class of 2020 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/factbook/undergraduate-admission-and-financial-aid|title=Undergraduate Admission and Financial Aid {{!}} Office of Institutional Research|website=www.brown.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>!! 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2015-2016%20to%20use.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2015-2016, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>!! 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2014-2015.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2014-2015, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>!! 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2013-14.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2013-2014, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>!! 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2012-2013_0.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2012-2013, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>
|-align="center"
! Applicants
|35,438 || 32,723 || 32,390 || 30,396 || 30,431 || 28,919 || 28,742
|-align="center"
! Admits
|2,566 || 2,779 || 3,014 || 2,875 || 2,661 || 2,654 || 2,759
|-align="center"
! Admit rate
|7.2% || 8.5% || 9.3% || 9.5% || 8.7% || 9.2% || 9.6%
|-align="center"
! Enrolled
|1,657 || 1,639 || 1,681 || 1,615 || 1,561 || 1,543 || 1,539
|-align="center"
! SAT range
| N/A || 1405-1570{{efn|As of Fall 2017, SAT scores for the incoming class were calculated on a 1600-point scale instead of the old 2400-point scale.}} || 2060-2350 || 2060-2340 || 2000-2330 || 2000-2310 || 1990-2310
|-align="center"
! ACT range
|N/A || 31-35 || 31-34 || 31-34 || 30-34 || 29-34 || 29-34
|}
For the undergraduate class of 2022 (enrolling in Fall 2018), Brown received 35,438 applications, the largest applicant pool in the University's history. 2,566 were accepted for an acceptance rate of 7.2%, the lowest in university history.<ref name="auto"/> Additionally, for the academic year 2015-16 there were 1,834 transfer applicants, of whom 8.9% were accepted, with an SAT range of 2180-2330, ACT range of 31-34, and average college GPA of 3.85.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/admission/undergraduate/apply/transfer-applicants|title=Transfer Applicants - Undergraduate Admission|website=www.brown.edu}}</ref> In 2017, the Graduate School accepted 11 percent of 9,215 applicants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/facts|title=Facts About Brown|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, ''U.S. News'' ranked Brown's Warren [[Alpert Medical School]] the 5th most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 2.9 percent.<ref name="usnews.com"/>
Brown admission policy is stipulated [[need-blind]] for all domestic applicants. In 2017, Brown announced that loans would be eliminated from all undergraduate financial aid awards starting in 2018-2019, as part of a new $30 million campaign called the ''Brown Promise''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brown to eliminate loans from University undergraduate aid packages in 2018-19|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/12/promise|publisher=Brown University|date=December 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2016-17, the university awarded need-based scholarships worth $120.5 million. The average need-based award for the class of 2020 was $47,940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brown.edu/about/administration/financial-aid/|title=Home - Financial Aid|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
== Sustainability ==
Brown has committed to "minimize its energy use, reduce negative environmental impacts and promote environmental stewardship."<ref name="Brown's Energy and Environmental Mission">{{cite web
|title = Department of Facilities Management, Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee
|publisher = Brown University
|url = https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Facilities_Management/energy_policy_recommendations.php
|accessdate = May 28, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724042058/http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Facilities_Management/energy_policy_recommendations.php
|archive-date = July 24, 2008
|dead-url = yes
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref> The Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee has developed a set of ambitious goals for the university to reduce its [[carbon emissions]] and eventually achieve [[carbon neutrality]]. The "Brown is Green" website collects information about Brown's progress toward greenhouse gas emissions reductions and related campus initiatives, such as student groups, courses, and research.<ref name="Brown is Green">{{cite web
|title=information on Brown's efforts to create a more sustainable environment
|publisher=Brown University
|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/
|accessdate=May 28, 2008}}</ref> Brown's grade of A-minus was the top one issued in the 2009 report of the Sustainable Endowments Institute (no A-grade was issued).<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web
|title=College Sustainability Report Card 2009
|publisher =Sustainable Endowments Institute
|url=http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/
|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}</ref>
Brown has a number of active environmental leadership groups on campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown is Green: Student Groups and Initiatives |publisher=Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/about/brown-is-green/student-groups-and-initiatives |accessdate=June 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704145244/http://www.brown.edu/about/brown-is-green/student-groups-and-initiatives |archivedate=July 4, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> These groups have begun a number of campus-wide environmental initiatives—including promoting the reduction of supply and demand of bottled water and investigating a composting program.
==Athletics==
{{Main|Brown Bears}}
[[File:Brown freshman crew, by E. Berg.jpg|thumb|left|320px|A stereoscopic image of the Brown freshman crew in competition at Lake Quinsigamond, Mass., on July 22, 1870. Brown rowing, among the pioneer programs in the country, dates from June 1857. Its first three-school regatta was held with Harvard and Yale at Lake Quinsigamond on July 27, 1859<ref>A. Joukowsky, H. Ambler, D. Philips, C. Albert, and M. Hooper, ''Ever True: The History of Brown Crew'' (Providence: Brown University Sports Foundation; Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, 2010)</ref>]]
[[File:The 1879 Brown University Baseball Team.jpg|thumb|230px|The 1879 Brown baseball varsity, with [[William Edward White|W.E. White]] seated second from right. White's appearance in an 1879 major league game may have broken baseball's color line 68 years before [[Jackie Robinson]]<ref>Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org)</ref><ref>Stefan Fatsis, "Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?" ''Wall Street Journall'', January 30, 2004 (online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107541676333815810)</ref><ref>Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first black player in major-league history," ''Slate'', February 4, 2014; baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Bill_White_(whitebi01)</ref><ref>Rick Harris, ''Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game'' (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41-3</ref>]]
Brown is a member of the [[Ivy League]] athletic conference, which is categorized as a [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] (top level) conference of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA). The Brown Bears are the third largest university sports program in the United States, sponsoring 38 [[varsity team|varsity]] intercollegiate teams (Harvard sponsors 42 and Princeton 39).{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Brown's athletic program is one of the ''U.S. News & World Report'' top 20—the "College Sports Honor Roll"—based on breadth of program and athletes' graduation rates. Brown's newest varsity team is women's rugby, promoted from club-sport status in 2014.
Brown women's rowing has won 7 national titles between 1999 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brownbears.com/exceptional_bears/nat_champions_teams|title=National Champions (Teams)|work=Brown|access-date=2018-05-16|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152633/http://www.brownbears.com/exceptional_bears/nat_champions_teams|archive-date=May 17, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Brown University Rowing|Brown men's rowing]] perennially finishes in the top 5 in the nation, most recently winning silver, bronze, and silver in the national championship races of 2012, 2013, and 2014. The men's and women's crews have also won championship trophies at the [[Henley Royal Regatta]] and the [[Henley Women's Regatta]]. Brown's men's soccer is consistently ranked in the top 20,{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} and has won 18 Ivy League titles overall; recent{{when|date=October 2014}} soccer graduates play professionally in [[Major League Soccer]] and overseas. Brown football, under its most successful coach historically, Phil Estes, won Ivy League championships in 1999, 2005, and 2008. (Brown football's reemergence is credited to its 1976 Ivy League championship team, "The Magnificent Andersons," so named for its coach, John Anderson.) High-profile alumni of the football program include [[Houston Texans]] head coach [[Bill O'Brien (American football)|Bill O'Brien]]; former [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]] football coach [[Joe Paterno]], [[Heisman Trophy]] namesake [[John W. Heisman]], and Pollard Award namesake [[Fritz Pollard]]. The Men's Lacrosse team also has a long and storied history. Brown women's gymnastics won the Ivy League tournament in 2013 and 2014. Brown varsity equestrian has won the Ivy League championship several times.<ref>U.S. News & World Report. (March 18, 2002). "[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/sports/rankings/honor.htm College Sports: Honor Roll]." ''U.S. News & World Report''</ref> Brown also supports competitive intercollegiate club sports, including [[sailing]] and [[ultimate (sport)|ultimate frisbee]]. The men's ultimate team, [[Brownian Motion (Ultimate)|Brownian Motion]], has twice won the national championship, in 2000 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 College|url=http://www.usaultimate.org/archives/2000_college.aspx|website=USAultimate.org|publisher=USAultimate.org|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref>
The first intercollegiate ice hockey game in America was played between Brown and Harvard on January 19, 1898.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mice/1897-98/schedule|title=Harvard 1897-98 Men's Ice Hockey Schedule|accessdate=August 6, 2011}}</ref> The first university rowing regatta larger than a dual-meet was held between Brown, Harvard, and Yale at Lake Quinsigamond in Massachusetts on July 26, 1859.<ref>Robert B. Johnson, ''A History of Rowing in America'' (1871), pp. 60-1</ref><ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 346–347.</ref>
==Student life==
===Campus safety===
In 2014, Brown University tied with the University of Connecticut for the highest number of reported rapes in the nation, with its "total of reports of rape" on their main campus standing at 43.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/|title=These colleges have the most reports of rape|first=Nick|last=Anderson|date=June 7, 2016|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>
===Spring weekend===
{{main|Brown University traditions#Spring weekend}}
The weekend includes an annual spring concert festival which has featured numerous famous artists.
=== Residential and Greek societies ===
[[File:BrownUniversity-LaddObservatory.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Ladd Observatory]], built 1890–1891, is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]
About 12 percent of Brown students are in fraternities and sororities. There are 11 residential Greek houses: six fraternities (Beta Rho Pi, [[Delta Phi]], Delta Tau, [[Phi Kappa Psi]], [[Sigma Chi]], and [[Theta Delta Chi]]; three sororities ([[Alpha Chi Omega]], [[Kappa Alpha Theta]], and [[Kappa Delta]]), one co-ed house ([[Zeta Delta Xi]]), and one co-ed literary society ([[Alpha Delta Phi#The Society|Alpha Delta Phi]]). [[Phi Sigma Kappa]] fraternity was present on campus from 1906 to 1939, but was unable to reactivate after World War II due to wartime losses.<ref name="ATPS">{{cite book |last1= Rand |first1= Frank Prentice |last2= Watts |first2= Ralph |last3= Sefton |first3= James E. |title= All The Phi Sigs – A History |publisher= Grand Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa |year= 1993}}</ref> All recognized Greek-letter organizations are located on campus in Wriston Quadrangle in university-owned housing. They are overseen by the Greek Council.
An alternative to Greek-letter organizations are the program houses organized by themes. As with Greek houses, the residents of program houses select their new members, usually at the start of the spring semester. Examples of program houses are [[St. Anthony Hall]] (located in King House), Buxton International House, the Machado [[French language|French]]/[[Hispanic]]/Latinx House, Technology House, Harambee (African culture) House, Social Action House and [[Interfaith]] House.
Currently,{{When|date=May 2017}} there are three student cooperative houses at Brown. Two of them, Watermyn and Finlandia on Waterman Street, are owned by the [[Brown Association for Cooperative Housing]] (BACH), a non-profit corporation owned by its members. The third co-op, West House, is located in a Brown-owned house on Brown Street. The three organizations run a vegetarian co-op for the larger community.
All students not in program housing enter a lottery for general housing. Students form groups and are assigned time slots during which they can pick among the remaining housing options.
[[File:BrownUniversity-OrganRecital.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The largest surviving Hutchings-Votey organ in the world is in Sayles Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.brown.edu/articles/2009/03/organ-0|title=The sound of 3,355 pipes - Today at Brown|publisher=Brown University|access-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> It has 3,355 pipes and weighs 25 tons. It is pictured here for Brown's traditional Halloween midnight concert.]]
=== Societies and clubs ===
The earliest societies at Brown were devoted to oration and debate. The Pronouncing Society is mentioned in the diary of [[Solomon Drowne]], class of 1773, who was voted its president in 1771. It seems to have disappeared during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. We next hear of the Misokosmian Society, founded in 1794 and renamed the Philermenian Society in 1798. This was effectively a secret society with membership limited to 45. It met fortnightly to hear speeches and debate and thrived until the Civil War; in 1821 its library held 1594 volumes. In 1799, a chapter of the Philandrian Society, also secret, was established at the College. In 1806, the United Brothers was formed as an egalitarian alternative to the Philermenian Society. "These two great rivals," says the University historian, "divided the student body between them for many years, surviving into the days of President Sears. A tincture of political controversy sharpened their rivalry, the older society inclining to the aristocratic Federals, the younger to the Republicans, the democrats of that day. ... The students continuing to increase in number, they outran the constitutional limits of both societies, and a third, the Franklin Society, was established in 1824; it never had the vitality of the other two, however, and died after ten years."<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 181.</ref> Other nineteenth century clubs and societies, too numerous to treat here, are described in Bronson's history of the University.<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 120, 147–148, 180–182, 239–244, 348–349 & 483–484.</ref>
[[File:BrownUniversity-Poster1914.jpg|thumb|right|160px|upright|The sesquicentennial poster]]
The Cammarian Club—founded in 1893 and taking its name from the Latin for lobster, its members' favorite dinner food—was at first a semi-secret society which "tapped" 15 seniors each year. In 1915, self-perpetuating membership gave way to popular election by the student body, and thenceforward the Club served as the ''de facto'' undergraduate student government. In 1971, unaccountably, it voted the name Cammarian Club out of existence, thereby amputating its tradition and longevity. The successor and present-day organization is the generically-named Undergraduate Council of Students.
[[Societas Domi Pacificae]], known colloquially as "Pacifica House," is a present-day, self-described secret society, which nonetheless publishes a website and an email address. It claims a continuous line of descent from the Franklin Society of 1824, citing a supposed intermediary "Franklin Society" traceable in the nineteenth century. But the intermediary turns out to be, on closer inspection, the well-known Providence Franklin Society, a civic organization unconnected to Brown whose origins and activity are well-documented. It was founded in 1821 by merchants William Grinnell and Joseph Balch, Jr., and chartered by the General Assembly in January 1823.<ref>Rhode Island Historical Society, "Providence Franklin Society Records, 1826-1922," published online at [http://www.rihs.org/mssinv/Mss162.htm]</ref> The "Pacifica House" account of this (conflated) Franklin Society cites published mentions of it in 1859, 1876, and 1883. But the first of these (Rhees 1859, see footnote ''infra'') is merely a sketch of the 1824 Brown organization; the second (Stockwell 1876) is a reference-book article on the Providence Franklin Society itself; and the third is the Providence Franklin Society's own publication, which the "Pacifica House" reference mis-ascribes to the "Franklin Society," dropping the word "Providence."<ref>The three cited items of "evidence" in Pacifica House publicity are William J. Rhees, ''Manual of Public Libraries, Institutions and Societies in the United States'' (Philadelphia, 1859), pp. 437-8; Thomas B. Stockwell, ''A History of Public Education in Rhode Island, from 1636 to 1876'' (Providence, 1876), p. 246; and Providence Franklin Society, ''Report on the Geology of Rhode Island'' (Providence, 1887, commissioned 1883), for which see, e.g., ''Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey'', no. 127 (Washington, 1896), p. 821)</ref>
=== Student organizations ===
{{See also|Category:Brown University organizations}}
There are over 300 registered student organizations on campus with diverse interests. The Student Activities Fair, during the orientation program, provides first-year students the opportunity to become acquainted with the wide range of organizations. A sample of organizations includes:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[The College Hill Independent]]''
* [[Brown Badmaash Dance Company]]
* ''[[The Brown Daily Herald]]''
* [[Brown Debating Union]]
* [[The Brown Derbies]]
* [[Brown International Organization]]
* ''[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]]''
* ''[[The Brown Jug]]''
* ''[[The Brown Noser]]''
* [[Brown Opera Productions]]
* ''[[Brown Political Review]]''
* ''[[The Brown Spectator]]''
* [[Brown Student/Community Radio|BSR]]
* [[Brown University Band]]
* [[Brown University Orchestra]]
* [[The Chattertocks of Brown University]]
* [[Chinese Students and Scholars Association]]
* ''[[College Hill Independent]]''
* ''[[Critical Review (Brown)|Critical Review]]''
* [[Ivy Film Festival]]
* [[Jabberwocks]]
* [[Production Workshop]]
* [[Starla and Sons]]
* [[Students for Sensible Drug Policy]]
* [[WBRU]]
{{div col end}}
=== Resource centers ===
Brown University has several resource centers on campus. The centers often act as sources of support as well as safe spaces for students to explore certain aspects of their identity. Additionally, the centers often provide physical spaces for students to study and have meetings. Although most centers are identity-focused, some provide academic support as well.
[[File:BrownUniversity-PartridgeHall.jpg|thumb|left|The Brown Center for Students of Color]]
The [[Brown Center for Students of Color]] (BCSC) is a space that provides support for students [[People of color|of color]]. Established in 1972 at the demand of student protests, the BCSC encourages students to engage in critical dialogue, develop leadership skills, and promote [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/students-of-color/about/frequently-asked-questions-faqs|website=Brown Center for Students of Color|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> The center houses various programs for students to share their knowledge and engage in discussion. Programs include the Third World Transition Program, the Minority Peer Counselor Program, the Heritage Series, and other student-led initiatives. Additionally, the BCSC hopes to foster community among the students it serves by providing spaces for students to meet and study.
