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Kazakhstan

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{{For|the Kazakh television station of the same name|Qazaqstan (channel)}}
{{pp-protected|reason=COI, SPA sanitation and other disruptive and POV issues. Feel free to reduce, but I don't see an end, thus the long term protection.|small=yes}}

{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Republic of Kazakhstan}}
| common_name = Kazakhstan
| native_name = {{unbulleted list
|{{native name|kk|{{lower|0.2em|Қазақстан Республикасы }}|italics=off}} ''{{small|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy}}''
|{{native name|ru|{{lower|0.2em|Республика Казахстан }}|italics=off}} ''{{small|Respublika Kazakhstan}}''
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Kazakhstan.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto =
| national_anthem = [[Meniń Qazaqstanym|Менің Қазақстаным]] {{transl|kk|Meniń Qazaqstanym}} {{small|"My Kazakhstan"}} <center>[[File:Kazakhstan (instrumental).oga]]</center>
| image_map = Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}}
| capital = [[Astana]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|51|10|N|71|26|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[Almaty]]
| official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] {{small|(official state language)}} |[[Russian language|Russian]]{{small| (used as official)<ref>[http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K950001000_ "Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]. zan.kz.</ref>}}}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 66.48% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
| 20.61% [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian]]
| 12.91% others
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref name="KZ2016">{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 |title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2016 года |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084023/http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 |archivedate=14 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| demonym = Kazakhstani{{efn|Kazakhstani includes all citizens, in contrast to Kazakh, which is the demonym for ethnic [[Kazakhs]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Johann F.|last2=Larsen|first2=Knud S.|last3=Krumov|first3=Krum|last4=Vazow|first4=Grigorii|title=Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior|date=2013|publisher=Kassel university press GmbH|isbn=978-3-86219-454-4|page=164|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_TauaCvBdUC|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227164424/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_TauaCvBdUC|archivedate=27 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}<ref name="CIA">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030062537/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html |date=30 October 2017 }}. ''CIA World Factbook''.</ref>
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[Mazhilis]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Kazakhstan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Kazakh Khanate]]
| established_date1 = 1465
| established_event2 = [[Alash Autonomy]]
| established_date2 = 13 December 1917
| established_event3 = [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)|Kirghiz ASSR]]
| established_date3 = 26 August 1920
| established_event4 = [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazak ASSR]]
| established_date4 = {{nowrap|19 June 1925}}
| established_event5 = [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]
| established_date5 = 5 December 1936
| established_event6 = Declared Sovereignty
| established_date6 = 25 October 1990
| established_event7 = Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
| established_date7 = 10 December 1991
| established_event8 = Declared Independence from the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
| established_date8 = 16 December 1991
| established_event9 = [[Alma-Ata Protocol|CIS Accession]]
| established_date9 = 21 December 1991
| established_event10 = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Recognized]]
| established_date10 = {{nowrap|26 December 1991}}
| established_event11 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 732|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]]
| established_date11 = 2 March 1992
| established_event12 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Kazakhstan|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date12 = 30 August 1995
| area_km2 = 2,724,900
| area_rank = 9th
| area_sq_mi = 1,052,085 
| percent_water = 1.7
| population_estimate = {{steady}} 18,311,700 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.kz/faces/homePage?c404=1&_afrLoop=185011363592929 |title=Population |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2018
| population_estimate_rank = 62th
| population_density_km2 = 7
| population_density_sq_mi = 18 
| population_density_rank = 236th
| GDP_PPP = $508 billion<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=46&pr1.y=3&c=916&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Kazakhstan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=56&pr1.y=14&c=916&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=27 February 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2018
| GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,494<ref name=IMF />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd
| GDP_nominal = $184 billion<ref name=IMF />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2018
| GDP_nominal_rank = 50th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,977<ref name=IMF />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th
| Gini = 26.4 
| Gini_year = 2013
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher= [[World Bank]] |accessdate= 21 November 2015 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archivedate= 9 February 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.800 
| HDI_year = 2017
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |title=2018 Human Development Report |year=2018 |accessdate=15 September 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319110553/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |archivedate=19 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 58th
| currency = [[Kazakhstani tenge|Tenge]] (₸)
| currency_code = KZT
| time_zone = [[Time in Kazakhstan|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +7-6xx, +7-7xx
| cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.kz]] |[[.қаз]]}}
| area_magnitude = 1 E12
| country_code = KAZ
}}

'''Kazakhstan'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|-|ə|k|-|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|ˈ|k|ɑː|z|ə|k|ˌ|s|t|ɑː|n}},<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/kazakhstan Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073617/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. [[Cambridge English Dictionary]].</ref><ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kazakhstan Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073601/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. [[Oxford Dictionaries]].</ref> {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Kazakhstan.ogg|US|ˌ|k|ɑː|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|k|ə|-}}<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kazakhstan Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131436/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. [[Dictionary.com]].</ref><ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakhstan Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakhstan |date=6 February 2018 }}. [[Merriam-Webster]].</ref>}} ({{lang-kk|Қазақстан|Qazaqstan}}, {{IPA-kk|qɑzɑqˈstɑn|IPA|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}; {{lang-rus|Казахстан||kəzɐxˈstan}}), officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''' ({{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy|links=no}}; {{lang-rus|Республика Казахстан|Respublika Kazakhstan|links=no}}),<ref name="CIA" /><ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |date=17 June 2015 }}. Retrieved: 7 June 2016.</ref> is the world's largest [[landlocked country]], and the [[List of countries and outlying territories by land area|ninth largest]] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900|km²}}<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz |title=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314092716/http://stat.kz/ |archivedate=14 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>. It is a transcontinental country largely located in [[Asia]], the most western parts are located in [[Europe]]. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of [[Central Asia]] economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.<ref name="time" />

Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |title=Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution |accessdate=27 December 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |archivedate=2 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Kazakhstan shares borders with [[Russia]], [[China]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and also adjoins a large part of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, [[steppe]], [[taiga]], [[Canyon|rock canyons]], [[hill]]s, [[river delta|deltas]], snow-capped [[mountain]]s, and [[desert]]s. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people {{As of|2018|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |title=Census2010 |publisher=Stat.kz |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030115/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |archivedate=12 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Given its large land area, its [[List of countries by population density|population density]] is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is [[Astana]], where it was moved in 1997 from [[Almaty]], the country's largest city.

The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[nomads]] who trace their ancestry to many [[List of Turkic dynasties and countries|Turkic states]] such as [[Turkic Khaganate]] etc. In the 13th century, the territory joined the [[Mongolian Empire]] under [[Genghis Khan]]. By the 16th century, the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] emerged as a distinct group, divided into three ''[[jüz]]'' (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The [[Russians]] began advancing into the [[Kazakh steppe]] in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the [[Russian Empire]]. Following the [[1917 Russian Revolution]], and subsequent [[Russian Civil War|civil war]], the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], part of the [[Soviet Union]].

Kazakhstan was the last of the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]] to declare independence during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. The current [[President of Kazakhstan|President]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition.<ref name="time" /> Kazakhstan has worked to develop its [[Economy of Kazakhstan|economy]], especially its dominant [[hydrocarbon]] industry.<ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Zarakhovich|first=Yuri|date=27 September 2006|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html|title=Kazakhstan Comes on Strong|work=Time|accessdate=13 December 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207235354/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html|archivedate=7 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion",<ref name="World Report 2015: Kazakhstan">[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020227/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan |date=28 October 2016 }}, accessed October 2015.</ref> and other human rights organisations regularly describe [[Human rights in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan's human rights situation]] as poor.

Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include [[Kazakhs]] (63% of the population), [[Russians]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Germans]], [[Tatars]], and [[Uyghurs]].<ref name="Census2009">{{cite web |format=PDF |title=Перепись населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года. Краткие итоги. (Census for the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Short Summary) |url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uvOtyVTC?url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf |archivedate=12 December 2010 |publisher=Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical Agency |accessdate=10 December 2010 |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Islam]] is the religion of about 70% of the population, with [[Christianity]] practised by 26%.<ref name="2009 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx|title=The results of the national population census in 2009|date=12 November 2010|publisher=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan|accessdate=21 January 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142449/http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx |archivedate=22 July 2011}}</ref> Kazakhstan officially allows [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan|freedom of religion]], but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed.<ref name="GoncalvesSmith2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THssDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|title=Eastern European Economies: A Region in Transition|date=27 June 2016|publisher=Business Expert Press|isbn=978-1-63157-400-9|pages=210–|author1=Marcus Goncalves|author2=Erika Cornelius Smith|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216063725/https://books.google.com/books?id=THssDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT210|archivedate=16 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Kazakh language]] is the [[state language]], and [[Russian language|Russian]] has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>[http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_constitution.shtml The constitution of Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418182407/http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_constitution.shtml |date=18 April 2009 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410155456/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN]: 1. The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazakh language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh language.</ref> Kazakhstan is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization|Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)]], the [[Eurasian Economic Union]], [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], and [[International Organization of Turkic Culture|TURKSOY]].