The [[Sarah Doyle Women's Center]] aims to provide a space for members of the Brown community to examine and explore issues surrounding [[gender]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Sarah Doyle Women's Center|url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/sarah-doyle-center/|website=Sarah Doyle Women's Center|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref> The center was named after one of the first women to attend Brown University, [[Sarah Doyle]]. The center emphasizes [[intersectionality]] in its conversations on gender, encouraging people to see gender as present and relevant in various aspects of life. The center hosts programs and workshops in order to facilitate dialogue and provide resources for students, faculty, and staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guiding Philosophies|url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/sarah-doyle-center/guiding-philosophies|website=Sarah Doyle Women's Center|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref>
Other centers include the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] Center, the First-Generation College and Low-Income Student (FLi) Center, and the Curricular Resource Center.
=== Controversy over ADA mental health discrimination ===
Like many colleges, Brown mandates forced medical leaves for students expressing feelings of self-harm, depression, schizophrenia, or other forms of mental illness. Controversy arises within the college as to whether Brown follows the US Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, with Brown's own newspaper, ''The Brown Daily Herald'', criticizing the University's policy behind readmission from psychological medical leave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2012/09/19/newlon-145-a-pattern-of-prejudice/|title=Newlon '14.5: A pattern of prejudice|author=Cara Newlon|work=Brown Daily Herald|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> According to a 2010 article in ''The Brown Daily Herald'', even Dean of Student Life & Chair of the Medical Leave Readmission Committee Maria Suarez admits that, "I wish we had more resources to connect with students." Suarez said, "The support is there, but it is student-initiated."<ref name="crystalvanceguerra">{{cite web|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2010/09/27/psychological-leavetakers-miss-u-contact/|title=Psychological leave-takers miss U. contact|author=Crystal Vance Guerra|work=Brown Daily Herald|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> However, Suarez has been widely criticized within and outside the University as being non-compliant with American ADA laws, often denying students readmission for little to no reason.<ref name="caranewlon, usatodaycollege">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2013/11/04/univ-medical-leaves-unhelpful/3359813/|title=Policies hamper students' return from mental health leave|author=Cara Newlon, USA TODAY College|date=November 4, 2013|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> Moreover, the University leaves students with few guidelines on how to become readmitted; students report that very little communication is made with the University during a leave of absence, and that the University does not aid disabled students in their progress. One mentally disabled student alleges, after 5 semesters of mandatory leave, that: "One of the administrators [Suarez], he claims, told him: "You should consider yourself lucky because Brown's better than other schools. At least you're not getting kicked out of Brown."'<ref name="caranewlon, usatodaycollege"/> The psychological leave readmission process takes place once every 6 months, and requires only a student's statement and a psychiatrist's or psychologist's statement of well-being, with no interview. Many students report that the process is not thorough enough to judge one's own progress in mental health, thereby violating ADA rights; the denial letters are often short and generic, with one sentence changed at most for multiple denials.<ref name="crystalvanceguerra"/>
==Rankings==
{{Infobox US university ranking
| ARWU_NU = 49-60
| USNWR_NU = 14
| USNWR_W = 85
|THE_WSJ=7| Forbes = 8
| QS_W = 53
| THES_W = 50
| ARWU_W = 100-150
| Wamo_NU = 19
}}
[[File:BrownUniversity-UniversityHall.jpg|thumb|left|[[University Hall (Brown University)|University Hall]], built 1770–1771, designed by a committee that included [[Joseph Brown (astronomer)|Joseph Brown]], is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]]]
{|class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" |
<big>USNWR graduate school rankings</big><ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=Brown University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=8 June 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/brown-university-217156/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
| Engineering
| 52
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care
| 21
|-
| Medicine: Research
| 31
|}
{|class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" |
<big>USNWR departmental rankings</big><ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings"/>
|-
| Applied Mathematics
| 4
|-
| Biological Sciences
| 33
|-
| Chemistry
| 59
|-
| Computer Science
| 25
|-
| Earth Sciences
| 15
|-
| Economics
| 19
|-
| English
| 13
|-
| History
| 16
|-
| Mathematics
| 14
|-
| Physics
| 35
|-
| Political Science
| 40
|-
| Psychology
| 26
|-
| Public Affairs
| 64
|-
| Sociology
| 24
|-
| Statistics
| 44
|}
In 2014, [[National Science Foundation]] ranked Brown University 66th in the United States by research.<ref>[https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=rankingBySource&ds=herd Ncsesdata.nsf.gov]</ref> For 2017, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranks Brown University 85th globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/brown-university-217156|title=Usnews.com|publisher=}}</ref>
The 2013 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings' peer assessment portion gives the school a score of 4.4, tied with [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]], [[Northwestern University|Northwestern]], and [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Which Universities Are Ranked Highest by College Officials? - US News|url = https://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/college-rankings-blog/2013/02/28/which-universities-are-ranked-highest-by-college-officials|accessdate = 2015-06-07|first = Robert|last = Morse}}</ref>
In 2014, ''Forbes'' magazine ranked Brown seventh (between [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] and [[Princeton University]]) on its list of "America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/liyanchen/2014/07/30/startup-schools-americas-most-entrepreneurial-universities/|title=Startup Schools: America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities|author=Liyan Chen|work=Forbes|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> The ''Forbes'' analysis looked at the ratio of "alumni and students who have identified themselves as founders and business owners on LinkedIn" and the total number of alumni and students.
The 2017 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] ranked Brown among the 49-60th best universities in the United States, alongside institutions such as [[Indiana University Bloomington]] and [[Emory University]], and above rival Ivy-League, [[Dartmouth College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2017/USA.html|title=World University Rankings - 2017 {{!}} USA Universities in Top 500 universities {{!}} Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2017 {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2017|website=www.shanghairanking.com|access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref>
LinkedIn particularized the ''Forbes'' rankings, placing Brown third (between MIT and Princeton) among "Best Undergraduate Universities for Software Developers at Startups." LinkedIn's methodology involved a career-path examination of "millions of alumni profiles" in its membership database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linkedin.com/edu/rankings/us/undergraduate-software-engineering-small?trk=edu-rankings-ctg-card|title=LinkedIn.com|publisher=}}</ref>
Brown ranked seventh in the country (between [[Princeton University|Princeton]] and Columbia) in a study of high school seniors' [[revealed preferences]] for matriculation conducted by economists at Harvard, Wharton, and Boston University, and published in 2005 by the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]].<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=601105 |title=SSRN-A Revealed Preference Ranking of U.S. Colleges and Universities by Christopher Avery, Mark Glickman, Caroline Hoxby, Andrew Metrick |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> The 2008 Center for College Affordability and Productivity (CCAP) ranked Brown 5th in the country among national universities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0519/030.html|title=How to Choose a College|date=May 1, 2008|work=Forbes|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
Brown ranked 5th in the country in [[Newsweek]]/[[The Daily Beast]]'s "America's Brainiac Schools"—based on the number of prestigious scholarships won (adjusted for student body size), including the [[Rhodes Scholarship]], the [[Truman Scholarship]], the [[Marshall Scholarship]], the [[Gates Scholarship]] (since 2001), and the [[Fulbright scholarship]] (since 1993). Also factored in are standardized test scores, admissions rates, and students in the top 10 percent of their high school class.<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Brainiac Colleges|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/features/college-rankings/2011/brainiacs.all.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=January 28, 2012}}</ref>
In 2017, ''U.S. News'' ranked Brown's [[Alpert Medical School|Warren Alpert Medical School]] the 7th most selective in the country, tied with the [[UC Davis School of Medicine]] and the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA|UCLA School of Medicine]], with an acceptance rate of 2.7 percent.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Medical Schools With the Lowest Acceptance Rates|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/the-short-list-grad-school/articles/2017-03-16/10-medical-schools-with-the-lowest-acceptance-rates|work=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>
In the 2012 evaluation of MFA writing programs by ''[[Poets & Writers|Poets & Writers Magazine]]'', Brown was ranked 4th in the country, 3rd for selectivity, and 1st in the [[Ivy League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 MFA Rankings: The Top 50|url=http://www.pw.org/files/topfifty_secured.pdf |publisher=Poets and Writers|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref>
The ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine annual ranking of "America's Top Colleges 2016"—which differs from the ''U.S. News'' by putting research universities and liberal arts colleges in a single sequence—ranked Brown 8th overall.
''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Brown 14th in its 2018 edition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown University Overall Rankings|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/brown-university-3401/overall-rankings|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=August 29, 2017}}</ref> The 2019 edition also ranked Brown 6th for undergraduate teaching, between [[College of William & Mary|William & Mary]] and [[Stanford]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/undergraduate-teaching|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>
As it had in 2007 and 2010, the 2011 [[Princeton Review]] email poll of college students ranked Brown 1st in the country for "Happiest Students."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/best-press-release.aspx |title=Best Colleges Press Release |publisher=Princetonreview.com |date=August 2, 2010 |accessdate=August 8, 2010}}</ref> In the 2016-17 year, Brown students received 30 [[Fulbright]] scholarships, the highest number of any institution in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown produces most Fulbright winners in the U.S.|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/02/fulbright|website=news.brown.edu|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Brown University people}}
Alumni in politics include U.S. Secretary of State [[John Hay]] (1852), U.S. Secretary of State and Attorney General [[Richard Olney]] (1856), Chief Justice of the United States and U.S. Secretary of State [[Charles Evans Hughes]] (1881), Senator [[Maggie Hassan]] '80 of New Hampshire, Governor [[Jack Markell]] '82 of Delaware, Rhode Island Representative [[David Cicilline]] '83, and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC Chair]] [[Tom Perez]] '83.
Prominent alumni in business and finance include philanthropist [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] (1897), [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]] [[Janet Yellen]] '67, [[President of the World Bank Group|World Bank President]] [[Jim Yong Kim]] '82, [[Bank of America]] CEO [[Brian Moynihan]] '81, [[CNN]] founder and [[America's Cup]] yachtsman [[Ted Turner]] '60, [[IBM]] chairman and CEO [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]] '37, [[Apple Inc.]] CEO [[John Sculley]] '61, [[Uber]] CEO [[Dara Khosrowshahi]] '91,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/technology/08expedia.html | title=Spinoff of Expedia Comes at Tough Time for Its Sector | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 8, 2005}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=534990&ticker=EXPE:US "Dara Khosrowshahi: Executive Profile & Biography"], ''BusinessWeek''</ref> and magazine editor [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] '83.
Important figures in the history of education include the father of American public school education [[Horace Mann]] (1819), civil [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] and [[Amherst College]] president [[Alexander Meiklejohn]], first president of the [[University of South Carolina]] [[Jonathan Maxcy]] (1787), [[Bates College]] founder [[Oren B. Cheney]] (1836), [[University of Michigan]] president (1871–1909) [[James Burrill Angell]] (1849), [[University of California]] president (1899–1919) [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]] (1875), and [[Morehouse College]]'s first African-American president [[John Hope (educator)|John Hope]] (1894).
Alumni in the computer sciences and industry include architect of [[Intel 80386|Intel 386]], [[Intel 80486|486]], and [[Pentium]] microprocessors [[John H. Crawford]] '75, and inventor of the first silicon transistor [[Gordon Kidd Teal]] '31.
Alumni in the arts and media include actress [[Jessica Capshaw]] '98, actor [[Daveed Diggs]] '04,<ref>{{cite news | title=Something Great|url=http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/content/view/4012/40/|accessdate=9 June 2017|publisher=Brown Alumni Magazine}}</ref> actress [[Emma Watson]] '14, NPR program host [[Ira Glass]] '82, singer-composer [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]] '81, humorist and [[Marx Brothers]] screenwriter [[S.J. Perelman]] '25, novelists [[Nathanael West]] '24, [[Jeffrey Eugenides]] '83, [[Edwidge Danticat]] (MFA '93), and [[Marilynne Robinson]] '66; actress [[Jo Beth Williams]] '70, composer and synthesizer pioneer [[Wendy Carlos]] '62, journalist [[James Risen]] '77, political pundit [[Mara Liasson]], ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]], '' publisher [[A. G. Sulzberger]] '04, and actress [[Julie Bowen]] '91.
Other notable alumni include "Lafayette of the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]]" and its historian [[Samuel Gridley Howe]] (1821) [[Governor of Wyoming|Governor of Wyoming Territory]] and [[Governor of Nebraska]] [[John Milton Thayer]] (1841), [[Governor of Rhode Island]] [[Augustus O. Bourn|Augustus Bourn]] (1855), [[NASA]] head during first seven [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions [[Thomas O. Paine]] '42, diplomat [[Richard Holbrooke]] '62, sportscaster [[Chris Berman]] '77, [[Houston Texans]] head coach [[Bill O'Brien (American football)|Bill O'Brien]] '92, 2018 Miss America [[Cara Mund]] '16, [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]] football coach [[Joe Paterno]] '50, [[Heisman Trophy]] namesake [[John W. Heisman]] '91,
Olympic and world champion triathlete [[Joanna Zeiger]], [[Royal family|royals]] and [[nobility|nobles]] such as [[Prince Rahim Aga Khan]], [[Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein]] of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Princess [[Leila Pahlavi]] of Iran '92, [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark]], [[Prince Nikita Romanov]], [[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark]], [[Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi|Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of San Jaime and Count of Bardi]], [[Prince Ra'ad bin Zeid]], [[Lady Gabriella Windsor]], [[Prince Alexander von Fürstenberg]], [[Cosima von Bülow Pavoncelli|Countess Cosima von Bülow Pavoncelli]], and her half-brother [[Prince Alexander-Georg von Auersperg]].
[[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] Laureates [[Craig Mello]] '82 and [[Jerry White (activist)|Jerry White]] '87, [[Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm]] co-originator [[John Wilder Tukey]] '36, biologist [[Stanley Falkow]] (PhD '59), and psychologist [[Aaron Beck]] '50.
Notable past or current faculty have included [[Nobel Laureates]] [[John M. Kosterlitz|Michael Kosterlitz]], [[Lars Onsager]], [[George Stigler]], [[Vernon L. Smith]], [[George Davis Snell|George Snell]] and [[Leon Cooper]]; [[Fields Medal]] winning mathematician [[David Mumford]], [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning historian [[Gordon S. Wood]], [[Sakurai Prize]] winning physicist [[Gerald Guralnik]], computer scientist [[Andries van Dam]], engineer [[Daniel C. Drucker]], sociologist [[Lester Frank Ward]], former Prime Minister of Italy and former [[European Union|EU]] chief [[Romano Prodi]], former President of Brazil [[Fernando Cardoso]], former President of Chile [[Ricardo Lagos]], writers [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Chinua Achebe]], and [[Robert Coover]], philosopher [[Martha Nussbaum]], linguist [[Hans Kurath]], political scientist [[James Morone]], biologist [[Kenneth R. Miller]], and Senior Fellow [[Sergei Khrushchev]].
{{Cleanup gallery|date=October 2018}}
<gallery widths="160" heights="200">
File:Horace Mann.jpg|[[Horace Mann]], class of 1819, regarded as the father of American public education
File:Janet yellen.jpg|[[Janet Yellen]], class of 1967, the first woman in history to head the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]]
File:C.M. Gilbert. - John Hay, c. 1904.jpg|[[John Hay]], class of 1858, private secretary to [[Abraham Lincoln]], man of letters, Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, and Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt
File:Jim Yong Kim (cropped).jpg|[[Jim Yong Kim]], class of 1982, [[President of the World Bank Group|President of the World Bank]], emeritus president of [[Dartmouth College]], and first Asian-American president of an [[Ivy League]] institution
File:John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (1915).jpg|[[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], class of 1897, developer and sole financier of [[Rockefeller Center]], philanthropist who gave away half a billion dollars during his life
File:ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg|[[Thomas Watson, Jr.]], class of 1937, led the global rise of [[IBM]] and is one of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'''s]] "100 most influential people of the 20th century"<ref>TIME 100 Persons of the Century, June 14, 1999</ref>
File:Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.jpg|[[Charles Evans Hughes]], class of 1881, Chief Justice of the United States and U.S. Secretary of State
File:Ted Turner LF.JPG|[[Ted Turner]], class of 1960, philanthropist, [[America's Cup]]–winning yachtsman, and founder of [[CNN]]
File:Samuel Gridley Howe.jpg|[[Samuel Gridley Howe]], class of 1821, abolitionist, pioneer advocate for the blind, "Lafayette of the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]]" and its historian
File:Alexander Meiklejohn Time magazine cover, October 1, 1928.jpg|[[Alexander Meiklejohn]], class of 1893, philosopher, education reformer, president of [[Amherst College]], his ideas are celebrated in the Meiklejohn Freedom Award of the [[American Association of University Professors|AAUP]]
File:Tracee Ellis Ross 2014 NAACP Image Awards (cropped).jpg|[[Tracee Ellis Ross]], class of 1994, Award-winning actress, model, comedienne, and television host.
File:Dara Khosrowshahi - 2012 (8189921554).jpg|[[Dara Khosrowshahi]], class of 1991, CEO of [[Uber]]
File:Daveed Diggs, White House, March 2016.png|Daveed Diggs, class of 2004, Grammy and Tony Award-winning rapper and actor, known for playing the [[Marquis de Lafayette]]/[[Thomas Jefferson]] on musical ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]''
File:Cecile Richards (crop).jpg|[[Cecile Richards]], class of 1980, President of [[Planned Parenthood]]
File:Jeffrey Eugenides 2017.jpg|Jeffrey Eugenides, class of 1982, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
File:John Krasinski and Josh Wood (cropped).jpg|[[John Krasinski]], class of 2001, Award-winning actor on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' (2005–2013), cinematographer, and director
File:Emma Watson 2013.jpg|[[Emma Watson]] class of 2014, actress, model, activist
</gallery>
===In popular culture===
{{Main|Brown University in popular culture}}
Brown's reputation as an institution with a free-spirited, iconoclastic student body is portrayed in fiction and popular culture.<ref>{{cite web|title = Vanity Fair names Brown most elite, explores stereotypes of Ivy League| url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/1998/02/vanity-fair-names-brown-most-elite-explores-stereotypes-of-ivy-league/ |first = Ian |last = Shapira |date = 9 February 1998 |access-date = 1 March 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Family Guy]]'' character [[Brian Griffin]] is a Brown alumnus.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Not-So-Far-Fetched Fictitious Alumni and Attendees of the Ivy League, Part I of II|url = http://www.ivygateblog.com/2012/04/the-not-so-far-fetched-fictitious-alumni-and-attendees-of-the-ivy-league-part-i-of-ii/|first = Ben|last = Driver|date = 26 April 2012|access-date = 5 March 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150306074630/http://www.ivygateblog.com/2012/04/the-not-so-far-fetched-fictitious-alumni-and-attendees-of-the-ivy-league-part-i-of-ii/|archive-date = March 6, 2015|dead-url = yes|df = mdy-all}}</ref> ''[[The O.C.]]''{{'}}s main character [[Seth Cohen]] is denied acceptance to Brown while his girlfriend [[Summer Roberts]] is accepted.<ref name="Alvarez">{{cite news |title = Is Brown's popularity a passing trend or here to stay? |url = http://www.browndailyherald.com/2010/04/19/is-browns-popularity-a-passing-trend-or-here-to-stay/ |first = Ana |last = Alvarez |work=[[The Brown Daily Herald]] |date = 19 April 2010 |access-date = 5 March 2015}}</ref> In ''[[Gossip Girl]]'', [[New York City|New York]] socialite [[Serena van der Woodsen|Serena]] vies with her friends for a spot at Brown, and ''[[The Simpsons]]'' character [[Lisa Simpson]] is told by Harvard's president after she fails a test that she will be unable to attend Harvard, but he can "pass (her) file along to Brown."<ref name="Alvarez"/> [[Amy Gardner]] from ''[[The West Wing]]'' is a Brown alumna.
President Garret Walker in ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'' is also an alumnus of Brown University.
In the 1999 American comedy-drama film [[Varsity Blues (film)]] the main character Jonathan "Mox" Moxon ([[James Van Der Beek]]) earns a full scholarship to Brown.
==See also==
{{Portal|Renewable energy}}
* [[List of Brown University statues]]
* [[Brown University Alma Mater]]
* [[Josiah S. Carberry]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |author=Walter C. Bronson |year=1914 |title=The History of Brown University, 1764–1914 |location=Providence |ref=Bronson}}
*{{cite book |author=Franklin Bowditch Dexter |year=1916 |title=Extracts from the Itineraries and Other Miscellanies of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., 1755–1794 |location=New Haven |ref=Dexter}}
*{{cite book |author=Reuben Aldridge Guild |year=1867 |title=History of Brown University, with Illustrative Documents |location=Providence |ref=Guild}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Brown University}}
* {{Official website|https://www.brown.edu/}}
* [http://brownbears.collegesports.com/ Brown Athletics site]
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Brown University |short=x}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Brown University
| image_name = Brown University coat of arms.svg
| image_size = 130
| latin_name = Universitas Brunensis
| motto = ''In Deo Speramus'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = In God We Hope<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html|title=Brown University Admission Facts and Figures |publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
| established = 1764
|former_names = Rhode Island College (1764-1804)
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| academic_affiliations = {{unbulleted list|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[568 Group]]}}
| endowment = [[US$]]3.8 billion<ref>As of October 2, 2018. {{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/money/browns-endowment-posts-132-25-gain-best-in-ivy-league-so-far/ar-BBNPTBW |publisher=Bloomberg.com |year=2018}}</ref> (2018)
| president = [[Christina Paxson]]
| provost = [[Richard M. Locke]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nickel|first1=Mark|title=Locke named 13th provost of Brown University|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2015/06/locke|website=News from Brown |publisher=Brown University|accessdate=14 September 2015|quote=Richard M. Locke ... has been appointed provost of the University ... [starting] July 1, 2015}}</ref>
| students = 9,380 (Fall 2017)<ref name="BrownFacts">{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/facts|title=Facts about Brown University|publisher=Brown University|date=November 2015 |accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref>
| undergrad = 6,580 (Fall 2017)<ref name="BrownFacts"/>
| postgrad = 2,255 (Fall 2017)<ref name="BrownFacts"/>
| other = 545 (medical)<ref name="BrownFacts"/>
| faculty = 731 (2015–16)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/about/facts/faculty-and-employees |title=Faculty and Employees }}</ref>
| city = [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
| state = [[Rhode Island]]
| country = U.S.
| coor = {{Coord|41.8262|-71.4032|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban<br />143 [[acre]]s (579,000 m²)
| colors = Brown, White, and, Cardinal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/communications/sites/communications/files/Brown_Visual_Identity_Policy_2016-07-22.pdf|title=Brown Visual Identity Policy|publisher=}}</ref><br/>{{college color boxes|Brown Bears}}
| mascot = Bruno the [[Brown bear|Bear]]
| athletics_nickname = [[Brown Bears|Bears]]
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Ivy League]]<br/>[[ECAC Hockey]], [[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]/[[Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges|EAWRC]]
| website = {{URL|brown.edu}}
| logo = Brown University logo.svg
| logo_size = 175
}}
'''Brown University''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], [[United States]]. Founded in 1764 as the ''College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations'', it is the [[List of colonial colleges|seventh-oldest institution]] of [[higher education]] in the U.S. and one of the nine [[colonial colleges]] chartered before the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=B0180 |title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Bicentennial celebration |publisher=Brown University |accessdate=July 9, 2009}}</ref>
At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the U.S. to accept students regardless of their [[religious affiliation]].<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 30.</ref> Its [[engineering]] program was established in 1847. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U.S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding [[Master's degree|masters]] and [[doctoral studies]] in 1887.<ref>Bronson, Walter C., The History of Brown University. Providence: Published by the University, 1914, pages 407-408</ref> In 1969, Brown adopted a [[Brown University#The New Curriculum|New Curriculum]] sometimes referred to as the Brown Curriculum after a period of student lobbying. The New Curriculum eliminated mandatory "[[Secondary education|general education]]" distribution requirements, made students "the architects of their own syllabus" and allowed them to take any course for a grade of satisfactory or unrecorded no-credit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0780|title=Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Curriculum |publisher=Brown University |accessdate=December 27, 2014}}</ref> In 1971, Brown's coordinate women's institution, [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]], was fully [[merger (politics)|merged]] into the university; Pembroke Campus now includes dormitories and classrooms used by all of Brown.
Undergraduate [[University and college admission|admission]]s is highly selective, with an acceptance rate of 7.2% for the class of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title= University admits record low 7.2 percent of applicants to Class of 2022 |url= http://www.browndailyherald.com/2018/03/28/university-admits-record-low-7-2-percent-applicants-class-2022 |agency= Brown University |accessdate= March 28, 2018 }}</ref> The university comprises the [[The College of Brown University|College]], the [[Graduate School of Brown University|Graduate School]], [[Alpert Medical School]], the [[Brown University School of Engineering|School of Engineering]], the School of Public Health and the School of Professional Studies (which includes the [[IE Business School|IE]] Brown Executive MBA program). Brown's international programs are organized through the [[Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]], and the university is academically affiliated with the [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] and the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]. The [[Brown University#Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program|Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program]], offered in conjunction with the [[Rhode Island School of Design]], is a five-year course that awards degrees from both institutions.
Brown's main campus is located in the [[College Hill Historic District (Providence, Rhode Island)|College Hill Historic District]] in the [[city]] of [[Providence, Rhode Island]]. The University's neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. Benefit Street, on the western edge of the campus, contains "one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth- and eighteenth-century architecture in the United States".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.providenceri.com/ONS/neighborhoods/college-hill|title=Providence, Rhode Island - Neighborhood Services - College Hill|publisher=City of Providence|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
{{as of|2018|August}}, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|8 Nobel Prize winners]] have been affiliated with Brown University as alumni, faculty members or researchers. In addition, Brown's [[List of Brown University people|faculty and alumni]] include five [[National Humanities Medal]]ists<ref>{{cite web|title = Awards & Honors: National Humanities Medals|url = http://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals |access-date = 15 December 2014}}</ref> and ten [[National Medal of Science]] laureates. [[List of Brown University people|Other notable alumni]] include eight billionaire graduates,<ref>{{cite web|title = The 20 Universities That Have Produced the Most Billionaires|url = http://www.businessinsider.in/The-20-Universities-That-Have-Produced-The-Most-Billionaires/articleshow/42733554.cms|publisher = Business Insider|date=September 7, 2014|accessdate = July 26, 2015}}</ref> a [[Chief Justice of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice]], four [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretaries of State]] and other Cabinet officials, 54 members of the [[United States Congress]], 55 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 52 [[Gates Cambridge Scholarships|Gates Cambridge Scholars]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rhodesscholar.org/winners/college-and-university-winners/|title=Colleges and Universities with U.S. Rhodes Scholarship Winners {{!}} The Rhodes Scholarships|website=www.rhodesscholar.org|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref> 49 [[Marshall Scholars]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.marshallscholarship.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/12/marshall|title=Class of 2015 graduate awarded prestigious Marshall Scholarship|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref> 14 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Genius]] Fellows,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbn.com/Brown-eighth-on-list-for-producing-most-MacArthur-Fellows,106076|title=Brown eighth on list for producing most MacArthur Fellows|access-date=2016-08-06}}</ref> 21 [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, various royals and nobles, as well as leaders and founders of [[Fortune 500]] companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brownbears.com/athletics/Miscellaneous/Prominent_Brown_Alumni|title=Prominent Brown Alumni|publisher=Brownbears.com|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525163114/http://brownbears.com/athletics/Miscellaneous/Prominent_Brown_Alumni|archive-date=May 25, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Brown University}}
===The foundation and the charter===
[[File:Brown University Ezra Stiles Charter large.jpg|thumb|right|170px|The [[Ezra Stiles]] copy of the Brown University Charter of 1764]]
[[File:James Manning head by Cosmo Alexander.JPG|thumb|right|170px|The first president, James Manning, taught the earliest college classes at his parish house]]
The origin of Brown University can be dated to 1761, when three residents of [[Newport, Rhode Island]] drafted a petition to the [[Rhode Island General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the colony:<ref>[[#Dexter|Dexter (1916)]], pp. 24–25.</ref>
<blockquote>Your Petitioners propose to open a literary institution or School for instructing young Gentlemen in the Languages, Mathematics, Geography & History, & such other branches of Knowledge as shall be desired. That for this End ... it will be necessary ... to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors.</blockquote>
The three petitioners were [[Ezra Stiles]], pastor of Newport's [[Clarke Street Meeting House|Second Congregational Church]] and future president of [[Yale University|Yale]]; [[William Ellery|William Ellery, Jr.]], future [[Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence|signer]] of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]; and [[Josias Lyndon]], future governor of the colony. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later. The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University."<ref>[[#Dexter|Dexter (1916)]], p. 25.</ref>
There is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles:<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 13–14.</ref>
<blockquote>The week before last I sent you the Copy of Yale College Charter ... Should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it; I heartily wish you Success therein.</blockquote>
The Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches also had an eye on Rhode Island, home of the mother church of their denomination: the [[First Baptist Church in America]], founded in Providence in 1638 by [[Roger Williams (theologian)|Roger Williams]]. The Baptists were as yet unrepresented among colonial colleges; the [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregationalists]] had [[Harvard]] and [[Yale]], the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] had the College of New Jersey (later [[Princeton University|Princeton]]), and the [[Church of England|Episcopalians]] had the [[College of William and Mary]] and King's College (later [[Columbia University|Columbia]]). Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, writing in 1784. He described the October 1762 resolution taken at Philadelphia:<ref>Isaac Backus, ''A History of New-England'', 3 vols. (Boston, 1777–96), vol. 2, quoted in [[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 8.</ref>
<blockquote>The Philadelphia Association obtained such an acquaintance with our affairs, as to bring them to an apprehension that it was practicable and expedient to erect a college in the Colony of Rhode-Island, under the chief direction of the Baptists; ... Mr. [[James Manning (minister)|James Manning]], who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September, 1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work.</blockquote>
Manning arrived at [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]] in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, who agreed to write the Charter for the College. Stiles's first draft was read to the [[Rhode Island General Assembly|General Assembly]] in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3, 1764.
In September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor [[Stephen Hopkins (politician)|Stephen Hopkins]] was chosen chancellor, former and future governor [[Samuel Ward (American statesman)|Samuel Ward]] was vice chancellor, [[John Tillinghast]] treasurer, and [[Thomas Eyres]] secretary. The Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]], five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—"and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations."<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 502–503; the Charter and its drafts and associated documents are printed in [[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 493–507; and in [[#Guild|Guild (1867)]], pp. 119–146.</ref>
The Charter was not the grant of [[King George III]], as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document. First, other colleges had curricular strictures against opposing doctrines, while Brown's Charter asserted, "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not make any Part of the Public and Classical Instruction." Second, according to Brown University historian Walter Bronson, "the instrument governing Brown University recognized more broadly and fundamentally than any other the principle of denominational cooperation."<ref name="Bronson, pp. 29-33"/> The oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Brown's Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership; other college charters were also liberal in that particular.
[[File:Brown University 1792 engraving.jpg|thumb|right|[[University Hall (Brown University)|University Hall]] (right) and president's house, engraving 1792]]
[[James Manning (minister)|James Manning]] was sworn in as the College's first president in 1765 and served until 1791. In 1770, the College moved from [[Warren, Rhode Island]] to the crest of [[College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island|College Hill]] overlooking Providence. [[Solomon Drowne]], a freshman in the class of 1773, wrote in his diary on March 26, 1770:<ref>Quoted in [[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 54–55.</ref>
<blockquote>This day the Committee for settling the spot for the College, met at the New-Brick School House, when it was determined it should be set on ye Hill opposite Mr. John Jenkes; up the Presbyterian Lane.</blockquote>
Presbyterian Lane is the present College Street. The eight-acre site had been purchased in two parcels by the Corporation for £219, mainly from [[Moses Brown]] and [[John Brown (Rhode Island)|John Brown]], the parcels having "formed a part of the original home lots of their ancestor, [[Chad Brown (minister)|Chad Brown]], and of George Rickard, who bought them from the Indians." [[University Hall (Brown University)|University Hall]] was known as "The College Edifice" until 1823; it was modelled on [[Nassau Hall]] at the College of New Jersey. Its construction was managed by the firm of Nicholas Brown and Company, which spent £2,844 in the first year building the College Edifice and the adjacent President's House.<ref>[[#Guild|Guild (1867)]], pp. 233–236 & 299.</ref><ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 55–56.</ref>
[[File:Nicholas Brown Jr by Chester Harding 1836.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Nicholas Brown, Jr.]], founder of the [[Providence Athenaeum]], co-founder of [[Butler Hospital]], philanthropist, progressive, and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]. Following his major gift in 1804, the College was renamed Brown University. Painting by [[Chester Harding (painter)|Chester Harding]], 1836]]
====The Brown family====
[[Nicholas Brown Sr.|Nicholas Brown]], his son [[Nicholas Brown, Jr.]] (class of 1786), [[John Brown (Rhode Island)|John Brown]], [[Joseph Brown (astronomer)|Joseph Brown]], and [[Moses Brown]] were all instrumental in moving the College to Providence and securing its endowment. Joseph became a professor of natural philosophy at the College; John served as its treasurer from 1775 to 1796; and Nicholas Junior succeeded his uncle as treasurer from 1796 to 1825.
On September 8, 1803, the Corporation voted, "That the donation of $5000 Dollars, if made to this College within one Year from the late Commencement, shall entitle the donor to name the College." That appeal was answered by College treasurer Nicholas Brown Junior in a letter dated September 6, 1804, and the Corporation honored its promise. "In gratitude to Mr. Brown, the Corporation at the same meeting voted, 'That this College be called and known in all future time by the Name of Brown University'."<ref name="Bronson, pp. 29-33">[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 29–33.</ref> Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown, Jr. totaled nearly $160,000, an enormous sum for that period, and included the buildings Hope College (1821–22) and Manning Hall (1834-35).