== Etymology == 
The name "Kazakh" comes from the [[Old Turkic language|ancient Turkic]] word ''qaz'', "to wander", reflecting the Kazakhs' [[Eurasian nomads|nomadic]] culture.<ref name=etym>{{cite web|title=Cossack (n.)|url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=The Online Etymology Dictionary|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024126/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0|archivedate=2 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The name "[[Cossacks|Cossack]]" is of the same origin.<ref name=etym /> The [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix ''[[-stan]]'' means "land" or "place of", so ''Kazakhstan'' can be literally translated as "land of the wanderers".

Though traditionally referring only to [[Kazakhs|ethnic Kazakhs]], including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term "Kazakh" is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Surucu |first=Cengiz |title=Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan |journal=[[Central Asian Survey]] |year= 2002 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.1080/0263493032000053208 |volume=21 |issue=4}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:SB - Inside a Kazakh yurt.jpg|thumb|Kazakh family inside a [[Yurt]], 1911/1914]]

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the [[Paleolithic]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=kazakhstan+paleolithic#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20paleolithic&f=false|title=Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia|last=Ikawa-Smith|first=Fumiko|date=1978-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=|isbn=978-3-11-081003-5|location=|pages=91|language=en}}</ref> Pastoralism developed during the [[Neolithic]] as the region's climate and terrain are best suited for a nomadic lifestyle. The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian [[Steppe Route|Steppe route]], the ancestor of the terrestrial [[Silk Road UNESCO World Heritage Sites|Silk Roads]]. Archaeologists believe that humans first [[domestication of the horse|domesticated the horse]] (i.e. ponies) in the region's vast steppes. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the [[Scythians]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Scythian |encyclopedia=The New [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Micropædia |volume=10 |edition=15th |page=576 |quote=member of a nomadic people originally of [[Eastern Iranian languages|Iranian stock]] who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC}}</ref>

=== Kazakh Khanate ===
{{Main|Kazakh Khanate}}

[[File:Abylai Khan.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Ablai Khan]], khan of the [[Middle jüz]] from 1771 to 1781]]
[[File:SB - Kazakh woman on horse.jpg|left|thumb|Traditional [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] wedding dress]]
[[File:Karkaraly National Park 6.jpg|thumb|left|Kyzyl Kensh Palace Ruins in [[Karkaraly National Park]].]]
[[File:Zunghar Khanate at 1750.jpg|thumb|left|An old map of [[Central Asia]], [[Tibet]], and [[Western China]]. ca. 1750, showing Kazakhs' influence on these areas.]]

The [[Cuman people|Cuman]] entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities [[Taraz]] (Aulie-Ata) and [[Hazrat-e Turkestan]] had long served as important way-stations along the [[Silk Road]] connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the [[Mongol Empire]], the largest in world history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent [[Kazakh Khanate]] (Kazakhstan).

Throughout this period, traditional [[nomad]]ic life and a [[livestock]]-based economy continued to dominate the [[steppe]]. In the 15th century, a distinct [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] identity began to emerge among the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes, a process which was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the [[Kazakh language]], culture, and economy.

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh [[emir]]s and the neighbouring [[Persian-speaking peoples]] to the south. At its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control [[Cumania]]. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (''[[jüz]]''). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the Kazakh Khanate. [[Khiva Khanate]] used this opportunity and annexed [[Mangyshlak Peninsula]]. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.

During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought [[Oirats]], a federation of western [[Mongol]] tribes, including the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648 |title=Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811050147/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648 |archivedate=11 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungar, following their "Great Disaster" [[invasion]] of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of [[Abul Khair Khan]], the Kazakh won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |title=Country Briefings: Kazakhstan |work=The Economist |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113054/http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |archivedate=8 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[Ablai Khan]] participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "''batyr''" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakh suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]]. The [[Kokand Khanate]] used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including [[Almaty]], the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. Also, the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] ruled [[Shymkent]] before the Russians took dominance.

=== Russian Empire ===

[[File:Battle Cossacks with Kyrgyz 1826.JPG|thumb|Ural Cossacks skirmish with [[Kazakhs]] (the Russians originally called the Kazakhs “Kirgiz”)]]

In the first half of the 18th century the Russian Empire constructed the Irtysh line, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including [[Omsk]] (1716), [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]] (1718), [[Pavlodar]] (1720), [[Orenburg]] (1743) and [[Petropavl]]ovsk (1752),<ref>"''Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness''". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 {{ISBN|0230599427}}</ref> to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory.<ref>"''Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview''". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. {{ISBN|0822315211}}</ref> In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of [[Pugachev's Rebellion|Pugachev's rebellion]], which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and [[Volga Germans|Volga German]] settlements.<ref>{{cite book|author=Darrel P. Kaiser|title=Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser Of the German-Russian Volga Colonies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=He-n20u0pW0C|year=2006|publisher=Darrel P. Kaiser|isbn=978-1-4116-9894-9|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526111818/http://books.google.com/books?id=He-n20u0pW0C|archivedate=26 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began to expand its influence into [[Central Asia]]. The "[[Great Game]]" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]. The [[tsar]]s effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the [[British Empire]], which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, [[Orsk]], in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations.

Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment by the [[Kazakh people]], and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted Russia's rule. It had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from hunger and starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them.

From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began [[colonising]] the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of [[Semirechye]]. The number of settlers rose still further once the [[Trans-Aral Railway]] from [[Orenburg]] to [[Tashkent]] was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in [[St. Petersburg]] oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians [[immigrated]] to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |title=Kazakhstan |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=16 December 1991 |accessdate=9 September 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |archivedate=17 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Vasile Balabanov]] was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

[[File:Alikhan Bukeikhanov.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Alikhan Bukeikhanov]], a Kazakh statesman who served as the Prime Minister of the [[Alash Autonomy]] from 1917 to 1920.]]

The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the [[Russian Empire]]. The most serious uprising, the [[Central Asian Revolt]], occurred in 1916. The Kazakh attacked [[Russians|Russian]] and [[Cossack]] settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html|title=Kazakhstan|work=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia|date=2005y|archivedate=15 April 2005|accessdate=29 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415185833/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

=== Soviet Union ===
{{Main|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic}}

[[File:Stanitsa Sofiiskaya.jpg|thumb|Stanitsa Sofiiskaya, [[Talgar]]. 1920th]]

[[File:Young Pioneers in Kazakh SSR.jpg|thumb|[[Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union|Young Pioneers]] at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR]]

Following the [[October Revolution|collapse of central government]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] (the [[Alash Autonomy]]) to eventually succumb to the [[Bolshevik]]s′ rule. On 26 August 1920, the [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)|Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic]] within the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of the present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was a mainly Russian-populated town of [[Orenburg]]. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazak ASSR]] and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of [[Kyzylorda]], and in April 1927 to [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]].

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced [[collectivisation]] in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought [[famine]] and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: [[Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33]]).<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf|dead-url= y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060903203830/http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf|archive-date= 3 September 2006|title= The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives|format= PDF|author= Simon Ertz|date= 2005|journal= Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies|volume= 1|pages= 1–12|accessdate= 1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Pianciola, Niccolò |url= http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1 |title= Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934 |journal= Cahiers du monde russe |year= 2004 |volume= 45 |pages= 137–192 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151023090501/http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1 |archivedate= 23 October 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh cultured society were executed — as part of the [[Political repression in the Soviet Union|policies of political reprisals]] pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow.

On 5 December 1936, the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR) and made the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], a full [[Republics of the Soviet Union|union republic]] of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]].

The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations effected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000 [[Volga Germans]] deported from the [[Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] in September–October 1941, later the [[Greeks in Kazakhstan|Greeks]], and [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatars]]. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest [[Gulag|Soviet labour camps]] (the Gulag), including [[Akmol|ALZhIR]] camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people".<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918 Children of the gulag live with amnesia]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918 |date=3 March 2016 }}, ''Taipei Times'', 1 January 2007</ref> Many moved due to the policy of [[population transfer in the Soviet Union]] and others were forced into [[involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union]].

[[File:International conference on Primary Health Care - Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud - Almaty -1978.jpg|thumb|
The International conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the [[Alma-Ata Declaration]].]]

The [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Soviet-German War]] (1941–1945) led to an increase in [[industrialisation]] and [[mineral extraction]] in support of the war effort. At the time of the USSR′s leader [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] initiated the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] designed to turn the traditional pasture-lands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] (in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] had become a minority in the country, making up 30% of the population. Ethnic [[Russians]] accounted for 43%.<ref>Flynn, Moya (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 Migrant Resettlement in the Russian federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905163322/https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 |date=5 September 2015 }}''. Anthem Press. p. 15. {{ISBN|1-84331-117-8}}</ref>

In 1947, the USSR government, as part of its [[Soviet atomic bomb project|atomic bomb project]], founded an [[Semipalatinsk Test Site|atomic bomb test site]] near the north-eastern town of [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]], where the [[RDS-1|first Soviet nuclear bomb]] test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 and had negative ecological and biological consequences.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/|title=Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future|last=Keenan|first=Jillian|newspaper=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-27|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202233241/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/|archivedate=2 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan]] became a major political force in the late 1980s.