It is sometimes erroneously supposed that Brown University was named after John Brown, whose commercial activity included the transportation of African slaves. In fact, Brown University was named for Nicholas Brown, Jr.—philanthropist, founder of the [[Providence Athenaeum]], co-founder of [[Butler Hospital]], and an [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]. Nicholas Brown, Jr. became a financier of the movement under the guidance of his uncle [[Moses Brown]], one of the leading abolitionists of his day.<ref>{{cite web |author= Howell, Ricardo |date=July 2001 |url= https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Info/Slavery.html |title= Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University |publisher= Brown University News Service |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080409001105/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Info/Slavery.html |archivedate= April 9, 2008 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2016}}<ref>The opposing attitudes to the slave trade within the Brown family—from John Brown's unapologetic participation to Moses and Nicholas Brown's activist opposition—are described in Ricardo Howell, "Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence and Brown University" (2001, published online at Brown.edu), and in Charles Rappleye, ''Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution'' (New York, 2006).</ref>
[[File:James Mitchell Varnum.jpg|upright|right|thumb|170px|Brigadier general [[James Mitchell Varnum]] (class of 1769) served in the [[Continental Army]] and advocated the enlistment of African Americans, which resulted in the reformation of the [[1st Rhode Island Regiment]] as an all-black unit. Painting by [[Charles Willson Peale]], 1804]]
[[File:Brown University, R.I (NYPL Hades-253912-478707).jpg|thumb|''Brown University, R.I'', c. 1840, New York Public Library]]
====The American Revolution====
The College library was moved out of Providence for safekeeping in the fall of 1776, with British vessels patrolling Narragansett Bay. On December 7, 1776, six thousand British and Hessian troops sailed into Newport harbor under the command of Sir Peter Parker. College President Manning said in a letter written after the war:<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 66–67.</ref>
<blockquote>The royal Army landed on Rhode Island & took possession of the same: This brought their Camp in plain View from the College with the naked Eye; upon which the Country flew to Arms & marched for Providence, there, unprovided with Barracks they marched into the College & dispossessed the Students, about 40 in Number.</blockquote>
"In the claim for damages presented by the Corporation to the United States government," says the University historian, "it is stated that the American troops used it for barracks and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and that the French troops used it for a hospital from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782."<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 68.</ref> The French troops were those of the [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Comte de Rochambeau]].
[[File:Brown University Sayles Hall.JPG|thumb|right|225x225px|On the College Green, Sayles Hall (left), built 1878–81, designed by [[Alpheus C. Morse]], and Wilson Hall, built 1891, designed by [[Frank W. Angell|Gould & Angell]], both buildings in the [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style]]
===The New Curriculum===
In 1966, the first Group Independent Study Project (GISP) at Brown was formed, involving 80 students and 15 professors. The GISP was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially [[San Francisco State University|San Francisco State College]], and sought ways to "put students at the center of their education" and "teach students how to think rather than just teaching facts."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2005/03/02/the-new-curriculum-then/|title=The New Curriculum Then|last=Leubsdorf|first=Ben|date=2005-03-02|work=Brown Daily Herald|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref>
Members of the GISP, Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell published a paper of their findings entitled, "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dl.lib.brown.edu/libweb/papers/maxwell.php|title=Draft of a working paper for education at Brown University|author=Ira magaziner with Elliot Maxwell|publisher=Brown University Library|accessdate=December 6, 2007|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The paper made proposals for the new curriculum, including [[interdisciplinary]] freshman-year courses that would introduce "modes of thought," with instruction from faculty from different disciplines as well as for an end to letter grades. The following year Magaziner began organizing the student body to press for the reforms, organizing discussions and protests.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=1993|title=Curriculum|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Brunoniana|publisher=Brown University Library|location=Providence, Rhode Island|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0780|accessdate=December 6, 2007|last=Mitchell|first=Martha|oclc=31085279}}</ref>
In 1969, University President Ray Heffner Special Committee on Curricular Philosophy in response to student rallies held support of curriculum reform. The committee was tasked with developing specific reforms and the resulting report was called the Maeder Report after the committee's chairman. The report was presented to the faculty, which voted the New Curriculum into existence on May 7, 1969. Its key features included:<ref name="bdh_newcurr">{{cite news|url=http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/03/02/Focus/The-New.Curriculum.Then-882258.shtml|title=The New Curriculum Then|last=Leubsdorf|first=Ben|date=March 2, 2005|accessdate=December 5, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328030651/http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/03/02/Focus/The-New.Curriculum.Then-882258.shtml|archivedate=March 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|publisher=Brown Daily Herald|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* Modes of Thought courses for first-year students
* The introduction of interdisciplinary courses
* The abandonment of "general education" distribution requirements
* The Satisfactory/No Credit (S/NC) grading option
* The ABC/No Credit grading system, which eliminated pluses, minuses, and D's; a grade of "No Credit" would not appear on external transcripts.
The Modes of Thought course was discontinued early on, but the other elements are still in place. In 2006, the reintroduction of plus/minus grading was broached by persons concerned about grade inflation. The idea was rejected by the College Curriculum Council after canvassing alumni, faculty, and students, including the original authors of the Magaziner-Maxwell Report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Sheridan_Center/pubs/teachingExchange/jan2002/grade_inflat.shtml|title=Grade Inflation and the Brown Grading System: 2001–2002 Sheridan Center Research Project|work=The Teaching Exchange|publisher=Sheridan Center for Teaching, Brown University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204090048/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Sheridan_Center/pubs/teachingExchange/jan2002/grade_inflat.shtml|archivedate=February 4, 2007|deadurl=no|accessdate=December 5, 2007|df=mdy}}; {{cite news|url=http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2006/03/15/CampusNews/Plusminus.Fails.Key.Test-1686967.shtml|title=Plus/minus fails key test: Faculty could still vote to change grading system|last=Lutts|first=Chloe|date=March 15, 2006|accessdate=December 11, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328034948/http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2006/03/15/CampusNews/Plusminus.Fails.Key.Test-1686967.shtml|archivedate=March 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|publisher=Brown Daily Herald|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==Coat of arms==
[[File:Brown seal.png|thumb|right|170px|Seal of the university]]
Brown University's coat of arms is a white field divided into four sectors by a red cross; within each sector is an open book. Above the shield is a crest consisting of the upper half of a [[sun in splendor]] among the clouds atop a red and white [[torse]].
The sun and clouds represent "learning piercing the clouds of ignorance." The cross is believed to be a [[Saint George's Cross]], and the open books represent learning.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Brown University: Visual Identity and Graphic Standards|url = https://www.brown.edu/webmaster/visual_identity/logo.html|website = www.brown.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-24}}</ref>
==Campus==
[[File:brown university robinson hall 2009a.JPG|thumb|left|263x263px|Robinson Hall, built 1875-78, designed by [[William R. Walker & Son|Walker and Gould]], an octagonal building in the [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Gothic]] style. It is an example of the panoptic principle in library design inspired by the British Museum reading room<ref>"Robinson Hall" in ''SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings'', Society of Architectural Historians (sah-archipedia.org)</ref>]]
Brown is the largest institutional landowner in Providence, with properties on College Hill and in the [[Jewelry District (Providence)|Jewelry District]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Facilities_Management/docs/Brown%20Houses_11x17.jpg
|title=Brown Houses
|accessdate=December 21, 2007
|publisher=Brown University}}</ref> The College Hill campus was built contemporarily with the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precincts that surround it, so that University buildings blend with the architectural fabric of the city. The only indicator of "campus" is a brick and wrought-iron fence on Prospect, George, and Waterman streets, enclosing the College Green and Front Green. The character of Brown's urban campus is then European organic rather than American landscaped.
===Main campus===
{{further|List of Brown University buildings}}
The main campus, comprising 235 buildings and {{convert|143|acre|km2}}, is on College Hill in Providence's [[East Side, Providence, Rhode Island|East Side]]. It is reached from downtown principally by three extremely steep streets—College, Waterman, and [[Angell Street|Angell]]—which run through the Benefit Street historic district and the campus of the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]. College Street, culminating with Van Wickle Gates at the top of the hill, is especially beautiful, and is the setting for the Convocation and Commencement processions.
[[File:BrownVWG.jpg|thumb|225x225px|At Convocation, new students march through Van Wickle Gates, built 1900-01, designed by [[Howard Hoppin|Hoppin and Ely]] of Providence and [[Howard Hoppin|Hoppin and Koen]] of New York.<ref>In later sources the architects are variously given as Hoppin & Koen of New York, or Hoppin & Ely of Providence, or both. The Hoppins were brothers; in 1895 Ely had taken Francis's place in the Providence firm. ''The Brown Alumni Monthly'' (December 1900, p. 67) says both firms were the designers; ''The American Institute of Architects Quarterly Bulletin'' (vol. 4, 1903, p. 123) shows Hoppin & Ely, with Hoppin & Koen as "associated architects"</ref> The gates were the gift of Augustus Stout Van Wickle, class of 1876, who also gave the [[FitzRandolph Gateway]] at Princeton, built 1905, as a memorial to his ancestor Nathaniel FitzRandolph]]
'''Van Wickle Gates'''
{{Main|Van Wickle Gates}}
The Van Wickle Gates, dedicated on June 18, 1901, have a pair of smaller side gates that are open year-round, and a large central gate that is opened two days a year for Convocation and Commencement. At Convocation the gate opens inward to admit the procession of new students. At Commencement the gate opens outward for the procession of graduates.<ref>Mitchell, Martha. (1993). "[https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=V0020 Van Wickle Gates]." ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana''</ref> A Brown superstition is that students who walk through the central gate a second time prematurely will not graduate, although walking backwards is said to cancel the hex. Members of the [[Brown University Band]] famously flout the superstition by walking through the gate three times too many, as they annually play their role in the Commencement parade.
[[File:BrownUniversity-CarrieTower.jpg|thumb|left|223x223px|Carrie Tower, built 1904 in [[English Baroque]] style, is a memorial to Caroline Mathilde Brown, granddaughter of [[Nicholas Brown, Jr.|Nicholas Brown]], class of 1786, for whom the University is named]]
The core green spaces of the main campus are the Front (or "Quiet") Green, the College (or "Main") Green, and the Ruth J. Simmons Quadrangle (until 2012 called Lincoln Field). The old buildings on these three greens are the most photographed.
Adjacent to this older campus are, to the south, academic buildings and residential quadrangles, including Wriston, Keeney, and Gregorian quadrangles; to the east, Sciences Park occupying two city blocks; to the north, connected to Simmons Quadrangle by The Walk, academic and residential precincts, including the life sciences complex and the Pembroke Campus; and to the west, on the slope of College Hill, academic buildings, including List Art Center and the Hay and Rockefeller libraries. Also on the slope of College Hill, contiguous with Brown, is the campus of the [[Rhode Island School of Design]].
[[File:BrownUniversity-JohnHayLibrary.jpg|thumb|right|211x211px|The [[John Hay Library]], built 1910, designed by [[Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge]] in the [[English Renaissance]] style, is home to rare books, special collections, and the University archives]]
'''John Hay Library'''
{{Main|John Hay Library}}
The John Hay Library is the second oldest library on campus. It was opened in 1910 and named for [[John Hay]] (class of 1858, private secretary to [[Abraham Lincoln]] and Secretary of State under two Presidents) at the request of his friend [[Andrew Carnegie]], who contributed half of the $300,000 cost of the building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=J0080 |title=From Martha Mitchell's ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana'': John Hay Library |publisher=Brown.edu |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref> It is now the repository of the University's archives, rare books and manuscripts, and special collections. Noteworthy among the latter are the [[Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dl.lib.brown.edu/libweb/collections/askb/ |title=The Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection :: Brown University Library |publisher=Dl.lib.brown.edu |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> (described as "the foremost American collection of material devoted to the history and iconography of soldiers and soldiering"), the Harris Collection of American Poetry and Plays (described as "the largest and most comprehensive collection of its kind in any research library"), the Lownes Collection of the History of Science (described as "one of the three most important private collections of books of science in America"), and (for popularity of requests) the papers of [[H.P. Lovecraft]]. The Hay Library is home to one of the broadest collections of [[Incunable|incunabula]] (15th-century printed books) in the Americas, as well as such rarities as the manuscript of [[George Orwell|Orwell]]'s ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' and a Shakespeare [[First Folio]]. There are also three books [[Anthropodermic bibliopegy|bound in human skin]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Johnson |first= M.L. |date= January 7, 2006 |agency= Associated Press |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=20060111&id=K-lYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rVYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5031,2157846 |title= Some of nation's best libraries have books bound in human skin |accessdate=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:brown university john carter brown lib.JPG|thumb|left|228x228px|The [[John Carter Brown Library]] on the College Green, built 1898-1904, designed by [[Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge]] in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] style, is one of the world's leading repositories of ancient books and maps relating to the exploration and natural history of the Americas<ref>"EBSCO Publishing and the John Carter Brown Library Join Forces to Offer Database", September 16, 2010, published online at Journals.EBSCO.com</ref>]]
'''John Carter Brown Library'''
{{Main|John Carter Brown Library}}
The John Carter Brown Library, founded in 1846, is administered separately from the University, but has been located on the Main Green of the campus since 1904. It is generally regarded as the world's leading collection of primary historical sources pertaining to the Americas before 1825. It houses a very large percentage of the titles published before that date about the discovery, settlement, history, and natural history of the New World. The "JCB", as it is known, published the 29-volume ''Bibliotheca Americana'', a principal bibliography in the field. Typical of its noteworthy holdings is the best preserved of the eleven surviving copies of the [[Bay Psalm Book]] the earliest extant book printed in British North America and the most expensive printed book in the world.<ref>BBC News, "Bay Psalm Book is most expensive printed work at $14.2m," [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-25115524 BBC]; [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/2013/the-bay-psalm-book-sale-n09039/The-Bay-Psalm-Book/2013/10/census-of-copies-of-.html Sothebys.com]</ref> There is also a very fine Shakespeare [[First Folio]], added to the collection by John Carter Brown's widow (a Shakespeare enthusiast) on the grounds that it includes ''[[The Tempest]]'', a play set in the New World. The JCB holdings comprise more than 50,000 early titles and about 16,000 modern books, as well as prints, manuscripts, maps, and other items in the library's specialty. Manning now houses the [[Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology]].
[[File:Manning Chapel.jpg|thumb|214x214px|On the Front Green at the top of College Hill are Hope College (left), built 1821-22, and Manning Hall, built 1834-35, designed by [[Russell Warren (architect)|Russell Warren]]. Both buildings were the gift of Nicholas Brown, Junior]]
===Haffenreffer Museum===
{{Main|Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology}}
The exhibition galleries of the Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown's teaching museum, are located in Manning Hall on the campus's main green. Its one million artifacts, available for research and educational purposes, are located at its Collections Research Center in Bristol, RI. The museum's goal is to inspire creative and critical thinking about culture by fostering interdisciplinary understanding of the material world. It provides opportunities for faculty and students to work with collections and the public, teaching through objects and programs in classrooms and exhibitions. The museum sponsors lectures and events in all areas of anthropology, and also runs an extensive program of outreach to local schools.
[[File:First Baptist Meetinghouse, Providence, RI.jpg|thumb|left|263x263px|Brown Commencements have been held since 1776 in the [[First Baptist Church in America]], built 1774-75, designed by [[Joseph Brown (astronomer)|Joseph Brown]]. This "meeting house" was built to accommodate 1,400 people and for the dual purpose of "the publick worship of Almighty God and also for holding commencement in"<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 63; the quote is from the Baptist Society resolution dated February 11, 1774</ref>]]
The "Walk" connects Pembroke Campus to the main campus. It is a succession of green spaces extending from Ruth Simmons Quadrangle (Lincoln Field) in the south to the Pembroke College monument on Meeting Street in the north. It is bordered by departmental buildings and the Granoff Center for the Creative Arts. A focal point of The Walk will be the [[Maya Lin]]-designed water-circulating topographical sculpture of Narragansett Bay, to be installed in 2014 next to the Institute for the Study of Environment and Society.
[[File:BrownUniversity-SmithBuonannoHall.jpg|thumb|right|201x201px|Smith-Buonanno Hall on the Pembroke Campus]]
[[File:Miller Hall (Brown University, Providence, RI, USA).jpg|thumb|right|293x293px|Miller Hall on the Pembroke Campus]]
===Pembroke campus===
The [[Pembroke College in Brown University|Women's College in Brown University]], known as Pembroke College, was founded in October 1891. When it merged with Brown in 1971, the Pembroke Campus was absorbed into the Brown campus. The Pembroke campus is centered on a quadrangle that fronts on Meeting Street, where a garden and monument—with scale-model of the quadrangle in bronze—compose the formal entry to the campus. The Pembroke campus is among the most pleasing spaces at Brown, with noteworthy examples of Victorian and Georgian architecture. The west side of the quadrangle comprises Pembroke Hall (1897), Smith-Buonanno Hall (1907, formerly Pembroke Gymnasium), and Metcalf Hall (1919); the east side comprises Alumnae Hall (1927) and Miller Hall (1910); the quadrangle culminates on the north with Andrews Hall (1947) and its terrace and garden. Pembroke Hall, originally a classroom building and library, now houses the Cogut Center for the Humanities.
[[File:BrownUniversity-OrwigMusicBuilding.jpg|thumb|left|253x253px|The Orwig Music Library in the former Isaac Gifford Ladd house, built 1850, acquired in 1969 when Brown bought the buildings and grounds of [[Bryant University]] on the southeast edge of the Brown campus]]
East Campus, centered on Hope and Charlesfield streets, was originally the site of [[Bryant University]]. In 1969, as Bryant was preparing to move to Smithfield, Rhode Island, Brown bought their Providence campus for $5 million. This expanded the Brown campus by {{convert|10|acre|m2}} and 26 buildings, included several historic houses, notably the Isaac Gifford Ladd house, built 1850 (now Brown's Orwig Music Library), and the Robert Taft House, built 1895 (now King House). The area was named East Campus in 1971.
[[Thayer Street]] runs through Brown's main campus, north to south, and is College Hill's reduced-scale counterpart to [[Harvard Square]] or Berkeley's [[Telegraph Avenue]]. Restaurants, cafes, bistros, tavernas, pubs, bookstores, second-hand shops, and the like abound. Tourists, people-watchers, buskers, and students from Providence's six colleges make the scene. Half a mile south of campus is Thayer Street's hipper cousin, [[Wickenden Street]]. More picturesque and with older architecture, it features galleries, pubs, specialty shops, artist-supply stores, and a regionally famous coffee shop that doubles as a film set (for [[Woody Allen]] and others).
[[Brown Stadium]], built in 1925 and home to the football team, is located approximately a mile to the northeast of the main campus. Marston Boathouse, the home of the crew teams, lies on the Blackstone/Seekonk River, to the southeast of campus. Brown's Warren Alpert Medical School is situated in the historic [[Jewelry District (Providence)|Jewelry District of Providence]], near the medical campus of Brown's teaching hospitals, [[Rhode Island Hospital]], [[Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island|Women and Infants Hospital]], and Hasbro Children's Hospital. Other University research facilities in the Jewelry District include the Laboratories for Molecular Medicine.
Brown's School of Public Health occupies a landmark modernist building overlooking Memorial Park on the Providence Riverwalk. Brown also owns {{convert|376|acre|km2|adj=on}} the [[Mount Hope (Rhode Island)|Mount Hope Grant]] in Bristol, Rhode Island, an important [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[King Philip's War]] site. Brown's [[Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology]] Collection Research Center, particularly strong in Native American items, is located in the Mount Hope Grant.
==Academics==
===Presidents===
[[File:Christina paxson.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|19th Brown president [[Christina Hull Paxson]], 2012 to present]]
[[File:JonathanMaxcy.jpg|upright|thumb|left|160px|2nd Brown president, [[Jonathan Maxcy]], 1792–1802 was the first alum to serve as president]]
[[File:Francis Wayland 4th President of Brown.jpg|thumb|left|160px|4th Brown president Francis Wayland, 1827-1855. His influential book ''Thoughts on the Present Collegiate System in the United States'' (1842) urged American universities to adopt a broader curriculum]]
[[File:DrRuthJSimmons.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|18th Brown president [[Ruth J. Simmons]], 2001–2012, was the first [[African-American]] to lead an Ivy League university]]
{{Main|List of Presidents of Brown University}}
Brown's current president [[Christina Hull Paxson]] took office in 2012. She had previously been dean of the [[Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs|Woodrow Wilson School]] at [[Princeton University]] and a past-chair of Princeton's economics department.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2012/03/paxson |title=Economist Christina Hull Paxson elected 19th president of Brown University | Brown University News and Events |publisher=News.brown.edu |date=March 2, 2012 |accessdate=April 1, 2012|others=Media Contact: Marisa Quinn}}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, Paxson presided over the year-long celebration of the 250th anniversary of Brown's founding. Her immediate predecessor as president was Ruth J. Simmons, the first [[African American]] president of an Ivy League institution. Simmons will remain at Brown as a professor of Comparative Literature and Africana Studies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ruth Simmons Resigning|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/15/ruth-simmons-resigning-brown_n_964174.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=September 9, 2011|first=Alana|last=Horowitz}}</ref>
===The College===
{{Main|The College of Brown University}}
Founded in 1764, the College is the oldest school of Brown University. About 6,400 undergraduate students are currently enrolled in the College, and 79 concentrations (majors) are offered. Completed concentrations of undergraduates by area are social sciences 42 percent, humanities 26 percent, life sciences 17 percent, and physical sciences 14 percent.<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Institutional_Research/documents/QuickReference09-10.pdf|title=Home|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> The concentrations with the greatest number of students are Biology, History, and International Relations. Brown is one of the few schools in the United States with an undergraduate concentration (major) in [[Egyptology]]. Undergraduates can also design an independent concentration if the existing programs do not align with their curricular focus.
35 percent of undergraduates pursue graduate or professional study immediately, 60 percent within 5 years, and 80 percent within 10 years.<ref name="admit-facts">{{cite web|author=Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Admission/gettoknowus/factsandfigures.html |title=Brown University Office of Admission facts and figures |publisher=Brown.edu |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref> For the Class of 1998, 75 percent of all graduates have since enrolled in a graduate or professional degree program.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/Institutional_Research/documents/UndergraduateOutcomes2008.pdf|title=Home|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> The degrees acquired were doctoral 22 percent, master's 35 percent, medicine 28 percent, and law 14 percent.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
The highest fields of employment for graduates of the College are business 36 percent, education 19 percent, health/medical 6 percent, arts 6 percent, government 6 percent, and communications/media 5 percent.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:List_Art_Center,_Brown_University.jpg|thumb|right|208x208px|The List Art Center, built 1969-71, designed by [[Philip Johnson]], houses the Department of Visual Art and the David Winton Bell Gallery, and is adjacent to the campus of the [[Rhode Island School of Design]]]]
===Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program===
Brown's near neighbor on College Hill is the [[Rhode Island School of Design]] (RISD), America's top-ranked art college.<ref>{{cite web|title=RISD Ranks #1 for Fine Arts Grad Programs|url=http://www.risd.edu/About/News/RISD_Ranks_1.aspx|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=15 March 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727031422/http://www.risd.edu/about/news/risd_ranks_1.aspx|archivedate=July 27, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Brown and RISD students can cross-register at the two institutions, with Brown students permitted to take as many as four courses at RISD that count towards a Brown degree. The two institutions partner to provide various student-life services and the two student bodies compose a synergy in the College Hill cultural scene.
After several years of discussion between the two institutions and several students pursuing dual degrees unofficially, Brown and RISD formally established a five-year dual degree program in 2007, with the first class matriculating in the fall of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2007-08/07-013.html|title=07-013 (Brown/RISD Joint Degree)|website=www.brown.edu|access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref> The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, among the most selective in the country, offered admission to 19 of the 707 applicants for the class entering in autumn 2018, an acceptance rate of 2.7 percent.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2018/03/admission|title=News from Brown - With record applications, Brown admits 2,566 to Class of 2022|last=|first=|date=|website=www.brown.edu|access-date=}}</ref> It combines the complementary strengths of the two institutions, integrating studio art and design at RISD with the entire spectrum of Brown's departmental offerings. Students are admitted to the Dual Degree Program for a course lasting five years and culminating in both the Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) or Bachelor of Science (Sc.B.) degree from Brown and the Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) degree from RISD. Prospective students must apply to the two schools separately and be accepted by separate admissions committees. Their application must then be approved by a third Brown/RISD joint committee.
Admitted students spend the first year in residence at RISD completing its first-year Experimental and Foundation Studies curriculum, while taking up to three Brown classes. The second year is spent in residence at Brown, during which students take mainly Brown courses while starting on their RISD major requirements. In the third, fourth, and fifth years, students can elect to live at either school or off-campus, and course distribution is determined by the requirements of each student's unique combination of Brown concentration and RISD major. Program participants are noted for their creative and original approach to cross-disciplinary opportunities, combining, for example, industrial design with engineering, or anatomical illustration with human biology, or philosophy with sculpture, or architecture with urban studies. An annual "BRDD Exhibition" is a well-publicized and heavily attended event, drawing interest and attendees from the wider world of industry, design, the media, and the fine arts.
[[File:BrownUniversity-LymanHall.jpg|thumb|left|221x221px|Lyman Hall, built 1890-92, designed by [[Stone, Carpenter & Willson|Stone, Carpenter and Willson]] in [[Richardsonian Romanesque]] style, houses the Department of Theatre Arts and Performance Studies]]
===Theatre and playwriting===
Brown's theatre and playwriting programs are among the best-regarded in the country. Since 2003, eight different Brown graduates have either won (four times) or been nominated for (six times) the [[Pulitzer Prize]]—including winners [[Lynn Nottage]] '86 (twice—2009, 2017), [[Ayad Akhtar]] '93, [[Nilo Cruz]] '94, and [[Quiara Alegría Hudes]] '04; and nominees [[Sarah Ruhl]] '97 (twice), [[Gina Gionfriddo]] '97 (twice), [[Stephen Karam]] '02, and [[Jordan Harrison]] '03. In ''American Theater'' magazine's 2009 ranking of the most-produced American plays, Brown graduates occupied four of the top five places—Peter Nachtrieb '97, Rachel Sheinkin '89, Sarah Ruhl '97, and Stephen Karam '02.<ref>Kathy Borchers, "Brown University turning out one exceptional playwright after another," Associated Press (''Providence Journal''), December 18, 2009; {{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/features/article/most-produced-plays |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903071900/http://www.playbill.com/features/article/most-produced-plays |archivedate=September 3, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>
The undergraduate concentration (major) encompasses programs in theatre history, performance theory, playwriting, dramaturgy, acting, directing, dance, speech, and technical production. Applications for doctoral and master's degree programs are made through the University Graduate School. Master's degrees in acting and directing are pursued in conjunction with the Rep MFA program, which partners with one of the country's great regional theatres, [[Trinity Repertory Company]], home of the last longstanding resident acting company in the country.<ref>Molly Lederer, "Trinity Rep is still shining after 50 years," ''East Side Monthly'', Oct. 2013, p. 17</ref> Trinity Rep's present artistic director [[Curt Columbus]] succeeded [[Oskar Eustis]] in 2006, when Eustis was chosen to lead New York's [[The Public Theater|Public Theater]].
The many performance spaces available to Brown students include the Chace and Dowling theaters at Trinity Rep; the McCormack Family, Lee Strasberg, Rites and Reason, Ashamu Dance, Stuart, and Leeds theatres in University departments; the Upstairs Space and Downstairs Space belonging to the wholly student-run [[Production Workshop]]; and Alumnae Hall, used by Brown University Gilbert & Sullivan and by [[Brown Opera Productions]]. Production design courses utilize the John Street Studio of [[Eugene Lee (designer)|Eugene Lee]], three-time [[Tony Award]]-winner.
[[File:BrownUniversity-HopeCollege.jpg|thumb|left|190x190px|Hope College, built 1821-22 in late [[Federal architecture|Federal]] style, was named for Hope Brown Ives, sister of [[Nicholas Brown, Jr.|Nicholas Brown, Junior]], and was the first purpose-built residence hall at Brown]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-FacultyClub.jpg|thumb|right|214x214px|Membership in the Brown Faculty Club is open to all faculty, staff, alumni, and Brown parents, and confers reciprocal privileges at other clubs—in North America, England, Spain, and Israel—through the Association of College and University Clubs]]
===Writing programs===
Writing at Brown—fiction, non-fiction, poetry, playwriting, screenwriting, electronic writing, mixed media, and the undergraduate writing proficiency requirement—is catered for by various centers and degree programs, and a faculty that has long included nationally and internationally known authors. The undergraduate concentration (major) in literary arts offers courses in fiction, poetry, screenwriting, literary hypermedia, and translation. Graduate programs include the fiction and poetry MFA writing programs in the literary arts department, and the MFA playwriting program in the theatre arts and performance studies department. The non-fiction writing program is offered in the English department. Screenwriting and cinema narrativity courses are offered in the departments of literary arts and modern culture and media. The undergraduate writing proficiency requirement is supported by the Writing Center.
===Author prizewinners===
Alumni authors take their degrees across the spectrum of degree concentrations, but a gauge of the strength of writing at Brown is the number of major national writing prizes won. To note only winners since the year 2000: [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]-winners [[Jeffrey Eugenides]] '82 (2003), [[Marilynne Robinson]] '66 (2005), and [[Andrew Sean Greer]] '92 (2018); British [[Orange Prize]]-winners [[Marilynne Robinson]] '66 (2009) and [[Madeline Miller]] '00 (2012); [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]]-winners [[Nilo Cruz]] '94 (2003), [[Lynn Nottage]] '86 (twice, 2009, 2017), [[Quiara Alegría Hudes]] '04 (2012), and [[Ayad Akhtar]] '93 (2013); [[Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography|Pulitzer Prize for Biography]]-winner [[David Kertzer]] '69 (2015); [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize for Journalism]]-winners [[James Risen]] '77 (twice, 2002, 2006), [[Mark Maremont]] '80 (twice, 2003, 2007), [[Gareth Cook]] '91 (2005), [[Tony Horwitz]] '80 (2005), Peter Kovacs '77 (2006), Stephanie Grace '86 (2006), Mary Swerczek '98 (2006), Jane B. Spencer '99 (2006), [[Usha Lee McFarling]] '89 (2007), James Bandler '89 (2007), Amy Goldstein '75 (2009), [[David Rohde]] '90 (twice, 1996, 2009), [[Kathryn Schulz]] '96 (2016), and [[Alissa J. Rubin]] '80 (2016); [[Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction|Pulitzer Prize for General]] Nonfiction-winner [[James Forman Jr.]] '88 (2018), as well as [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]]-winner [[Peter Balakian]] PhD '80.
[[File:BrownUniversity-WatsonCIT.jpg|thumb|left|188x188px|The Watson Center for Information Technology, built 1988, designed by [[Cambridge Seven Associates]]. It is named for Thomas J. Watson, Jr., Brown class of 1937, who led the global rise of [[IBM]].]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-182GeorgeSt.jpg|thumb|right|231x231px|The division of applied mathematics in the former Henry Pearce House, built 1898, designed by Frank W. Angell and Frank H. Swift, acquired by Brown in 1952]]
===Computer science===
Brown began offering computer science courses through the departments of Economics and Applied Mathematics in 1956 when it acquired an IBM machine. Brown added an [[IBM 650]] in January 1958, the only one of its type between Hartford and Boston. In 1960, Brown opened its first dedicated computer building. The building, designed by [[Philip Johnson]] and opened on George Street, received an [[IBM 7070]] computer the next year. Brown granted computer sciences full Departmental status in 1979. In 2009, IBM and Brown announced the installation of a supercomputer (by teraflops standards), the most powerful in the southeastern New England region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2009/11/supercomputer|title=Brown, IBM Unveil Multimillion-Dollar Supercomputer - News from Brown|work=brown.edu|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref>
In the 1960s, [[Andries van Dam]] along with [[Ted Nelson]], and [[Bob Wallace]] invented The [[Hypertext Editing System]]s, [[Hypertext Editing System|HES]] and [[FRESS]] while at Brown. Nelson coined the word ''[[hypertext]]''. Van Dam's students helped originate [[XML]], [[XSLT]], and related Web standards. Other Brown alumni have distinguished themselves in the computer sciences. They include a principal architect of the [[Classic Mac OS]], a principal architect of the [[Intel 80386]] microprocessor line, the [[Windows 95|Microsoft Windows 95]] project chief, a CEO of [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], the former head of the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]], the inaugural chair of the [[Computing Community Consortium]], and design chiefs at [[Pixar]] and [[Industrial Light & Magic]], protegees of graphics guru [[Andries van Dam]]. The character "Andy" in the animated film ''Toy Story'' is taken to be an homage to Van Dam from his students employed at Pixar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114709/trivia|title=IMDB trivia for Toy Story page|work=IMDb|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> Van Dam denies this, but a copy of his book (''Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice'') appears on Andy's bookshelf in the film. Brown computer science graduate and ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' actor [[Masi Oka]] '97, was an animator at [[Industrial Light & Magic]].
The department today is home to [[Cave Automatic Virtual Environment|The CAVE]]. This project is a [[virtual reality]] room used for everything from three-dimensional drawing classes to tours of the [[circulatory system]] for medical students. In 2000, students from Brown's Technology House converted the south face of the Sciences Library into a [[Tetris]] game, the first high-rise-building Tetris ever attempted. Code named La Bastille, the game used a [[personal computer]] running [[Linux]], a radio-frequency video game controller, eleven circuit boards, a 12-story data network, and over 10,000 Christmas lights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bastilleweb.techhouse.org/ |title=La Bastille: A Tech House Art Installation |publisher=Bastilleweb.techhouse.org |date=April 14, 2000 |accessdate=April 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.macobserver.com/news/00/april/000425/wozontetris.shtml
|title=Play Tetris On A Building Wall ... And Steve Wozniak Will Visit You
|publisher=The Mac Observer
|date=April 25, 2000 }}</ref>
[[File:Rhode Island Hall, Brown University, Providence RI.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Rhode Island Hall on the College Green, built 1839-40, designed by [[Russell Warren (architect)|James Bucklin]] in [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] style to house the Natural History department, is now home to the [[Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World|Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology]]]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-WilbourHall.jpg|thumb|right|240x240px|The Department of Egyptology and Assyriology in Wilbour Hall, the former Samuel Dorrance Mansion, built 1888. Wilbour Hall is named for [[Charles Edwin Wilbour]], class of 1854, famed Egyptologist, whose collections and papers are held in the Wilbour Library in New York]]
===The Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World===
The [[Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World]] pursues fieldwork and excavations, regional surveys, and academic study of the archaeology and art of the ancient Mediterranean, Egypt, and Western Asia from the Levant to the Caucasus. The Institute has a very active fieldwork profile, with faculty-led excavations and regional surveys presently in Petra, Jordan, in West-Central Turkey, at Abydos in Egypt, and in Sudan, Italy, Mexico, Guatemala, Montserrat in the West Indies, and Providence, Rhode Island.
The Institute's faculty includes cross-appointments from the departments of Egyptology, Assyriology, Classics, Anthropology, and History of Art and Architecture. Faculty research and publication areas include Greek and Roman art and architecture, landscape archaeology, urban and religious architecture of the Levant, Roman provincial studies, the Aegean Bronze Age, and the archaeology of the Caucasus. The Institute offers visiting teaching appointments and postdoctoral fellowships which have, in recent years, included Near Eastern Archaeology and Art, Classical Archaeology and Art, Islamic Archaeology and Art, and Archaeology and Media Studies.