In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the [[Jeltoqsan]] riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the [[General Secretary|First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party]] of the Kazakh SSR [[Dinmukhamed Konayev]] with [[Gennady Kolbin]] from the [[Russian SFSR]]. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s policy of ''[[glasnost]]''.

=== Independence ===
{{anchor|Independence}}

[[File:Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|The Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.]]

On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its [[sovereignty]] on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup attempt]] in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|ceased to exist]].

Kazakhstan's communist-era leader, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner, which {{weasel inline|text=some believed|date=January 2016}} was needed in the first years of independence. Emphasis was on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind achievements in the economy. By 2006, Kazakhstan generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.<ref name="time" />

The government moved the capital in 1997, from [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to [[Astana]].

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Kazakhstan|List of cities in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Kazakhstan BMNG.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of Kazakhstan in November 2004.]]
[[File:Reserve Karkaraly.jpg|thumb|[[Karaganda Region]]]]
[[File:Astana-steppe-7748.jpg|thumb|[[Kazakh steppe]] in the [[Akmola Region]]]]

As it extends across both sides of the [[Ural River]], considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two [[Landlocked country|landlocked countries]] in the world that [[transcontinental countries|has territory in two continents]] (the other is [[Azerbaijan]]).

With an area of {{convert|2,700,000|km2}}{{spaced ndash}}equivalent in size to [[Western Europe]]{{spaced ndash}}Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the [[Soviet Union]], Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's [[Xinjiang]] autonomous region<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=i1SpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85&lpg=PT85&dq=kazakhstan+lost+some+of+its+territory+to+russia+and+china#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20lost%20some%20of%20its%20territory%20to%20russia%20and%20china&f=false|title=Xinjiang – China's Northwest Frontier|last=Warikoo|first=K.|date=2016-03-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-29028-5|language=en}}</ref> and some to Uzbekistan's [[Karakalpakstan]] autonomous republic.

[[File:Недалеко от пика - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|The mountainous region of the [[Tian Shan]] in south-eastern Kazakhstan]]

[[File:Eurasian steppe belt.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kazakh Steppe]] of part of the [[Eurasian Steppe]] Belt (in {{Colorsample|#AAEEFF}} on the map).]]

It shares borders of {{convert|6846|km}} with Russia, {{convert|2203|km}} with [[Uzbekistan]], {{convert|1533|km}} with China, {{convert|1051|km}} with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and {{convert|379|km}} with [[Turkmenistan]]. Major cities include [[Astana]], [[Almaty]], [[Karagandy]], [[Shymkent]], [[Atyrau]], and [[Oskemen]]. It lies between latitudes [[40th parallel north|40°]] and [[56th parallel north|56° N]], and longitudes [[46th meridian east|46°]] and [[88th meridian east|88° E]]. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the [[Urals]] in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwsCUfGH?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451 |archivedate= 1 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>

Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Altay Mountains]] and north to south from the plains of [[Siberia|Western Siberia]] to the oases and deserts of [[Central Asia]]. The [[Kazakh Steppe]] (plain), with an area of around {{convert|804,500|km2}}, occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry [[steppe]] region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of [[grassland]]s and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include the [[Aral Sea]], [[Lake Balkhash]] and [[Lake Zaysan]], the [[Charyn Canyon|Charyn River and gorge]] and the [[Ili River|Ili]], [[Irtysh River|Irtysh]], [[Ishim River|Ishim]], [[Ural River|Ural]] and [[Syr Darya]] rivers.

The [[Charyn Canyon]] is {{convert|80|km}} long, cutting through a red [[sandstone]] plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern [[Tian Shan]] ("Heavenly Mountains", {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Almaty) at {{coord|43|21|1.16|N|79|4|49.28|E|}}. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between {{convert|150|and|300|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare [[ash tree]], Fraxinus sogdiana, that survived the [[Ice Age]] and is now also grown in some other areas.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} [[Bigach crater]], at {{coord|48|30|N|82|00|E|}}, is a [[Pliocene]] or [[Miocene]] [[asteroid]] [[impact crater]], {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old.

=== Natural resources ===
{{See also|Energy policy of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], and mineral extractions, has attracted most of the over $40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13% of gross domestic product). According to some estimates,<ref name="Homestead">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070507024507/http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/MineralWealth.html Mineral Wealth]. homestead.com</ref> Kazakhstan has the second largest [[uranium]], [[chromium]], [[lead]], and [[zinc]] reserves, the third largest [[manganese]] reserves, the fifth largest [[copper]] reserves, and ranks in the top ten for [[coal]], [[iron]], and [[gold]]. It is also an exporter of [[diamond]]s. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also currently has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.<ref>International Crisis Group. (May 2007). [http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/133-central-asias-energy-risks.aspx Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225435/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/133-central-asias-energy-risks.aspx |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

In total, there are 160 deposits with over {{convert|2.7|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}} of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the [[Caspian sea|Caspian shore]] are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that {{convert|3.5|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}} of oil and {{convert|2.5|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}} of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is {{convert|6.1|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}}. However, there are only 3 [[Oil refinery|refineries]] within the country, situated in [[Atirau|Atyrau]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazworld.info/?p=58130|title=Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP – KazWorld.info|author=|date=|work=kazworld.info|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232217/http://kazworld.info/?p=58130|archivedate=26 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Pavlodar]], and [[Shymkent]]. These are not capable of processing the total crude output so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US [[Energy Information Administration]] Kazakhstan was producing approximately {{convert|1540000|oilbbl}} of oil per day in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/STEO_Query/steotables.cfm?periodType=Annual&startYear=2005&startMonth=1&endYear=2009&endMonth=12&tableNumber=29 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409081928/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/STEO_Query/steotables.cfm?periodType=Annual&startYear=2005&startMonth=1&endYear=2009&endMonth=12&tableNumber=29 |archivedate= 9 April 2009 |title=Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply |work=U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis. |publisher=Tonto.eia.doe.gov |date=11 May 2010 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>

Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and Chilisai deposit of [[:ru:Актобинский фосфоритоносный бассейн|Aktyubinsk/Aqtobe phosphorite basin]] located in north western Kazakhstan, with a resource of 500–800 million tonnes of 9% ore.<ref>[http://www.sunkarresources.com/en/news/chilisai_Phosphate_Project_ore_reserve_update/ Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402211127/http://www.sunkarresources.com/en/news/chilisai_phosphate_project_ore_reserve_update |date=2 April 2016 }} // SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC</ref><ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9422097.pdf#page=7 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303091425/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9422097.pdf |date=3 March 2013 }} // USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves</ref>

On 17 October 2013, the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.<ref>[http://eiti.org/news/kazakhstan-accepted-eiti-compliant Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/https://eiti.org/news/kazakhstan-accepted-eiti-compliant |date=1 January 2016 }}. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Kazakhstan map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Kazakhstan map of Köppen climate classification.]]
Kazakhstan has an 'extreme' [[continental climate]], with warm summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after [[Ulaanbaatar]]. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Coldest Capital Cities In The World|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-coldest-capital-cities-in-the-world.html|website=WorldAtlas.com|accessdate=15 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108040732/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-coldest-capital-cities-in-the-world.html|archivedate=8 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=KZ&name=Kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan climate information|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=4 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102193331/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=KZ&name=Kazakhstan|archivedate=2 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[Almaty]] || 30/18 || 86/64 || 0/−8 || 33/17
|-
|[[Shymkent]] || 32/17 || 91/66 || 4/−4 || 39/23
|-
|[[Karaganda]] || 27/14 || 80/57 || −8/−17 || 16/1
|-
|[[Astana]] || 27/15 || 80/59 || −10/−18 || 14/−1
|-
|[[Pavlodar]] || 28/15 || 82/59 || −11/−20 || 12/−5
|-
|[[Aktobe]] || 30/15 || 86/61 || −8/−16 || 17/2
|}

=== Wildlife ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Vulpes corsac.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Corsac fox]]]]

There are ten [[List of protected areas of Kazakhstan|nature reserves]] and ten [[List of national parks of Kazakhstan|national parks]] in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. Common plants are ''[[Astragalus]]'', ''[[Gagea]]'', ''[[Allium]]'', ''[[Carex]]'' and ''[[Oxytropis]]''; endangered plant species include native wild apple (''[[Malus sieversii]]''), wild grape (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'') and several wild [[tulip]] species (e.g. ''[[Tulipa greigii]]'') and rare onion species ''[[Allium karataviense]]'', also ''[[Iris willmottiana]]'' and ''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]''.<ref>A.F. Kovshar (Ed.): ''Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly''. In: ''Tethys Biodiversity Research''. Tom 1, S. 17–21.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016 |url=http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |publisher=viranatura.com |accessdate=26 May 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305045058/http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |archivedate=5 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[File:Karkaraly National Park 11.jpg|thumb|left|[[Argali]] in Karkaraly National Park]]

Common mammals include the [[wolf]], [[red fox]], [[corsac fox]], [[moose]], [[argali]] (the largest species of sheep), [[Eurasian lynx]], [[Pallas's cat]], and [[snow leopards]], several of which are protected.
Kazakhstan’s Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Book|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229115718/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm|archivedate=29 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Regions of Kazakhstan|Districts of Kazakhstan}}
Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen [[Regions of Kazakhstan|regions]] ({{lang-kk|облыстар}}, {{lang|kk-latn|oblystar}}; {{lang-ru|области}}, {{lang|ru-latn|oblasti}}). The regions are subdivided into 177 [[Districts of Kazakhstan|districts]] ({{lang-kz|аудандар}}, {{lang|kk-latn|aýdandar}}; {{lang-ru|районы}}, {{lang|ru-latn|rayony}}).<ref name="OECD" /> The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government.<ref name="Adilet">{{cite web|title=On Administrative-Territorial Division of the Republic of Kazakhstan, The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 8 December 1993|url=http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z930004200_|website=Adilet|publisher=Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republican Center of Legal Information|accessdate=7 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207124434/http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z930004200_|archivedate=7 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{anchor|special status cities}}The cities of [[Almaty]] and [[Astana]] have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of [[Baikonur]] has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the [[Baikonur cosmodrome]].<ref name="CIA" /> In June 2018 the city of [[Shymkent]] became a "city of republican significance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akorda.kz/ru/events/akorda_news/akorda_other_events/publichnoe-podpisanie-ukaza-o-nekotoryh-voprosah-administrativno-territorialnogo-ustroistva-respubliki-kazahstan |title=Публичное подписание Указа "О некоторых вопросах административно-территориального устройства Республики Казахстан" |trans-title=Public signing of the Decree "On some issues of the administrative and territorial structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan" |date=19 June 2018|publisher=President of Kazakhstan |language=ru |accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref>

Each region is headed by an ''akim'' (regional governor) appointed by the president. District ''akim''s [''akimi''?] are appointed by regional ''akim''s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.

{{Provinces of Kazakhstan Image Map}}

=== Municipal divisions ===

Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localiies; all others are designated rural.<ref name="Adilet" /> At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Astana, which are classified as ''cities of republican significance'' on the administrative level equal to that of a region.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan, Unitary County|url=https://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/profile-Kazakhzstan.pdf|website=https://www.oecd.org/|publisher=OECD|accessdate=6 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190320/https://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/profile-Kazakhzstan.pdf|archivedate=6 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the intermediate level are ''cities of regional significance'' on the administrative level equal to that of district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts.<ref name="OECD" /> At the lowest level are ''cities of district significance'', and over two-thousand ''villages and rural settlements'' ({{lang|ru-latn|aul}}) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts.<ref name="OECD" /><ref name="Econ">{{cite web|last1=Zhumashov|first1=Yerkebulan|title=Rural Local Government System in Kazakhstan: Recent Issues|url=http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/viewFile/2822/pdf|website=Econjournals|publisher=International Review of Management and Marketing|accessdate=6 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005601/http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/viewFile/2822/pdf|archivedate=7 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Urban centres ===

{{Largest cities of Kazakhstan}}

== Politics ==
{{Main|Government of Kazakhstan|Politics of Kazakhstan}}

=== Political system ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:left; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[File:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1997.jpg|120px]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[File:B.A.Sagyntaev.jpg|120px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev]] [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]]
|}

Kazakhstan is a [[unitary republic]]; its only President to date (2018) is [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/02/07/yes-kazakhstan-should-change-its-name-this-map-shows-why/|title=Yes, Kazakhstan should change its name. This map shows why.|website=Washington Post|access-date=2017-08-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145614/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2014/02/07/yes-kazakhstan-should-change-its-name-this-map-shows-why/|archivedate=11 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The President may [[veto]] legislation that has been passed by the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]] and is also the [[commander in chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan|armed forces]]. The Prime Minister chairs the Cabinet of Ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the Cabinet.

Kazakhstan has a [[bicameral]] Parliament composed of the ''[[Majilis]]'' (the [[lower house]]) and [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]] (the [[upper house]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323103659/http://akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan |archivedate=23 March 2013 |title=Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan |publisher=Akorda.kz |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the ''Majilis''; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The Senate has 47 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies (''Maslikhats'') of Kazakhstan's sixteen principal [[Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan|administrative divisions]] (fourteen regions plus the cities of Astana and Almaty). The President appoints the remaining seven senators. ''Majilis'' deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the Parliament.

=== Elections ===

[[File:Резиденция президента - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Ak Orda Presidential Palace]].]]

[[Elections in Kazakhstan|Elections to the Majilis]] in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government [[Nur-Otan|Otan Party]], headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the [[Asar Party]], founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. Opposition parties, which were officially registered and competed in the elections, won a single seat during elections. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards.

[[File:Kazakh Parliament Astana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Parliament of Kazakhstan]] ]]
[[File:Nur Otan Astana.JPG|left|thumb|[[Nur Otan]] Headquarters in [[Astana]]]]

On 4 December 2005, Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected in an apparent landslide victory. The electoral commission announced that he had won over 90% of the vote. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) concluded the election did not meet international standards despite some improvements in the administration of the election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2ml5vt5j2_M&refer=top_world_news |title=Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev Wins Re-election With 91% of Vote |publisher=Bloomberg.com |date=5 December 2005 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202133917/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2ml5vt5j2_M&refer=top_world_news |archivedate=2 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 17 August 2007, elections to the lower house of parliament were held and a coalition led by the ruling [[Nur-Otan]] Party, which included the [[Asar Party]], the Civil Party of Kazakhstan, and the [[Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan|Agrarian Party]], won every seat with 88% of the vote. None of the opposition parties has reached the benchmark 7% level of the seats. Opposition parties made accusations of serious irregularities in the election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6952452.stm |title=World|Asia-Pacific|Kazakh poll fairness questioned |publisher=BBC News |date=19 August 2007 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218084014/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6952452.stm |archivedate=18 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6949764.stm |title=World|Asia-Pacific|Q&A: Kazakhstan parliamentary election Kazakh poll fairness questioned |publisher=BBC News |date=17 August 2007 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028093733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6949764.stm |archivedate=28 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2010, President Nazarbayev rejected a call from supporters to hold a referendum to keep him in office until 2020. He insisted on presidential elections for a five-year term. In a vote held on 3 April 2011, President Nazarbayev received 95.54% of the vote with 89.9% of registered voters participating.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-witt/kazakhstans-presidential-_b_847612.html |title=Daniel Witt: Kazakhstan's Presidential Election Shows Progress |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=4 November 2011 |accessdate=4 August 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113164659/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-witt/kazakhstans-presidential-_b_847612.html |archivedate=13 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan.<ref>Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/kazakhstans-steady-progress-toward-democracy/2011/03/28/AF1XPKCC_story.html OP Ed: "Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy"], ''Washington Post''</ref> {{As of|2010}}, Kazakhstan was reported on the [[Democracy Index]] by ''[[The Economist]]'' as an [[authoritarian regime]].

On 26 April 2015, the 5th presidential election was held in Kazakhstan.<ref name=foxnews2>{{cite news|title=Nearly 10 mn voters to head to polls to elect Kazakh president|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/25/nearly-10-mn-voters-to-head-to-polls-to-elect-kazakh-president/|publisher=latino.foxnews.com|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=5 December 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/25/nearly-10-mn-voters-to-head-to-polls-to-elect-kazakh-president/|archivedate=1 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97.7% of votes.<ref name=rt1>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan strongman leader re-elected with 97.7% amid record voter turnout|url=https://www.rt.com/news/253157-kazakhstan-president-election-turnout/|website=Rt.com/|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044402/https://www.rt.com/news/253157-kazakhstan-president-election-turnout/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Participants in the SCO Council of Heads of State meeting in expanded format, 2017.jpg|thumb|Nazarbayev and Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] during the 2017 [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]] Council of Heads of State meeting in Astana.]]

[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in South Korea, March 2012-15.jpeg|thumb|[[President of Kazakhstan|President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev]] with US [[Barack Obama]] and Russian [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2012]]

[[File:Meeting of CIS Council of Heads of State (2016-09-16) 03.jpg|thumb|Meeting of CIS Council of Heads of State. September 16, 2016. Bishkek.]]

[[File:CIS (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|left|Orthographic projection of [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].]]
[[File:Conseilturcique.svg|thumb|left|<div style="margin-left:0.0em;text-align:left;">{{legend|#00a8a6|[[Turkic Council]] members}}{{legend|#4fa6cf|Possible future members}}</div>]]

Kazakhstan is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, [[Belarus]], Kyrgyzstan and [[Tajikistan]] established the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the [[UN Human Rights Council]] for the first time on 12 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/ |title=Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council |work=Tengrinews.kz English |date=13 November 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/ |archivedate=1 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Kazakhstan is also a member of the [[United Nations]], [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]], [[Turkic Council]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). It is an active participant in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] [[Partnership for Peace]] program.<ref name="pfpsigs">{{cite web|author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization|title=Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document|date=5 October 2006|url=http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129213256/http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm|archivedate=29 November 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the [[Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly]]. The official response of the Assembly was that Kazakhstan could apply for full membership, because it is partially located in Europe,{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} but that they would not be granted any status whatsoever at the Council until their [[democracy]] and [[human rights]] records improved.