'''Egyptology and Assyriology'''
Facing the Joukowsky Institute, across the Front Green, is the Department of Egyptology and Assyriology, formed in 2006 by the merger of Brown's renowned departments of Egyptology and History of Mathematics. It is one of only a handful of such departments in the United States. The curricular focus is on three principal areas: Egyptology (the study of the ancient languages, history, and culture of Egypt), Assyriology (the study of the ancient lands of present-day Iraq, Syria, and Turkey), and the history of the ancient exact sciences (astronomy, astrology, and mathematics). Many courses in the department are open to all Brown undergraduates without prerequisite, and include archaeology, languages, history, and Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions, literature, and science. Students concentrating (majoring) in the department choose a track of either Egyptology or Assyriology. Graduate level study comprises three tracks to the doctoral degree: Egyptology, Assyriology, or the History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity.
[[File:BrownUniversity-WatsonInstitute.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Watson Institute for International Studies|Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs]], built 2000-2002, designed by [[Rafael Viñoly]]]]
=== The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs ===
{{Main|Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs}}
The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs is a center for the study of global issues and public affairs and is one of the leading institutes of its type in the country. It occupies an architecturally distinctive building designed by Uruguayan architect [[Rafael Viñoly]]. The Institute was initially endowed by [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]], Brown class of 1937, former [[Ambassador to the Soviet Union]], and longtime president of [[IBM]]. Institute faculty includes, or formerly included, Italian prime minister and [[European Commission]] president [[Romano Prodi]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/prodi Brown.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930014537/http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/prodi |date=September 30, 2014 }}</ref> Brazilian president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/news/2012/former-professor-large-cardoso-awarded-kluge-prize-study-humanity Brown.edu] {{dead link|date=September 2016}}</ref> Chilean president [[Ricardo Lagos|Ricardo Lagos Escobar]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/lagos Brown.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402013501/http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/lagos |date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> Mexican novelist and statesman [[Carlos Fuentes]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Social Fabric: Global Migration, Local Exclusions, and the New Iberoamerican Agenda|url=http://watson.brown.edu/events/2011/social-fabric-global-migration-local-exclusions-and-new-iberoamerican-agenda|publisher=Watson Institute|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=April 6, 2011}}</ref> Brazilian statesman and United Nations commission head [[Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro]],<ref>[http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/pinheiro Brown.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930064440/http://www.watson.brown.edu/people/faculty/pinheiro |date=September 30, 2014 }}</ref> Indian foreign minister and ambassador to the United States [[Nirupama Rao]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Meera and Vikram Gandhi Fellows|url=https://brown.edu/initiatives/india/meera-and-vikram-gandhi-fellows|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=9 March 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150309230031/http://brown.edu/initiatives/india/meera-and-vikram-gandhi-fellows|archivedate=March 9, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> American diplomat and [[Dayton Agreement|Dayton Peace Accords]] author [[Richard Holbrooke]] (Brown '62),<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown University community mourns loss of Richard C. Holbrooke, alumnus and career diplomat|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/12/hol|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> and [[Sergei Khrushchev]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergei Khrushchev Recalls the Cuban Missile Crisis on BBC|url=http://watson.brown.edu/news/2012/sergei-khrushchev-recalls-cuban-missile-crisis-bbc|publisher=Watson Institute|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=October 15, 2012}}</ref> editor of the papers of his father [[Nikita Khrushchev]], leader of the [[Soviet Union]].
The Institute's curricular interest is organized into the principal themes of development, security, and governance—with further focuses on globalization, economic uncertainty, security threats, environmental degradation, and poverty. Three Brown undergraduate concentrations (majors) are hosted by the Watson Institute—Development Studies, International Relations, and Public Policy. Graduate programs offered at the Watson Institute include the Graduate Program in Development (Ph.D.) and the Public Policy Program (M.P.A). The Institute also offers Post Doctoral, professional development and global outreach programming. In support of these programs, the Institute houses various centers, including the Brazil Initiative, Brown-India Initiative, China Initiative, Middle East Studies center, The Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CLACS) and the Taubman Center for Public Policy. In recent years, the most internationally cited product of the Watson Institute has been its [[Casualties of the Iraq War|Costs of War Project]], first released in 2011 and continuously updated. The Project comprises a team of economists, anthropologists, political scientists, legal experts, and physicians, and seeks to calculate the economic costs, human casualties, and impact on civil liberties of the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan since 2001.
[[File:Slater_Hall,_Brown_University.jpg|thumb|left|240px|upright|Slater Hall, built 1879, designed by [[Stone, Carpenter & Willson|Stone and Carpenter]] in [[High Victorian Gothic|Ruskinian Gothic]] style. When its foundation was dug at the south end of the College Green, neighbors objected that the Green "upon which so many are accustomed to gaze while taking daily walks" would be blocked from view, and Slater Hall was re-sited facing the Front Green]]
[[File:BrownUniversity-SalomonCenter.jpg|thumb|right|240x240px|Rogers Hall on the College Green, built 1862, designed by [[Alpheus C. Morse|Alpheus Morse]] in the [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italian Gothic]] style as a chemistry laboratory, was renamed in 1989 the Salomon Center for Teaching]]
===The School of Engineering===
{{main|Brown University School of Engineering}}
Established in 1847, Brown's engineering program is the oldest in the Ivy League and the third oldest civilian engineering program in the country, preceded only by [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] (1824) and [[Union College]] (1845). In 1916, the departments of electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering were merged into a Division of Engineering, and in 2010 the division was elevated to a School of Engineering.
Engineering at Brown is especially interdisciplinary. The School is organized without the traditional departments or boundaries found at most schools, and follows a model of connectivity between disciplines—including biology, medicine, physics, chemistry, computer science, the humanities and the social sciences. The School practices an innovative clustering of faculties in which engineers team with non-engineers to bring a convergence of ideas.
===IE Brown Executive MBA Dual Degree Program===
Since 2009, Brown has developed an Executive MBA program in conjunction with one of the leading Business Schools in Europe; [[IE Business School]] in Madrid. This relationship has since strengthened resulting in both institutions offering a dual degree program.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown's website |date= October 2014 |url= https://brown.edu/professional/executive/iebrown-mba/ |title= IE Brown Executive MBA |publisher= Brown University News Service |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141107114344/http://brown.edu/professional/executive/iebrown-mba/ |archivedate= November 7, 2014 |deadurl= yes |df= mdy-all }}</ref> In this partnership, Brown provides its traditional coursework while IE provides most of the business-related subjects making a differentiated alternative program to other Ivy League's EMBAs.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clark|first1=Patrick|title=Brown University Gets Into the MBA Game|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-05-23/brown-university-gets-into-the-mba-game|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=9 March 2015|date=May 23, 2014}}</ref> The cohort typically consists of 25-30 EMBA candidates from some 20 countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iebrown.com/faqs.php |title=IE Brown Executive MBA - Faqs - IE Brown Executive MBA |work=iebrown.com |accessdate=July 24, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217091212/http://www.iebrown.com/faqs.php |archivedate=December 17, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>
Classes are held in Providence, Madrid, Cape Town and Online.
===The Pembroke Center===
{{Main|Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women}}
The Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women was established at Brown in 1981 by [[Joan Wallach Scott]] as a research center on gender. It was named for Pembroke College, the former women's coordinate college at Brown, and is affiliated with Brown's [[Sarah Doyle Women's Center]]. It supports the undergraduate concentration in [[Gender]] and [[Human sexuality|Sexuality]] Studies, post-doctoral research fellowships, the annual Pembroke Seminar, and other academic programs. The Center also manages various collections, archives, and resources, including the Elizabeth Weed Feminist Theory Papers and the Christine Dunlap Farnham Archive.
===The Graduate School===
{{Main|Brown University Graduate School}}
Established in 1887, the Graduate School has around 2,000 students studying over 50 disciplines. 20 different [[master's degrees]] are offered as well as [[Ph.D.]] degrees in over 40 subjects ranging from [[applied mathematics]] to [[public policy]]. Overall, admission to the Graduate School is most competitive with an acceptance rate of about 10 percent.
[[File:Ship Street Farmers' Market in front of Brown Alpert Medical School.jpg|thumb|left|210px|The Ship Street Farmer's Market in front of the Medical Education Building on the campus of Brown's Alpert Medical School in the [[Jewelry District (Providence)|Jewelry District]]]]
[[File:Brown University 121 South Main Street Building.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Brown's School of Public Health on the Riverwalk in Providence occupies a building designed by [[Edward Larrabee Barnes]]]]
===Alpert Medical School===
{{Main|Alpert Medical School}}
The University's medical program started in 1811, but the school was suspended by President Wayland in 1827 after the program's faculty declined to live on campus (a new requirement under Wayland). In 1975, the first M.D. degrees from the new Program in Medicine were awarded to a graduating class of 58 students. In 1991, the school was officially renamed the Brown University School of Medicine, then renamed once more to Brown Medical School in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://med.brown.edu/timeline/ |title=History of the Brown Medical School |publisher=Med.brown.edu |accessdate=June 6, 2012}}</ref> In January 2007, Warren Alpert donated $100 million to Brown Medical School, in recognition of which its name was changed to the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
In 2014, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Brown's medical school the 5th most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 2.9 percent.<ref name=usnews.com>{{cite web|last1=Smith-Barrow|first1=Delece|title=10 Medical Schools With the Lowest Acceptance Rates|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/the-short-list-grad-school/articles/2014/03/27/10-medical-schools-with-the-lowest-acceptance-rates|publisher=U.S. News and World Report LP|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316192021/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/the-short-list-grad-school/articles/2014/03/27/10-medical-schools-with-the-lowest-acceptance-rates|archive-date=March 16, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
''U.S. News'' ranks it 31st for research and 21st in primary care.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings?int=af3309&int=b3b50a&int=aac509 |title=Best Medical Schools (Primary Care) Ranked in 2019 - US News Rankings |publisher=Grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com |accessdate=December 15, 2017}}</ref>
The medical school is known especially for its eight-year [[Program in Liberal Medical Education]] (PLME), inaugurated in 1984. One of the most selective and renowned programs of its type in the country, it offered admission to 90 of the 2,290 applicants for the class entering in autumn 2015, an acceptance rate of 3.9 percent.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Since 1976, the Early Identification Program (EIP) has encouraged Rhode Island residents to pursue careers in medicine by recruiting sophomores from [[Providence College]], [[Rhode Island College]], the [[University of Rhode Island]], and [[Tougaloo College]]. In 2004, the school once again began to accept applications from premedical students at other colleges and universities via [[AMCAS]] like most other medical schools. The medical school also offers combined degree programs leading to the M.D./[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]], M.D./[[Master of Public Health|M.P.H.]] and M.D./[[Master of Public Policy|M.P.P.]] degrees.
===The Marine Biological Laboratory===
{{Main|Marine Biological Laboratory}}
The [[Marine Biological Laboratory]] (MBL) is an independent research institution established in 1882 at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. The laboratory is linked to 54 current or past [[Nobel Laureates]] who have been research or teaching faculty. Since 2005, the MBL and Brown have collaborated in a Ph.D. program in biological and environmental sciences that combines faculty at both institutions, including the faculties of the Ecosystems Center, the Bay Paul Center, the Program in Cellular Dynamics, and the Marine Resources Center.
===Online Programs===
[[File:Brown School of Professional Studies.jpg|thumb|The building in which the School of Professional Studies resides.]]The Brown University School of Professional Studies currently offers [[blended learning]] Executive master's degrees in Healthcare Leadership, Cyber Security, and Science and Technology Leadership.<ref>{{cite|title=Brown School of Professional Studies|url=https://professional.brown.edu/|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref> The master's degrees are designed to help students who have a job and life outside of academia to progress in their respective fields. The students meet in [[Providence, RI]] every 6–7 weeks for a week seminar each trimester.
The University has also invested in [[MOOC]] development starting in 2013, when two courses, ''Archeology's Dirty Little Secrets'' and ''The Fiction of Relationship'', both of which received thousands of students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brown launches two free online courses|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2013/06/coursera|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref> However, after a year of courses, the University broke its contract with [[Coursera]] and revamped its online persona and MOOC development department. By 2017, the University released new courses on [[EdX|edx]], two of which were ''The Ethics of Memory'' and ''Artful Medicine: Art's Power to Enrich Patient Care''. In January 2018, Brown published its first "game-ified" course called '' Fantastic Places, Unhuman Humans: Exploring Humanity Through Literature'', which featured out of platform games to help learners understand materials, as well as a story-line that immerses users into a fictional world to help characters along their journey.<ref>{{cite|title=BrownX|url=https://www.edx.org/school/brownx|accessdate=May 13, 2018}}</ref>
==Admissions and financial aid==
{| style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px" "text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Fall Admission Statistics''
|-
!
!2018<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2018/03/admission |title=With record applications, Brown admits 2,566 to Class of 2022 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>
!2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/09/firstyear|title=Meet the Class of 2021|last=|first=|date=|website=Brown University|access-date=}}</ref>!! 2016<ref name=Admit>{{cite web |url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2016/03/admitted2020 |title=From largest applicant pool in history, Brown admits 2,919 to Class of 2020 |publisher=Brown University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/factbook/undergraduate-admission-and-financial-aid|title=Undergraduate Admission and Financial Aid {{!}} Office of Institutional Research|website=www.brown.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>!! 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2015-2016%20to%20use.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2015-2016, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>!! 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2014-2015.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2014-2015, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>!! 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2013-14.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2013-2014, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>!! 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brown.edu/about/administration/institutional-research/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.institutional-research/files/uploads/CDS_2012-2013_0.pdf |title=Common Data Set 2012-2013, Part C |publisher=Brown University}}</ref>
|-align="center"
! Applicants
|35,438 || 32,723 || 32,390 || 30,396 || 30,431 || 28,919 || 28,742
|-align="center"
! Admits
|2,566 || 2,779 || 3,014 || 2,875 || 2,661 || 2,654 || 2,759
|-align="center"
! Admit rate
|7.2% || 8.5% || 9.3% || 9.5% || 8.7% || 9.2% || 9.6%
|-align="center"
! Enrolled
|1,657 || 1,639 || 1,681 || 1,615 || 1,561 || 1,543 || 1,539
|-align="center"
! SAT range
| N/A || 1405-1570{{efn|As of Fall 2017, SAT scores for the incoming class were calculated on a 1600-point scale instead of the old 2400-point scale.}} || 2060-2350 || 2060-2340 || 2000-2330 || 2000-2310 || 1990-2310
|-align="center"
! ACT range
|N/A || 31-35 || 31-34 || 31-34 || 30-34 || 29-34 || 29-34
|}
For the undergraduate class of 2022 (enrolling in Fall 2018), Brown received 35,438 applications, the largest applicant pool in the University's history. 2,566 were accepted for an acceptance rate of 7.2%, the lowest in university history.<ref name="auto"/> Additionally, for the academic year 2015-16 there were 1,834 transfer applicants, of whom 8.9% were accepted, with an SAT range of 2180-2330, ACT range of 31-34, and average college GPA of 3.85.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/admission/undergraduate/apply/transfer-applicants|title=Transfer Applicants - Undergraduate Admission|website=www.brown.edu}}</ref> In 2017, the Graduate School accepted 11 percent of 9,215 applicants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/about/facts|title=Facts About Brown|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, ''U.S. News'' ranked Brown's Warren [[Alpert Medical School]] the 5th most selective in the country, with an acceptance rate of 2.9 percent.<ref name="usnews.com"/>
Brown admission policy is stipulated [[need-blind]] for all domestic applicants. In 2017, Brown announced that loans would be eliminated from all undergraduate financial aid awards starting in 2018-2019, as part of a new $30 million campaign called the ''Brown Promise''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brown to eliminate loans from University undergraduate aid packages in 2018-19|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/12/promise|publisher=Brown University|date=December 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2016-17, the university awarded need-based scholarships worth $120.5 million. The average need-based award for the class of 2020 was $47,940.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brown.edu/about/administration/financial-aid/|title=Home - Financial Aid|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
== Sustainability ==
Brown has committed to "minimize its energy use, reduce negative environmental impacts and promote environmental stewardship."<ref name="Brown's Energy and Environmental Mission">{{cite web
|title = Department of Facilities Management, Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee
|publisher = Brown University
|url = https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Facilities_Management/energy_policy_recommendations.php
|accessdate = May 28, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724042058/http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Facilities_Management/energy_policy_recommendations.php
|archive-date = July 24, 2008
|dead-url = yes
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref> The Energy and Environmental Advisory Committee has developed a set of ambitious goals for the university to reduce its [[carbon emissions]] and eventually achieve [[carbon neutrality]]. The "Brown is Green" website collects information about Brown's progress toward greenhouse gas emissions reductions and related campus initiatives, such as student groups, courses, and research.<ref name="Brown is Green">{{cite web
|title=information on Brown's efforts to create a more sustainable environment
|publisher=Brown University
|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Brown_Is_Green/
|accessdate=May 28, 2008}}</ref> Brown's grade of A-minus was the top one issued in the 2009 report of the Sustainable Endowments Institute (no A-grade was issued).<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web
|title=College Sustainability Report Card 2009
|publisher =Sustainable Endowments Institute
|url=http://www.endowmentinstitute.org/
|accessdate=October 28, 2008}}</ref>
Brown has a number of active environmental leadership groups on campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown is Green: Student Groups and Initiatives |publisher=Brown University |url=https://www.brown.edu/about/brown-is-green/student-groups-and-initiatives |accessdate=June 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704145244/http://www.brown.edu/about/brown-is-green/student-groups-and-initiatives |archivedate=July 4, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> These groups have begun a number of campus-wide environmental initiatives—including promoting the reduction of supply and demand of bottled water and investigating a composting program.