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multivector foreign policy" ({{lang-kz|көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат}}), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China as well as with the United States and the rest of the [[Western world]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Blank |first=Stephen |title=Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=27 April 2005 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045839/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Ariel |title=Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact |publisher=Business News Europe |date=7 October 2008 |url=http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817020006/http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291 |archivedate=17 August 2009}}</ref>
Russia currently leases approximately {{convert|6000|km²|0|abbr=out}} of territory enclosing the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] and the well-known space station [[Mir]].

On 11 April 2010, Presidents Nazarbayev and [[Barack Obama|Obama]] met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic prosperity, and universal values.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev Joint Statement on the meeting between President Obama and Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev | The White House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120144535/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev |date=20 November 2015 }}. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>

In April 2011, President Obama called President Nazarbayev and discussed many cooperative efforts regarding nuclear security, including securing nuclear material from the BN-350 reactor. They reviewed progress on meeting goals that the two presidents established during their bilateral meeting at the Nuclear Security Summit in 2010.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/30/readout-presidents-call-president-nazarbayev-kazakhstan "Readout of the President's Call to President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan" | The White House] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120120046/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/30/readout-presidents-call-president-nazarbayev-kazakhstan |date=20 November 2015 }}. Whitehouse.gov (30 April 2011). Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>
Since 2014 the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018.<ref name=AT5>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/|website=Astanatimes.com|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170610/http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/|archivedate=19 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.<ref name=UN>{{cite web|title=Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54350#.WDczqbXXfYU|website=un.org|accessdate=23 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045313/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54350#.WDczqbXXfYU|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Kazakhstan actively supports UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, the Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name=TN1>{{cite news|title=Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/military/Kazakh-peacekeepers-in-Western-Sahara-257039/|publisher=Tengrinews|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108204101/http://en.tengrinews.kz/military/Kazakh-peacekeepers-in-Western-Sahara-257039/|archivedate=8 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through a specialised UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.<ref name="TN1" />

In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $400,000 of aid to [[Novorossiya (confederation)|Ukraine's southeastern regions]].<ref name=gpostukraine1>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |work=Global Post |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205230451/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |archivedate=5 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>
President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine’s independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine."<ref name=ukrainenaz>{{cite news|title=Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan’s Economic Resilience|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/12/nazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience/|work=The Astana Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182750/http://astanatimes.com/2014/12/nazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan’s relations with the European Union will remain normal.<ref name=CarnegieUkraniepiece>{{cite web|title=Nazarbayev as Mediator|url=http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144059/http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is believed that Nazarbayev’s mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.<ref name="CarnegieUkraniepiece" />

Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in the south-eastern Ukraine."<ref name=ukrainejan26statement>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/01/kazakhstan-urges-peaceful-resolution-ukraine-conflict-reiterates-minsk-agreements/|work=The Astana Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154047/http://astanatimes.com/2015/01/kazakhstan-urges-peaceful-resolution-ukraine-conflict-reiterates-minsk-agreements/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Kazakhstan Republican Guard.JPEG|right|thumb|[[Republican Guard (Kazakhstan)|Kazakhstan Republican Guard]] ]]
[[File:A Kazakh Sukhoi Su-27P(modified).jpg|thumb|A Kazakhstan [[Sukhoi Su-27]]]]

Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the [[Soviet Armed Forces]]' [[Turkestan Military District]]. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]] (the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments and a large amount of equipment which had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]]. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005.

The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41 [[MiG-29]]s, 44 [[MiG-31]]s, 37 [[Su-24]]s and 60 [[Su-27]]s. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea.

Kazakhstan sent 49 military engineers to [[Iraq]] to assist the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|US post-invasion mission in Iraq]]. During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified {{convert|718|m3|0|abbr=out}} of water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios |url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/steppe-eagle-military-exercises-cover-broad-spectrum-scenarios |publisher=Central Asia Newswire |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141550/http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/steppe-eagle-military-exercises-cover-broad-spectrum-scenarios |archivedate=8 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Kazakhstan's [[National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan|National Security Committee]] (UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered as the most important part of KNB. Its director is [[Nurtai Abykayev]].

Since 2002 the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the Kazbat peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the US Military.<ref name=steppe1>{{cite news|title=Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/02/steppe-eagle-2015-multinational-peacekeeping-exercises-held-april-june/|work=The Astana Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095229/http://astanatimes.com/2015/02/steppe-eagle-2015-multinational-peacekeeping-exercises-held-april-june/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.<ref name=un1>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2013/12/20/world/20reuters-kazakhstan-un.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan's human rights situation is described as poor by independent observers. The 2015 [[Human Rights Watch]] report on Kazakhstan said that the country "heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practicing religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader [[Vladimir Kozlov (politician)|Vladimir Kozlov]], remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020227/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan |date=28 October 2016 }}, accessed September 2016.</ref> The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2016: Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914160847/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan |date=14 September 2016 }}, accessed September 2016.</ref>

According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:

"The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the right to an attorney, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee’s attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defence attorneys to gather evidence. [...]<ref name=countryreport />

"The law does not adequately provide for an independent judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited bribes in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases."<ref name=countryreport>[https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220395#wrapper "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191252/https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220395 |date=25 June 2017 }}, released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</ref>

Kazakhstan's global rank in the [[World Justice Project]]'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).<ref name=WJP2015>{{cite web|title=Rule of Law Index 2015|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#groups/KAZ|website=World Justice Project|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#groups/KAZ|archivedate=29 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[ABA Rule of Law Initiative]] of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.<ref name=ABArol>{{cite web |title=Rule of Law in Kazakhstan |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan.html |publisher=American Bar Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225822/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=ABAback>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan Background |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/background.html |publisher=American Bar Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231239/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/background.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Kazakhstan’s Supreme Court has taken recent steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country’s legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and accountability of Kazakhstan’s judiciary.<ref name=ABAjr>{{cite web|title=Judicial Reform|url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/news.html|publisher=American Bar Association|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230348/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/news.html|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intends to digitize all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018.<ref name="digitize">{{cite news|title=Kazakh criminal justice system to be digitised by 2018|url=https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/kazakh-criminal-justice-system-to-be-digitised-by-2018/|agency=The Astana Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034931/https://astanatimes.com/2017/11/kazakh-criminal-justice-system-to-be-digitised-by-2018/|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997; though it is still socially unaccepted in most parts.<ref>{{cite book|url= |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|pages= 40 |author1=Paul Brummell |author2=|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Downtown of [[Astana]]]]

Kazakhstan has the largest and strongest performing economy in Central Asia. Supported by rising oil output and prices, Kazakhstan’s economy grew at an average of 8% per year until 2013, before suffering a slowdown in 2014 and 2015<ref name=imfarticleiv>{{cite web|title=IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan|url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|website=Imf.org|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183248/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.<ref name=IMFrepay>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan profile|url=https://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/kazakhstan/47484.htm|website=State.gov|publisher=US State Department|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/kazakhstan/47484.htm|archivedate=1 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Astana, capital of Kazakhstan 08.jpg|thumb|left|[[Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center]] in Astana.]]

[[File:Expo 2017 "Nur Alem" Pavilion.jpg|thumb|left|Expo 2017 "Nur Alem" Pavilion in Astana.]]

Buoyed by high world [[crude oil]] prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1–3% in 2008 and 2009, and then rising again from 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531180249/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |archivedate=31 May 2011 |title=GDP growth (annual %) |work=The World Bank. World Bank.org |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of uranium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142342/http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world |archivedate=22 July 2011 |title=№ 1 in the world |work=The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz |date=30 December 2009 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/ |title=Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan |publisher=world-nuclear.org |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326045234/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/ |archivedate=26 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Kazakhstan’s economy grew by 4.6% in 2014.<ref name=BRICplus>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity|url=http://www.bricplusnews.com/business/kazakhstan-the-latest-emerging-opportunity/|publisher=BRIC Plus|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181513/http://www.bricplusnews.com/business/kazakhstan-the-latest-emerging-opportunity/|archivedate=20 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the [[Ukrainian crisis]]<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c4a55aa6-dd04-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3mCiNSOzr Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe], [[Financial Times]], 21 May 2014</ref> The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014.<ref>"Tenge Fever", [[The Economist]], 22 February 2014</ref> Another 22% devaluation occurred in August 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/business/international/kazakhstans-currency-plunges.html Kazakhstan's currency plunges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205174742/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/business/international/kazakhstans-currency-plunges.html |date=5 February 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 August 2015</ref>

Kazakhstan’s fiscal situation is stable. The government has continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.<ref name=kzwbprofile>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Profile|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan|publisher=The World Bank|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911201346/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan|archivedate=11 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Since 2002, Kazakhstan has sought to manage strong inflows of foreign currency without sparking inflation. Inflation has not been under strict control, however, registering 6.6% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003, and 6.4% in 2004.