==Athletics==
{{Main|Brown Bears}}
[[File:Brown freshman crew, by E. Berg.jpg|thumb|left|320px|A stereoscopic image of the Brown freshman crew in competition at Lake Quinsigamond, Mass., on July 22, 1870. Brown rowing, among the pioneer programs in the country, dates from June 1857. Its first three-school regatta was held with Harvard and Yale at Lake Quinsigamond on July 27, 1859<ref>A. Joukowsky, H. Ambler, D. Philips, C. Albert, and M. Hooper, ''Ever True: The History of Brown Crew'' (Providence: Brown University Sports Foundation; Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, 2010)</ref>]]
[[File:The 1879 Brown University Baseball Team.jpg|thumb|230px|The 1879 Brown baseball varsity, with [[William Edward White|W.E. White]] seated second from right. White's appearance in an 1879 major league game may have broken baseball's color line 68 years before [[Jackie Robinson]]<ref>Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org)</ref><ref>Stefan Fatsis, "Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?" ''Wall Street Journall'', January 30, 2004 (online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB107541676333815810)</ref><ref>Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first black player in major-league history," ''Slate'', February 4, 2014; baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Bill_White_(whitebi01)</ref><ref>Rick Harris, ''Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game'' (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41-3</ref>]]
Brown is a member of the [[Ivy League]] athletic conference, which is categorized as a [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] (top level) conference of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA). The Brown Bears are the third largest university sports program in the United States, sponsoring 38 [[varsity team|varsity]] intercollegiate teams (Harvard sponsors 42 and Princeton 39).{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Brown's athletic program is one of the ''U.S. News & World Report'' top 20—the "College Sports Honor Roll"—based on breadth of program and athletes' graduation rates. Brown's newest varsity team is women's rugby, promoted from club-sport status in 2014.
Brown women's rowing has won 7 national titles between 1999 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.brownbears.com/exceptional_bears/nat_champions_teams|title=National Champions (Teams)|work=Brown|access-date=2018-05-16|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152633/http://www.brownbears.com/exceptional_bears/nat_champions_teams|archive-date=May 17, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Brown University Rowing|Brown men's rowing]] perennially finishes in the top 5 in the nation, most recently winning silver, bronze, and silver in the national championship races of 2012, 2013, and 2014. The men's and women's crews have also won championship trophies at the [[Henley Royal Regatta]] and the [[Henley Women's Regatta]]. Brown's men's soccer is consistently ranked in the top 20,{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} and has won 18 Ivy League titles overall; recent{{when|date=October 2014}} soccer graduates play professionally in [[Major League Soccer]] and overseas. Brown football, under its most successful coach historically, Phil Estes, won Ivy League championships in 1999, 2005, and 2008. (Brown football's reemergence is credited to its 1976 Ivy League championship team, "The Magnificent Andersons," so named for its coach, John Anderson.) High-profile alumni of the football program include [[Houston Texans]] head coach [[Bill O'Brien (American football)|Bill O'Brien]]; former [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]] football coach [[Joe Paterno]], [[Heisman Trophy]] namesake [[John W. Heisman]], and Pollard Award namesake [[Fritz Pollard]]. The Men's Lacrosse team also has a long and storied history. Brown women's gymnastics won the Ivy League tournament in 2013 and 2014. Brown varsity equestrian has won the Ivy League championship several times.<ref>U.S. News & World Report. (March 18, 2002). "[https://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/sports/rankings/honor.htm College Sports: Honor Roll]." ''U.S. News & World Report''</ref> Brown also supports competitive intercollegiate club sports, including [[sailing]] and [[ultimate (sport)|ultimate frisbee]]. The men's ultimate team, [[Brownian Motion (Ultimate)|Brownian Motion]], has twice won the national championship, in 2000 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 College|url=http://www.usaultimate.org/archives/2000_college.aspx|website=USAultimate.org|publisher=USAultimate.org|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref>
The first intercollegiate ice hockey game in America was played between Brown and Harvard on January 19, 1898.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mice/1897-98/schedule|title=Harvard 1897-98 Men's Ice Hockey Schedule|accessdate=August 6, 2011}}</ref> The first university rowing regatta larger than a dual-meet was held between Brown, Harvard, and Yale at Lake Quinsigamond in Massachusetts on July 26, 1859.<ref>Robert B. Johnson, ''A History of Rowing in America'' (1871), pp. 60-1</ref><ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 346–347.</ref>
==Student life==
===Campus safety===
In 2014, Brown University tied with the University of Connecticut for the highest number of reported rapes in the nation, with its "total of reports of rape" on their main campus standing at 43.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/06/07/these-colleges-have-the-most-reports-of-rape/|title=These colleges have the most reports of rape|first=Nick|last=Anderson|date=June 7, 2016|publisher=|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref>
===Spring weekend===
{{main|Brown University traditions#Spring weekend}}
The weekend includes an annual spring concert festival which has featured numerous famous artists.
=== Residential and Greek societies ===
[[File:BrownUniversity-LaddObservatory.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Ladd Observatory]], built 1890–1891, is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]
About 12 percent of Brown students are in fraternities and sororities. There are 11 residential Greek houses: six fraternities (Beta Rho Pi, [[Delta Phi]], Delta Tau, [[Phi Kappa Psi]], [[Sigma Chi]], and [[Theta Delta Chi]]; three sororities ([[Alpha Chi Omega]], [[Kappa Alpha Theta]], and [[Kappa Delta]]), one co-ed house ([[Zeta Delta Xi]]), and one co-ed literary society ([[Alpha Delta Phi#The Society|Alpha Delta Phi]]). [[Phi Sigma Kappa]] fraternity was present on campus from 1906 to 1939, but was unable to reactivate after World War II due to wartime losses.<ref name="ATPS">{{cite book |last1= Rand |first1= Frank Prentice |last2= Watts |first2= Ralph |last3= Sefton |first3= James E. |title= All The Phi Sigs – A History |publisher= Grand Chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa |year= 1993}}</ref> All recognized Greek-letter organizations are located on campus in Wriston Quadrangle in university-owned housing. They are overseen by the Greek Council.
An alternative to Greek-letter organizations are the program houses organized by themes. As with Greek houses, the residents of program houses select their new members, usually at the start of the spring semester. Examples of program houses are [[St. Anthony Hall]] (located in King House), Buxton International House, the Machado [[French language|French]]/[[Hispanic]]/Latinx House, Technology House, Harambee (African culture) House, Social Action House and [[Interfaith]] House.
Currently,{{When|date=May 2017}} there are three student cooperative houses at Brown. Two of them, Watermyn and Finlandia on Waterman Street, are owned by the [[Brown Association for Cooperative Housing]] (BACH), a non-profit corporation owned by its members. The third co-op, West House, is located in a Brown-owned house on Brown Street. The three organizations run a vegetarian co-op for the larger community.
All students not in program housing enter a lottery for general housing. Students form groups and are assigned time slots during which they can pick among the remaining housing options.
[[File:BrownUniversity-OrganRecital.jpg|thumb|left|280px|The largest surviving Hutchings-Votey organ in the world is in Sayles Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.brown.edu/articles/2009/03/organ-0|title=The sound of 3,355 pipes - Today at Brown|publisher=Brown University|access-date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> It has 3,355 pipes and weighs 25 tons. It is pictured here for Brown's traditional Halloween midnight concert.]]
=== Societies and clubs ===
The earliest societies at Brown were devoted to oration and debate. The Pronouncing Society is mentioned in the diary of [[Solomon Drowne]], class of 1773, who was voted its president in 1771. It seems to have disappeared during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. We next hear of the Misokosmian Society, founded in 1794 and renamed the Philermenian Society in 1798. This was effectively a secret society with membership limited to 45. It met fortnightly to hear speeches and debate and thrived until the Civil War; in 1821 its library held 1594 volumes. In 1799, a chapter of the Philandrian Society, also secret, was established at the College. In 1806, the United Brothers was formed as an egalitarian alternative to the Philermenian Society. "These two great rivals," says the University historian, "divided the student body between them for many years, surviving into the days of President Sears. A tincture of political controversy sharpened their rivalry, the older society inclining to the aristocratic Federals, the younger to the Republicans, the democrats of that day. ... The students continuing to increase in number, they outran the constitutional limits of both societies, and a third, the Franklin Society, was established in 1824; it never had the vitality of the other two, however, and died after ten years."<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], p. 181.</ref> Other nineteenth century clubs and societies, too numerous to treat here, are described in Bronson's history of the University.<ref>[[#Bronson|Bronson (1914)]], pp. 120, 147–148, 180–182, 239–244, 348–349 & 483–484.</ref>
[[File:BrownUniversity-Poster1914.jpg|thumb|right|160px|upright|The sesquicentennial poster]]
The Cammarian Club—founded in 1893 and taking its name from the Latin for lobster, its members' favorite dinner food—was at first a semi-secret society which "tapped" 15 seniors each year. In 1915, self-perpetuating membership gave way to popular election by the student body, and thenceforward the Club served as the ''de facto'' undergraduate student government. In 1971, unaccountably, it voted the name Cammarian Club out of existence, thereby amputating its tradition and longevity. The successor and present-day organization is the generically-named Undergraduate Council of Students.
[[Societas Domi Pacificae]], known colloquially as "Pacifica House," is a present-day, self-described secret society, which nonetheless publishes a website and an email address. It claims a continuous line of descent from the Franklin Society of 1824, citing a supposed intermediary "Franklin Society" traceable in the nineteenth century. But the intermediary turns out to be, on closer inspection, the well-known Providence Franklin Society, a civic organization unconnected to Brown whose origins and activity are well-documented. It was founded in 1821 by merchants William Grinnell and Joseph Balch, Jr., and chartered by the General Assembly in January 1823.<ref>Rhode Island Historical Society, "Providence Franklin Society Records, 1826-1922," published online at [http://www.rihs.org/mssinv/Mss162.htm]</ref> The "Pacifica House" account of this (conflated) Franklin Society cites published mentions of it in 1859, 1876, and 1883. But the first of these (Rhees 1859, see footnote ''infra'') is merely a sketch of the 1824 Brown organization; the second (Stockwell 1876) is a reference-book article on the Providence Franklin Society itself; and the third is the Providence Franklin Society's own publication, which the "Pacifica House" reference mis-ascribes to the "Franklin Society," dropping the word "Providence."<ref>The three cited items of "evidence" in Pacifica House publicity are William J. Rhees, ''Manual of Public Libraries, Institutions and Societies in the United States'' (Philadelphia, 1859), pp. 437-8; Thomas B. Stockwell, ''A History of Public Education in Rhode Island, from 1636 to 1876'' (Providence, 1876), p. 246; and Providence Franklin Society, ''Report on the Geology of Rhode Island'' (Providence, 1887, commissioned 1883), for which see, e.g., ''Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey'', no. 127 (Washington, 1896), p. 821)</ref>
=== Student organizations ===
{{See also|Category:Brown University organizations}}
There are over 300 registered student organizations on campus with diverse interests. The Student Activities Fair, during the orientation program, provides first-year students the opportunity to become acquainted with the wide range of organizations. A sample of organizations includes:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[The College Hill Independent]]''
* [[Brown Badmaash Dance Company]]
* ''[[The Brown Daily Herald]]''
* [[Brown Debating Union]]
* [[The Brown Derbies]]
* [[Brown International Organization]]
* ''[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]]''
* ''[[The Brown Jug]]''
* ''[[The Brown Noser]]''
* [[Brown Opera Productions]]
* ''[[Brown Political Review]]''
* ''[[The Brown Spectator]]''
* [[Brown Student/Community Radio|BSR]]
* [[Brown University Band]]
* [[Brown University Orchestra]]
* [[The Chattertocks of Brown University]]
* [[Chinese Students and Scholars Association]]
* ''[[College Hill Independent]]''
* ''[[Critical Review (Brown)|Critical Review]]''
* [[Ivy Film Festival]]
* [[Jabberwocks]]
* [[Production Workshop]]
* [[Starla and Sons]]
* [[Students for Sensible Drug Policy]]
* [[WBRU]]
{{div col end}}
=== Resource centers ===
Brown University has several resource centers on campus. The centers often act as sources of support as well as safe spaces for students to explore certain aspects of their identity. Additionally, the centers often provide physical spaces for students to study and have meetings. Although most centers are identity-focused, some provide academic support as well.
[[File:BrownUniversity-PartridgeHall.jpg|thumb|left|The Brown Center for Students of Color]]
The [[Brown Center for Students of Color]] (BCSC) is a space that provides support for students [[People of color|of color]]. Established in 1972 at the demand of student protests, the BCSC encourages students to engage in critical dialogue, develop leadership skills, and promote [[social justice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/students-of-color/about/frequently-asked-questions-faqs|website=Brown Center for Students of Color|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> The center houses various programs for students to share their knowledge and engage in discussion. Programs include the Third World Transition Program, the Minority Peer Counselor Program, the Heritage Series, and other student-led initiatives. Additionally, the BCSC hopes to foster community among the students it serves by providing spaces for students to meet and study.
The [[Sarah Doyle Women's Center]] aims to provide a space for members of the Brown community to examine and explore issues surrounding [[gender]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Sarah Doyle Women's Center|url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/sarah-doyle-center/|website=Sarah Doyle Women's Center|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref> The center was named after one of the first women to attend Brown University, [[Sarah Doyle]]. The center emphasizes [[intersectionality]] in its conversations on gender, encouraging people to see gender as present and relevant in various aspects of life. The center hosts programs and workshops in order to facilitate dialogue and provide resources for students, faculty, and staff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guiding Philosophies|url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/sarah-doyle-center/guiding-philosophies|website=Sarah Doyle Women's Center|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref>
Other centers include the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] Center, the First-Generation College and Low-Income Student (FLi) Center, and the Curricular Resource Center.
=== Controversy over ADA mental health discrimination ===
Like many colleges, Brown mandates forced medical leaves for students expressing feelings of self-harm, depression, schizophrenia, or other forms of mental illness. Controversy arises within the college as to whether Brown follows the US Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, with Brown's own newspaper, ''The Brown Daily Herald'', criticizing the University's policy behind readmission from psychological medical leave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2012/09/19/newlon-145-a-pattern-of-prejudice/|title=Newlon '14.5: A pattern of prejudice|author=Cara Newlon|work=Brown Daily Herald|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> According to a 2010 article in ''The Brown Daily Herald'', even Dean of Student Life & Chair of the Medical Leave Readmission Committee Maria Suarez admits that, "I wish we had more resources to connect with students." Suarez said, "The support is there, but it is student-initiated."<ref name="crystalvanceguerra">{{cite web|url=http://www.browndailyherald.com/2010/09/27/psychological-leavetakers-miss-u-contact/|title=Psychological leave-takers miss U. contact|author=Crystal Vance Guerra|work=Brown Daily Herald|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> However, Suarez has been widely criticized within and outside the University as being non-compliant with American ADA laws, often denying students readmission for little to no reason.<ref name="caranewlon, usatodaycollege">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2013/11/04/univ-medical-leaves-unhelpful/3359813/|title=Policies hamper students' return from mental health leave|author=Cara Newlon, USA TODAY College|date=November 4, 2013|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> Moreover, the University leaves students with few guidelines on how to become readmitted; students report that very little communication is made with the University during a leave of absence, and that the University does not aid disabled students in their progress. One mentally disabled student alleges, after 5 semesters of mandatory leave, that: "One of the administrators [Suarez], he claims, told him: "You should consider yourself lucky because Brown's better than other schools. At least you're not getting kicked out of Brown."'<ref name="caranewlon, usatodaycollege"/> The psychological leave readmission process takes place once every 6 months, and requires only a student's statement and a psychiatrist's or psychologist's statement of well-being, with no interview. Many students report that the process is not thorough enough to judge one's own progress in mental health, thereby violating ADA rights; the denial letters are often short and generic, with one sentence changed at most for multiple denials.<ref name="crystalvanceguerra"/>
==Rankings==
{{Infobox US university ranking
| ARWU_NU = 49-60
| USNWR_NU = 14
| USNWR_W = 85
|THE_WSJ=7| Forbes = 8
| QS_W = 53
| THES_W = 50
| ARWU_W = 100-150
| Wamo_NU = 19
}}
[[File:BrownUniversity-UniversityHall.jpg|thumb|left|[[University Hall (Brown University)|University Hall]], built 1770–1771, designed by a committee that included [[Joseph Brown (astronomer)|Joseph Brown]], is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]]]
{|class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" |
<big>USNWR graduate school rankings</big><ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=Brown University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=8 June 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/brown-university-217156/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
| Engineering
| 52
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care
| 21
|-
| Medicine: Research
| 31
|}
{|class="infobox" style="width: 22em;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;" |
<big>USNWR departmental rankings</big><ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings"/>
|-
| Applied Mathematics
| 4
|-
| Biological Sciences
| 33
|-
| Chemistry
| 59
|-
| Computer Science
| 25
|-
| Earth Sciences
| 15
|-
| Economics
| 19
|-
| English
| 13
|-
| History
| 16
|-
| Mathematics
| 14
|-
| Physics
| 35
|-
| Political Science
| 40
|-
| Psychology
| 26
|-
| Public Affairs
| 64
|-
| Sociology
| 24
|-
| Statistics
| 44
|}
In 2014, [[National Science Foundation]] ranked Brown University 66th in the United States by research.<ref>[https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=rankingBySource&ds=herd Ncsesdata.nsf.gov]</ref> For 2017, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranks Brown University 85th globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/brown-university-217156|title=Usnews.com|publisher=}}</ref>
The 2013 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings' peer assessment portion gives the school a score of 4.4, tied with [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]], [[Northwestern University|Northwestern]], and [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Which Universities Are Ranked Highest by College Officials? - US News|url = https://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/college-rankings-blog/2013/02/28/which-universities-are-ranked-highest-by-college-officials|accessdate = 2015-06-07|first = Robert|last = Morse}}</ref>
In 2014, ''Forbes'' magazine ranked Brown seventh (between [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] and [[Princeton University]]) on its list of "America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/liyanchen/2014/07/30/startup-schools-americas-most-entrepreneurial-universities/|title=Startup Schools: America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities|author=Liyan Chen|work=Forbes|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}</ref> The ''Forbes'' analysis looked at the ratio of "alumni and students who have identified themselves as founders and business owners on LinkedIn" and the total number of alumni and students.