In March 2002, the [[US Department of Commerce]] granted Kazakhstan [[market economy]] status under [[Trade Act of 2002|US trade law]]. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources.

Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis well,{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country’s GDP, with $4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector.<ref name=ft21bn>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan unveils $21bn rescue package|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN|work=Financial Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002103/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN|archivedate=16 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan’s economy contracted by 1.2% in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5% and 5% in 2011 and 2012, respectively.<ref name="imfarticleiv" />

[[File:35Aktau główna ulica.JPG|thumb|[[Aktau]] is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the [[Caspian Sea]]]]
In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] to receive an investment grade [[credit rating]] from a major international [[credit rating agency]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} As of late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $4.2 billion, 14% of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP in 2000, was 21.7%; in 2001, it was 17.5%, and in 2002, it was 15.4%.{{update inline|date=October 2015}}

[[Economic growth]], combined with earlier [[tax reform|tax]] and financial sector reforms, has dramatically improved government finance from the 1999 [[budget deficit]] level of 3.5% of GDP to a deficit of 1.2% of GDP in 2003. Government revenues grew from 19.8% of GDP in 1999 to 22.6% of GDP in 2001, but decreased to 16.2% of GDP in 2003. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new [[tax code]] in an effort to consolidate these gains.

On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced [[Tax rates around the world|tax rates]] was adopted. The [[value added tax]] fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax,{{Clarify|date=September 2015}} from 21% to 20%, and the personal [[income tax]], from 30% to 20%. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5% for personal income in the form of dividends and 10% for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003.

[[File:2013Kazakhstani imports.PNG|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013]]

[[File:Kazakhstan Export Treemap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|A proportional representation of Kazakhstan's exports.]]

[[File:Kashagan Oil Field, Kazakhstan by Planet Labs.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan Oil Field]] structures]]

[[Energy]] is the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and [[natural gas condensate]] from the [[oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan]] amounted to {{convert|79.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|lk=out|abbr=off}} in 2012 up from {{convert|51.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13% higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to {{convert|13.9|e9m3|e9cuft|lk=out|abbr=off}}, up 22.7% compared to 2002, including [[natural gas]] production of {{convert|7.3|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}}. Kazakhstan holds about {{convert|4|e9t|e9LT e9ST|abbr=off}} of proven recoverable oil reserves and {{convert|2,000|km3|cumi|lk=out|abbr=off}} of gas. According to industry analysts, expansion of oil production and the development of new [[oil field|fields]] will enable the country to produce as much as {{convert|3|Moilbbl|m3}} per day by 2015, and Kazakhstan would be among the top 10 oil-producing nations in the world.{{update inline|date=September 2015}} Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $7 billion, representing 65% of overall exports and 24% of the GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable [[oil reserves]] are [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz]] with {{convert|7|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}; [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] with {{convert|8|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}} and {{convert|1,350|km3|cumi|abbr=off}} of natural gas; and [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] with 7 to {{convert|9|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}.

Kazakhstan instituted an ambitious [[pension]] reform program in 1998. As of 1 January 2012, the pension assets were about $17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was [[Privatization|privatised]] in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates the pension funds. The growing demand of the pension funds for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt [[Security (finance)|securities]] market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], including government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan is studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan |url=http://gca.satrapia.com/+unified-pension-fund-recommended-in-kazakhstan+ |newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia |date=23 January 2013 |publisher=Satrapia |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121242/http://gca.satrapia.com/+unified-pension-fund-recommended-in-kazakhstan+ |archivedate=8 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The banking system of Kazakhstan is developing rapidly and the system's capitalisation now{{when|date=October 2015}} exceeds $1 billion. The [[National Bank of Kazakhstan|National Bank]] has introduced deposit insurance in its campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Due to troubling and non-performing bad assets the bank sector yet is at risk to lose stability. Several major foreign banks have branches in Kazakhstan, including [[Royal Bank of Scotland|RBS]], [[Citibank]], and [[HSBC]]. [[Kookmin]] and [[UniCredit]] have both recently entered the Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and [[Equity (finance)|stake]]-building.

According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=24 July 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206104835/http://www3.weforum.org//docs//WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf |archivedate=6 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
One year later, the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220035746/http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries |archivedate=20 February 2014 |title=Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries |publisher=Kazakh-tv.kz |date=6 September 2013 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $14 billion of [[foreign direct investment]] inflows into the country at a 7% growth rate making it the most attractive place to invest out of [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] nations.<ref>[http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2013 Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013]. EY.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308092531/http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2013 |date=8 March 2014 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2015}}

During the first half of 2013, Kazakhstan's fixed investment increased 7.1% compared to the same period in 2012 totalling 2.8 trillion tenge ($18 billion US dollars).<ref>Kazakhstan's fixed investment increased by 7.1% in Jan–July 2013</ref>

In 2013, ''[[Aftenposten]]'' quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer [[Denis Jivaga]] as saying that there is an "[[oil fund]] in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225918/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation.<ref name="EFI2018">{{cite web|title=Economic Freedom Index|url=https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110910/http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking|archivedate=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Kazakhstan’s economy grew at an average of 8% per year over the past decade on the back of hydrocarbon exports.<ref name="imfarticleiv" /> Despite the lingering uncertainty of the global economy, Kazakhstan’s economy has been stable. GDP growth in January–September 2013 was 5.7%, according to preliminary calculations of the Ministry Economy and Budget Planning.<ref name=kzgdp2013>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan's GDP grows 5.7 percent|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/finance/Kazakhstans-GDP-grows-57-percent-24023/|agency=TengriNews|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905001444/http://en.tengrinews.kz/finance/Kazakhstans-GDP-grows-57-percent-24023/|archivedate=5 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

From January to September 2014 Kazakhstan's GDP grew at 4%.<ref name=BSt1>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan's GDP expected to grow five per cent in 2014|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/kazakhstan-s-gdp-expected-to-grow-five-per-cent-in-2014-114110400256_1.html|work=Business Standard|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104221743/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/kazakhstan-s-gdp-expected-to-grow-five-per-cent-in-2014-114110400256_1.html|archivedate=4 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the results from the first half of the year, the current account surplus is $6.6 billion, a figure two times higher than that of the first half of 2013.<ref name="BSt1" /> According to the Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, Kairat Kelimbetov, the increase was caused by a trade surplus of 17.4 percent, or approximately USD 22.6 billion.<ref name="BSt1" /> The overall inflation rate for 2014 is forecasted at 7.4 percent.<ref name="BSt1" />

=== Agriculture ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Песня жаворонка(3264-2448).jpg|thumb|right|Grain fields near [[Kokshetau]]]]

[[Agriculture in Kazakhstan|Agriculture]] accounts for approximately 5% of Kazakhstan's GDP.<ref name="CIA" /> [[Grain]], potatoes, vegetables, melons and [[livestock]] are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than {{convert|846000|km2|sqmi}}. The available agricultural land consists of {{convert|205000|km2|sqmi}} of arable land and {{convert|611000|km2|sqmi}} of [[pasture]] and hay land. Over 80% of the country’s total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).<ref name=wb1>{{cite web|title=Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database.|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC|publisher=The World Bank|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210004356/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC|archivedate=10 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Chief livestock products are [[dairy product]]s, [[leather]], [[meat]], and [[wool]]. The country's major crops include [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[cotton]], and [[rice]]. Wheat [[export]]s, a major source of [[hard currency]], rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some [[Kazakh wine]] is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.

Kazakhstan is thought to be one of the places that the [[apple]] originated, particularly the wild [[ancestor]] of ''Malus domestica'', ''[[Malus sieversii]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/thebotanyofdesire/apple-sweetness.php |title=Apple sweetness |first=Michael |last=Pollan |authorlink=Michael Pollan |year=2009 |work=[[The Botany of Desire]] |publisher=[[KQED (TV)|KQED]] |location=San Francisco |accessdate=29 November 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010130036/http://www.pbs.org/thebotanyofdesire/apple-sweetness.php |archivedate=10 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It has no common name in English, but is known in its native Kazakhstan as ''alma''. The region where it is thought to originate is called ''Almaty'': "rich with apple".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=166&lang=3 |title=The official site of Almaty city: History |publisher=Almaty.kz |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013194235/http://almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=166&lang=3 |archivedate=13 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This tree is still found wild in the mountains of [[Central Asia]], in southern Kazakhstan, [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Xinjiang]] in China.

=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Transport in Kazakhstan|Telecommunications in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Air astana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Air Astana]] [[Boeing 757]] aircraft]]

Railways provide 68% of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57% of the country. There are {{convert|15,333|km|mi|abbr=on}} in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.<ref name=ciafactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>{{convert|15,333|km|mi|abbr=on}} of {{Track gauge|1520mm|lk=on}} gauge, {{convert|4,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} electrified, in 2012.<ref name=ciafactbook /> Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from [[Almaty]] (the southernmost city) to [[Petropavl]] (the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.