The 2017 [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] ranked Brown among the 49-60th best universities in the United States, alongside institutions such as [[Indiana University Bloomington]] and [[Emory University]], and above rival Ivy-League, [[Dartmouth College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2017/USA.html|title=World University Rankings - 2017 {{!}} USA Universities in Top 500 universities {{!}} Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2017 {{!}} Shanghai Ranking - 2017|website=www.shanghairanking.com|access-date=2018-01-05}}</ref>
LinkedIn particularized the ''Forbes'' rankings, placing Brown third (between MIT and Princeton) among "Best Undergraduate Universities for Software Developers at Startups." LinkedIn's methodology involved a career-path examination of "millions of alumni profiles" in its membership database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linkedin.com/edu/rankings/us/undergraduate-software-engineering-small?trk=edu-rankings-ctg-card|title=LinkedIn.com|publisher=}}</ref>
Brown ranked seventh in the country (between [[Princeton University|Princeton]] and Columbia) in a study of high school seniors' [[revealed preferences]] for matriculation conducted by economists at Harvard, Wharton, and Boston University, and published in 2005 by the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]].<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=601105 |title=SSRN-A Revealed Preference Ranking of U.S. Colleges and Universities by Christopher Avery, Mark Glickman, Caroline Hoxby, Andrew Metrick |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> The 2008 Center for College Affordability and Productivity (CCAP) ranked Brown 5th in the country among national universities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0519/030.html|title=How to Choose a College|date=May 1, 2008|work=Forbes|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref>
Brown ranked 5th in the country in [[Newsweek]]/[[The Daily Beast]]'s "America's Brainiac Schools"—based on the number of prestigious scholarships won (adjusted for student body size), including the [[Rhodes Scholarship]], the [[Truman Scholarship]], the [[Marshall Scholarship]], the [[Gates Scholarship]] (since 2001), and the [[Fulbright scholarship]] (since 1993). Also factored in are standardized test scores, admissions rates, and students in the top 10 percent of their high school class.<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Brainiac Colleges|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/features/college-rankings/2011/brainiacs.all.html|publisher=The Daily Beast|accessdate=January 28, 2012}}</ref>
In 2017, ''U.S. News'' ranked Brown's [[Alpert Medical School|Warren Alpert Medical School]] the 7th most selective in the country, tied with the [[UC Davis School of Medicine]] and the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA|UCLA School of Medicine]], with an acceptance rate of 2.7 percent.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Medical Schools With the Lowest Acceptance Rates|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/the-short-list-grad-school/articles/2017-03-16/10-medical-schools-with-the-lowest-acceptance-rates|work=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>
In the 2012 evaluation of MFA writing programs by ''[[Poets & Writers|Poets & Writers Magazine]]'', Brown was ranked 4th in the country, 3rd for selectivity, and 1st in the [[Ivy League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 MFA Rankings: The Top 50|url=http://www.pw.org/files/topfifty_secured.pdf |publisher=Poets and Writers|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref>
The ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine annual ranking of "America's Top Colleges 2016"—which differs from the ''U.S. News'' by putting research universities and liberal arts colleges in a single sequence—ranked Brown 8th overall.
''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Brown 14th in its 2018 edition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown University Overall Rankings|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/brown-university-3401/overall-rankings|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=August 29, 2017}}</ref> The 2019 edition also ranked Brown 6th for undergraduate teaching, between [[College of William & Mary|William & Mary]] and [[Stanford]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Undergraduate Teaching|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities/undergraduate-teaching|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}</ref>
As it had in 2007 and 2010, the 2011 [[Princeton Review]] email poll of college students ranked Brown 1st in the country for "Happiest Students."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/best-press-release.aspx |title=Best Colleges Press Release |publisher=Princetonreview.com |date=August 2, 2010 |accessdate=August 8, 2010}}</ref> In the 2016-17 year, Brown students received 30 [[Fulbright]] scholarships, the highest number of any institution in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown produces most Fulbright winners in the U.S.|url=https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/02/fulbright|website=news.brown.edu|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en}}</ref>
==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Brown University people}}
Alumni in politics include U.S. Secretary of State [[John Hay]] (1852), U.S. Secretary of State and Attorney General [[Richard Olney]] (1856), Chief Justice of the United States and U.S. Secretary of State [[Charles Evans Hughes]] (1881), Senator [[Maggie Hassan]] '80 of New Hampshire, Governor [[Jack Markell]] '82 of Delaware, Rhode Island Representative [[David Cicilline]] '83, and [[Democratic National Committee|DNC Chair]] [[Tom Perez]] '83.
Prominent alumni in business and finance include philanthropist [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] (1897), [[Chair of the Federal Reserve]] [[Janet Yellen]] '67, [[President of the World Bank Group|World Bank President]] [[Jim Yong Kim]] '82, [[Bank of America]] CEO [[Brian Moynihan]] '81, [[CNN]] founder and [[America's Cup]] yachtsman [[Ted Turner]] '60, [[IBM]] chairman and CEO [[Thomas Watson, Jr.]] '37, [[Apple Inc.]] CEO [[John Sculley]] '61, [[Uber]] CEO [[Dara Khosrowshahi]] '91,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/08/technology/08expedia.html | title=Spinoff of Expedia Comes at Tough Time for Its Sector | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 8, 2005}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=534990&ticker=EXPE:US "Dara Khosrowshahi: Executive Profile & Biography"], ''BusinessWeek''</ref> and magazine editor [[John F. Kennedy, Jr.]] '83.
Important figures in the history of education include the father of American public school education [[Horace Mann]] (1819), civil [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] and [[Amherst College]] president [[Alexander Meiklejohn]], first president of the [[University of South Carolina]] [[Jonathan Maxcy]] (1787), [[Bates College]] founder [[Oren B. Cheney]] (1836), [[University of Michigan]] president (1871–1909) [[James Burrill Angell]] (1849), [[University of California]] president (1899–1919) [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]] (1875), and [[Morehouse College]]'s first African-American president [[John Hope (educator)|John Hope]] (1894).
Alumni in the computer sciences and industry include architect of [[Intel 80386|Intel 386]], [[Intel 80486|486]], and [[Pentium]] microprocessors [[John H. Crawford]] '75, and inventor of the first silicon transistor [[Gordon Kidd Teal]] '31.
Alumni in the arts and media include actress [[Jessica Capshaw]] '98, actor [[Daveed Diggs]] '04,<ref>{{cite news | title=Something Great|url=http://www.brownalumnimagazine.com/content/view/4012/40/|accessdate=9 June 2017|publisher=Brown Alumni Magazine}}</ref> actress [[Emma Watson]] '14, NPR program host [[Ira Glass]] '82, singer-composer [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]] '81, humorist and [[Marx Brothers]] screenwriter [[S.J. Perelman]] '25, novelists [[Nathanael West]] '24, [[Jeffrey Eugenides]] '83, [[Edwidge Danticat]] (MFA '93), and [[Marilynne Robinson]] '66; actress [[Jo Beth Williams]] '70, composer and synthesizer pioneer [[Wendy Carlos]] '62, journalist [[James Risen]] '77, political pundit [[Mara Liasson]], ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]], '' publisher [[A. G. Sulzberger]] '04, and actress [[Julie Bowen]] '91.
Other notable alumni include "Lafayette of the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]]" and its historian [[Samuel Gridley Howe]] (1821) [[Governor of Wyoming|Governor of Wyoming Territory]] and [[Governor of Nebraska]] [[John Milton Thayer]] (1841), [[Governor of Rhode Island]] [[Augustus O. Bourn|Augustus Bourn]] (1855), [[NASA]] head during first seven [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions [[Thomas O. Paine]] '42, diplomat [[Richard Holbrooke]] '62, sportscaster [[Chris Berman]] '77, [[Houston Texans]] head coach [[Bill O'Brien (American football)|Bill O'Brien]] '92, 2018 Miss America [[Cara Mund]] '16, [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]] football coach [[Joe Paterno]] '50, [[Heisman Trophy]] namesake [[John W. Heisman]] '91,
Olympic and world champion triathlete [[Joanna Zeiger]], [[Royal family|royals]] and [[nobility|nobles]] such as [[Prince Rahim Aga Khan]], [[Prince Faisal bin Al Hussein]] of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Princess [[Leila Pahlavi]] of Iran '92, [[Prince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark]], [[Prince Nikita Romanov]], [[Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark]], [[Prince Jaime, Count of Bardi|Prince Jaime of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of San Jaime and Count of Bardi]], [[Prince Ra'ad bin Zeid]], [[Lady Gabriella Windsor]], [[Prince Alexander von Fürstenberg]], [[Cosima von Bülow Pavoncelli|Countess Cosima von Bülow Pavoncelli]], and her half-brother [[Prince Alexander-Georg von Auersperg]].
[[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] Laureates [[Craig Mello]] '82 and [[Jerry White (activist)|Jerry White]] '87, [[Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm]] co-originator [[John Wilder Tukey]] '36, biologist [[Stanley Falkow]] (PhD '59), and psychologist [[Aaron Beck]] '50.
Notable past or current faculty have included [[Nobel Laureates]] [[John M. Kosterlitz|Michael Kosterlitz]], [[Lars Onsager]], [[George Stigler]], [[Vernon L. Smith]], [[George Davis Snell|George Snell]] and [[Leon Cooper]]; [[Fields Medal]] winning mathematician [[David Mumford]], [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning historian [[Gordon S. Wood]], [[Sakurai Prize]] winning physicist [[Gerald Guralnik]], computer scientist [[Andries van Dam]], engineer [[Daniel C. Drucker]], sociologist [[Lester Frank Ward]], former Prime Minister of Italy and former [[European Union|EU]] chief [[Romano Prodi]], former President of Brazil [[Fernando Cardoso]], former President of Chile [[Ricardo Lagos]], writers [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Chinua Achebe]], and [[Robert Coover]], philosopher [[Martha Nussbaum]], linguist [[Hans Kurath]], political scientist [[James Morone]], biologist [[Kenneth R. Miller]], and Senior Fellow [[Sergei Khrushchev]].
{{Cleanup gallery|date=October 2018}}
<gallery widths="160" heights="200">
File:Horace Mann.jpg|[[Horace Mann]], class of 1819, regarded as the father of American public education
File:Janet yellen.jpg|[[Janet Yellen]], class of 1967, the first woman in history to head the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]]
File:C.M. Gilbert. - John Hay, c. 1904.jpg|[[John Hay]], class of 1858, private secretary to [[Abraham Lincoln]], man of letters, Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, and Secretary of State under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt
File:Jim Yong Kim (cropped).jpg|[[Jim Yong Kim]], class of 1982, [[President of the World Bank Group|President of the World Bank]], emeritus president of [[Dartmouth College]], and first Asian-American president of an [[Ivy League]] institution
File:John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (1915).jpg|[[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], class of 1897, developer and sole financier of [[Rockefeller Center]], philanthropist who gave away half a billion dollars during his life
File:ThomasJWatsonJr.jpg|[[Thomas Watson, Jr.]], class of 1937, led the global rise of [[IBM]] and is one of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'''s]] "100 most influential people of the 20th century"<ref>TIME 100 Persons of the Century, June 14, 1999</ref>
File:Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.jpg|[[Charles Evans Hughes]], class of 1881, Chief Justice of the United States and U.S. Secretary of State
File:Ted Turner LF.JPG|[[Ted Turner]], class of 1960, philanthropist, [[America's Cup]]–winning yachtsman, and founder of [[CNN]]
File:Samuel Gridley Howe.jpg|[[Samuel Gridley Howe]], class of 1821, abolitionist, pioneer advocate for the blind, "Lafayette of the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]]" and its historian
File:Alexander Meiklejohn Time magazine cover, October 1, 1928.jpg|[[Alexander Meiklejohn]], class of 1893, philosopher, education reformer, president of [[Amherst College]], his ideas are celebrated in the Meiklejohn Freedom Award of the [[American Association of University Professors|AAUP]]
File:Tracee Ellis Ross 2014 NAACP Image Awards (cropped).jpg|[[Tracee Ellis Ross]], class of 1994, Award-winning actress, model, comedienne, and television host.
File:Dara Khosrowshahi - 2012 (8189921554).jpg|[[Dara Khosrowshahi]], class of 1991, CEO of [[Uber]]
File:Daveed Diggs, White House, March 2016.png|Daveed Diggs, class of 2004, Grammy and Tony Award-winning rapper and actor, known for playing the [[Marquis de Lafayette]]/[[Thomas Jefferson]] on musical ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]''
File:Cecile Richards (crop).jpg|[[Cecile Richards]], class of 1980, President of [[Planned Parenthood]]
File:Jeffrey Eugenides 2017.jpg|Jeffrey Eugenides, class of 1982, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
File:John Krasinski and Josh Wood (cropped).jpg|[[John Krasinski]], class of 2001, Award-winning actor on the [[NBC]] sitcom ''[[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'' (2005–2013), cinematographer, and director
File:Emma Watson 2013.jpg|[[Emma Watson]] class of 2014, actress, model, activist
</gallery>
===In popular culture===
{{Main|Brown University in popular culture}}
Brown's reputation as an institution with a free-spirited, iconoclastic student body is portrayed in fiction and popular culture.<ref>{{cite web|title = Vanity Fair names Brown most elite, explores stereotypes of Ivy League| url = http://dailyprincetonian.com/news/1998/02/vanity-fair-names-brown-most-elite-explores-stereotypes-of-ivy-league/ |first = Ian |last = Shapira |date = 9 February 1998 |access-date = 1 March 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Family Guy]]'' character [[Brian Griffin]] is a Brown alumnus.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Not-So-Far-Fetched Fictitious Alumni and Attendees of the Ivy League, Part I of II|url = http://www.ivygateblog.com/2012/04/the-not-so-far-fetched-fictitious-alumni-and-attendees-of-the-ivy-league-part-i-of-ii/|first = Ben|last = Driver|date = 26 April 2012|access-date = 5 March 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150306074630/http://www.ivygateblog.com/2012/04/the-not-so-far-fetched-fictitious-alumni-and-attendees-of-the-ivy-league-part-i-of-ii/|archive-date = March 6, 2015|dead-url = yes|df = mdy-all}}</ref> ''[[The O.C.]]''{{'}}s main character [[Seth Cohen]] is denied acceptance to Brown while his girlfriend [[Summer Roberts]] is accepted.<ref name="Alvarez">{{cite news |title = Is Brown's popularity a passing trend or here to stay? |url = http://www.browndailyherald.com/2010/04/19/is-browns-popularity-a-passing-trend-or-here-to-stay/ |first = Ana |last = Alvarez |work=[[The Brown Daily Herald]] |date = 19 April 2010 |access-date = 5 March 2015}}</ref> In ''[[Gossip Girl]]'', [[New York City|New York]] socialite [[Serena van der Woodsen|Serena]] vies with her friends for a spot at Brown, and ''[[The Simpsons]]'' character [[Lisa Simpson]] is told by Harvard's president after she fails a test that she will be unable to attend Harvard, but he can "pass (her) file along to Brown."<ref name="Alvarez"/> [[Amy Gardner]] from ''[[The West Wing]]'' is a Brown alumna.
President Garret Walker in ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'' is also an alumnus of Brown University.
In the 1999 American comedy-drama film [[Varsity Blues (film)]] the main character Jonathan "Mox" Moxon ([[James Van Der Beek]]) earns a full scholarship to Brown.
==See also==
{{Portal|Renewable energy}}
* [[List of Brown University statues]]
* [[Brown University Alma Mater]]
* [[Josiah S. Carberry]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |author=Walter C. Bronson |year=1914 |title=The History of Brown University, 1764–1914 |location=Providence |ref=Bronson}}
*{{cite book |author=Franklin Bowditch Dexter |year=1916 |title=Extracts from the Itineraries and Other Miscellanies of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., 1755–1794 |location=New Haven |ref=Dexter}}
*{{cite book |author=Reuben Aldridge Guild |year=1867 |title=History of Brown University, with Illustrative Documents |location=Providence |ref=Guild}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Brown University}}
* {{Official website|https://www.brown.edu/}}
* [http://brownbears.collegesports.com/ Brown Athletics site]
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Brown University |short=x}}
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