[[File:Railway Map of Kazakhstan (kk).png|thumb|Map of Kazakhstan railway network]]

[[File:KTZ 2TE10U Aynabulak.jpg|thumb|Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.]]

[[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy]] (KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French loco manufacturer Alstom in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loco manufacturer obtains first IRIS certification in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/loco-manufacturer-obtains-first-iris-certification-in-kazakhstan.html|website=www.railwaygazette.com}}</ref> In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing center in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing center in Central Asia and the Caucasus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alstom inaugurated first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.raillynews.com/2017/alstom-inaugurated-first-locomotive-repairing-centre-kazakhstan/|website=www.raillynews.com}}</ref>

As the Kazakhstani rail system was designed during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era, rail routes were designed ignoring intersoviet borders and to the needs of Soviet planning. This has caused anamolies such as the route from [[Ural'sk]] to [[Aktobe]] now passes briefly through Russian territory. It also means that routes might not suit modern-day Kazakhstani needs.

[[Astana Nurly Zhol railway station]], the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Astana on May 31, 2017. The opening of the station coincided with the start of the [[Expo 2017]] international exhibition. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m2 station is expected to be used by 54 trains a day and has capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Astana Nurly Zhol station inaugurated|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/astana-nurly-zhol-station-opens.html|website=www.railjournal.com}}</ref>

The strategy of transport development in Kazakhstan until 2015 is to build {{convert|1600|km|mi|abbr=on}} of new electrified and {{convert| 2700|km|mi|abbr=on}} of existing railway stations.

[[File:Алматинское метро 014.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Metro station in Almaty.]]

[[File:Станция Алатау.jpg|thumb|left|Almaty Metro]]

There is a small {{convert| 8.56|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[rapid transit|metro]] system in [[Almaty]]. A second and third metro lines are planned in the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at [[Alatau]] and [[Zhibek Zholy (Almaty Metro)|Zhibek Zholy]] stations.<ref name=urbanrail.net>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm|title=urbanrail.net|publisher=|accessdate=25 September 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425050228/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm|archivedate=25 April 2015|df=}}</ref> In May 2011, the construction of the second phase of the Almaty Metro line 1 began. The general contractor is Almatymetrokurylys. Currently more than {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} of tunnels on the extension project have been excavated. The extension includes five new stations, and will connect the downtown area of Almaty with [[Kalkaman]] in the suburbs. Its length will be {{convert|8.62|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Almaty_metro_website>{{cite web|url=http://www.almatymetro.kz/page.php|title=Алматыметро :: Главная страница|publisher=|accessdate=25 September 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815102546/http://www.almatymetro.kz/page.php|archivedate=15 August 2012|df=}}</ref> The construction is divided into 3 phases. The first phase (the current phase) will be the addition of two stations: Sairan and Moscow, a length of {{convert|2.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Almaty_metro_website" /> For more details see: [[Almaty Metro]].There was a tram system of 10 lines which operated from 1937 to 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subways.net/kazakstan/almaty.htm|title=Subways and Trams In Kazakstan: Almaty's Metro|website=www.subways.net|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref>

The [[Astana Metro]] system is under construction. It's been a long time coming and the project was abandoned at one point in 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/No-Light-Rail-Transport-for-Astana-24346/|title=No Light Rail Transport for Astana|website=Tengrinews.kz|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref> but an agreement was signed on 7 May 2015 for the project to go ahead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/asia/single-view/view/astana-light-rail-framework-agreement-signed.html|title=Astana light rail framework agreement signed|first=DVV Media|last=UK|publisher=|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref> The system was opened between 1959 and 1978, and the tram was a popular form of transport in Oskemen/Ust-Kamenogorsk until its closure in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://informburo.kz/novosti/v-ust-kamenogorske-polnostyu-ostanovili-dvizhenie-tramvaev.html|title=В Усть-Каменогорске полностью остановили движение трамваев|trans-title=The tram system in Ust-Kamenogorsk completely ceased operation|publisher=Informburo|date=2018-03-12|accessdate=2018-03-15|language=RU}}</ref> At its peak it had 6 routes, but in the end it had 4 routes in operation. It had a fleet of 50 working tram cars.<ref name=Oskemen_Trmway>{{cite web|url=http://oskemen-tramway.narod.ru/|title=Усть-Каменогорский трамвай :: Введение|website=oskemen-tramway.narod.ru|accessdate=25 September 2017}}</ref> There is an {{convert|86|km|mi|abbr=on}} tram network, which began service in 1965 with, {{as of|2012}}, 20 regular and 3 special routes. The network has a 60% share of the local public transport market. Its fleet of 115 trams are due to be replaced and in 2012, the city announced plans to purchase 100 new trams.<ref name=Pavlodar>[[Pavlodar]]</ref> There are 2 tram lines in this city.<ref name=Temirtau_city_council_website>{{cite web|url=http://temirtau.kz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7&Itemid=4|title=temirtau.kz – главный сайт Темиртау|publisher=|accessdate=25 September 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108095737/http://temirtau.kz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7&Itemid=4|archivedate=8 January 2014|df=}}</ref>

The Khorgos Gateway dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary dry ports for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than {{convert|9000|km|abbr=on}} between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ that officially commenced operations in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khorgos: The New Silk Road's Central Station Comes To Life|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2017/02/20/khorgos-the-new-silk-roads-central-station-comes-to-life/2/#4770e6ab5322|website=forbes.com}}</ref>

In 2009 the [[European Commission]] blacklisted all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of [[Air Astana]]. Since then, Kazakhstan has consistently taken measures to modernize and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist and there was “sufficient evidence of compliance” with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sustained safety effort pulled Kazakhstan off EU blacklist|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sustained-safety-effort-pulled-kazakhstan-off-eu-bla-432336/|website=www.flightglobal.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014911/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sustained-safety-effort-pulled-kazakhstan-off-eu-bla-432336/|archivedate=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Верхняя точка горнолыжной трассы курорта Чимбулак..JPG|thumb|A ski resort in Almaty.]]
[[File:Dzhasybay beach.jpg|thumb|Kazakhstanis on a [[Lake Jasybay]] beach, [[Pavlodar Region]] ]]
Kazakhstan is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|ninth-largest country by area]] and the largest landlocked country. Today, tourism is not a major component of the economy. As of 2014, [[tourism]] has accounted for 0.3% of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government has plans to increase it to 3% by 2020.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web|author=Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists |title=Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news |work=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68601 |title=Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States |publisher=EurasiaNet.org |date=16 June 2014 |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref> According to the [[World Economic Forum]]'s [[Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report]] 2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan is $3.08 billion or 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranks Kazakhstan 81st in its 2017 report, which is four positions higher compared to the previous period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/country-profiles/#economy=KAZ|title=Country profiles|work=Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Kazakhstan received 6.5 million tourists in 2016.

In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked 51st in the world in terms of number of tourist arrivals. In 2000 total 1.47 million international tourists visited Kazakhstan, which was increased to 4.81 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mecometer.com/whats/kazakhstan/international-tourism-number-of-arrivals/ |title=International tourism, number of arrivals – Kazakhstan |publisher=Mecometer.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref> [[The Guardian]] describes tourism in Kazakhstan as, "hugely underdeveloped", despite the attractions of the country's dramatic mountain, lake and desert landscapes.<ref name=Lillis /> Factors hampering an increase in tourist visits are said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure", "poor service" and the logistical difficulties of travel in a geographically enormous, underdeveloped country.<ref name=Lillis /> Even for locals, going for holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name=Lillis>{{cite news|last1=Lillis|first1=Joanna|title=Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists|accessdate=11 December 2015|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 July 2014}}</ref>

The Kazakh Government, long characterized as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition,<ref name="time" /> has started an initiative named the "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020". This initiative aims to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan: [[Astana]] city, [[Almaty]] city, [[East Kazakhstan Region|East Kazakhstan]], [[South Kazakhstan Region|South Kazakhstan]], and [[West Kazakhstan Region|West Kazakhstan]] Oblasts. It also seeks investment of $4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/environment/Kazakhstan-to-develop-its-tourism-industry-254241/ |title=Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz |publisher=En.tengrinews.kz |date=18 June 2014 |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref><ref name=Lillis />

Kazakhstan offers a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], Georgia, [[Moldova]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Mongolia]], Russia and [[Ukraine]] and for up to 30 days to citizens of [[Argentina]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Serbia]], [[South Korea]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Visa Information|url=https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=KZ&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140314210737/https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=KZ&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C|dead-url=yes|archive-date=14 March 2014|work=[[Timatic]]|publisher=[[IATA]]|accessdate=30 April 2016}}</ref>

Kazakhstan established a visa-free regime for citizens of 45 countries including European Union and OECD member states, the USA, UAE, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="visafree45">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan abolishes visa requirements for travellers from 45 countries|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2017/01/04/kazakhstan-abolishes-visa-requirements-travellers-45-countries/#ixzz4UquRdLP9|publisher=The Lonely Planet}}</ref>

=== Green economy ===

The government has set the goals that a transition to the [[Green Economy in Kazakhstan]] occur by 2050. The green economy is projected to increase GDP by 3% and create more than 500,000 new jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uyzbayeva|first=Aigerim|date=February 2015|title=Towards Achieving Energy Efficicency in Kazakhstan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963073_Towards_Achieving_Energy_Efficicency_in_Kazakhstan|journal=International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015)|volume=9|pages=|via=ResearchGate|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012043609/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963073_Towards_Achieving_Energy_Efficicency_in_Kazakhstan|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Expo 2017 "Nur Alem" Pavilion Glass Pathway 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Astana [[Expo 2017]] "Nur Alem" Pavilion]]

The government of Kazakhstan has set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($0.12). The price for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants is 16.71 tenge ($0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenge ($0.18).<ref name=renewableprices>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources|publisher=Bloomberg News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309165647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources|archivedate=9 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Foreign direct investment ===

As of 2014, foreign investors had placed a total of $211.5 billion in Kazakhstan.<ref name=2013ICS>{{cite web|title=2015 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/241825.pdf|publisher=US State Department|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501234756/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/241825.pdf|archivedate=1 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the US State Department, Kazakhstan is widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region.<ref name="2013ICS" /> In 2002 the country became the first sovereign in the former Soviet Union to receive an investment-grade credit rating from an international credit rating agency. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a more significant role in the national economy than in most other former Soviet republics.<ref name=kzbankstats>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan National Bank Statistics|url=http://www.nationalbank.kz/?docid=158&switch=english|publisher=The National Bank of Kazakhstan|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181919/http://www.nationalbank.kz/?docid=158&switch=english|archivedate=4 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which include a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an 8-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes.<ref name=taxnews>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks|url=http://www.tax-news.com/news/Kazakhstan_Enacts_Investor_Tax_Breaks____65000.html|publisher=Tax News}}</ref> Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation.<ref name="taxnews" />

Sir [[Suma Chakrabarti]], the President of the [[European Bank of Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD), co-chaired the Kazakhstan Foreign Investors’ Council with President Nursultan Nazarbayev.<ref name=SirSuma>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan is reaching out to the world|url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/speeches/chakrabarti-kazakhstan.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920084219/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/speeches/chakrabarti-kazakhstan.shtml|archivedate=20 September 2014|publisher=EBRD}}</ref> In May 2014, the EBRD and government of Kazakhstan created the Partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan’s economy.<ref name=EBRDprrp>{{cite web|title=EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment|url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2014/140523.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525223329/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2014/140523.shtml|archivedate=25 May 2014|publisher=EBRD}}</ref> The partnership will boost investment and drive forward reforms in the country.<ref name="EBRDprrp" />

As of May 2014, Kazakhstan attracted $190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it leads the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita.<ref name=AstanaT>{{cite web|title=Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/05/nazarbayev-announces-plans-new-major-incentives-foreign-investors/|website=Astanatimes.com|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170550/http://astanatimes.com/2014/05/nazarbayev-announces-plans-new-major-incentives-foreign-investors/|archivedate=19 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> One of the factors that attract foreign direct investments is country's political stability. According to the World Bank's report, Kazakhstan is among the top 40% of countries in the world that are considered the most politically stable and free of violence.<ref name=wgi>{{cite web|title=Country Data Report for Kazakhstan, 1996–2013 |url=http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#countryReports |website=Info.worldbank.org/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306214758/http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx |archivedate=6 March 2015 }}</ref>

Kazakhstan also received high ratings in a survey conducted by [[Ernst & Young]] in 2014. According to EY's 2014 Kazakhstan Attractiveness Survey, "Investor confidence in Kazakhstan’s potential is also at an all-time high with 47.3% of respondents expecting Kazakhstan to become increasingly attractive over the next three years."<ref name=EY2014>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2014|url=http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/EY-Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2014#.VQcmRWv2_yA|website=Ey.com|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/EY-Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2014#.VQcmRWv2_yA|archivedate=1 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The high level of economic, political and social stability and Kazakhstan’s competitive corporate tax rate were the primary reasons mentioned for its attractiveness.<ref name="EY2014" />

The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" have been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improving policy to attract FDI.<ref name="oecdkzpolicyreview">{{cite web|title=OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Kazakhstan 2017|url=http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-kazakhstan-2017-9789264269606-en.htm|website=OECD.org|publisher=OECD|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001653/http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-kazakhstan-2017-9789264269606-en.htm|archivedate=17 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Banking ===

The banking industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan experienced a pronounced boom and bust cycle over 2000s decade. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including [[BTA Bank]] J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon after. Since then, the industry has shrunk and been restructured, with system-wide loans dropping to 39% of GDP in 2011 from 59% in 2007. Although the Russian and Kazakhstani banking systems share several common features, there are also some fundamental differences. Banks in Kazakhstan have experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. Together with a rational approach to banking and finance policy, this has helped push Kazakhstan’s banking system to a higher level of development. Banking technology and personnel qualifications alike are stronger in Kazakhstan than in Russia. On the negative side, past stability in Kazakhstan arose from the concentration of virtually all political power in the hands of a single individual – the key factor in any assessment of system or country risk. The potential is there for serious disturbances if and when authority passes into new hands.<ref>{{cite news |title=S&P Maintains Kazakhstan BICRA at Group "8" |url=http://gca.satrapia.com/sp-maintains-kazakhstan-bicra-at-group-8 |accessdate=4 August 2012 |newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia |date=30 March 2012 |publisher=Satrapia |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120431/http://gca.satrapia.com/sp-maintains-kazakhstan-bicra-at-group-8 |archivedate=8 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Bond market ===
In October 2014, Kazakhstan introduced its first overseas dollar bonds in 14 years.<ref name=bloom1>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Sells First Overseas Dollar Bonds in 14 Years|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-06/kazakhstan-sells-first-overseas-dollar-bonds-in-14-years|agency=Bloomberg L.P.|first=Katia|last=Porzecanski|date=6 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309163443/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-06/kazakhstan-sells-first-overseas-dollar-bonds-in-14-years|archivedate=9 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kazakhstan issued $2.5 billion of 10- and 30-year bonds on 5 October 2014, in what was the nation’s first dollar-denominated overseas sale since 2000.<ref name="bloom1" /> Kazakhstan sold $1.5 billion of 10-year dollar bonds to yield 1.5 percentage points above midswaps and $1 billion of 30-year debt at 2 percentage points over midswaps.<ref name="bloom1" /> The country drew bids for $11 billion.<ref name="bloom1" />

=== Housing market ===

[[File:TV-Turm Almaty - 3.jpg|thumb|[[Almaty]]]]

The housing market of Kazakhstan has grown since 2010.<ref name=rank1>{{cite web|title=Обзор ввода жилья по регионам РК. Январь-август 2014|url=http://ranking.kz/infopovody/_tekuschem_godu_almatinskaja_oblast_lidiruet_po_vvedennomu_v_ekspluataciju_zhilju___7265_tysjach_kv_metrov_eto_165_ot_vsego_zhilja_vvedennogo_v_ekspluataciju_za_janvar-avgust_2014_goda?mcode=regions&subcut=socium&infotypecode=infopovody|website=Ranking.kz|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025308/http://ranking.kz/infopovody/_tekuschem_godu_almatinskaja_oblast_lidiruet_po_vvedennomu_v_ekspluataciju_zhilju___7265_tysjach_kv_metrov_eto_165_ot_vsego_zhilja_vvedennogo_v_ekspluataciju_za_janvar-avgust_2014_goda?mcode=regions&subcut=socium&infotypecode=infopovody|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, the total housing area in Kazakhstan amounted to {{convert|336.1|e6m2|e6sqft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="rank1" /> The housing stock rose over the year to 32.7 million [[Square (unit)|squares]], which is nearly an 11% increase.<ref name="rank1" /> Between 2012 and 2013, the living area per Kazakh citizen rose from {{convert|19.6|to|20.9|m2|sqft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="rank1" /> The urban areas concentrate 62.5 percent of the country’s housing stock.<ref name="rank1" />
The UN’s recommended standard for housing stands at {{convert|30|m2|sqft|abbr=off}} per person.<ref name="rank1" /> Kazakhstan will be able to reach the UN standards by 2019 or 2020, if in the medium term the housing growth rate remains within 7 percent.<ref name="rank1" />

=== "Nurly Jol" economic policy ===

On 11 November 2014, President of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] delivered an unexpected state-of-the-nation address in Astana at an extended session of the Political Council of the Nur Otan party, introducing a "Nurly Jol" (Bright Path), a new economic policy that implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the next several years.<ref name=NZ1>{{cite news|title=In Surprise State of the Nation Address, Kazakh President Unveils Massive Infrastructure Investments|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/11/surprise-state-nation-address-kazakh-president-unveils-massive-infrastructure-investments/|work=Astana Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103737/http://astanatimes.com/2014/11/surprise-state-nation-address-kazakh-president-unveils-massive-infrastructure-investments/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The "Nurly Zhol" policy is accepted as preventive measures needed to help steer the economy towards sustainable growth in the context of the modern global economic and geopolitical challenges, such as the 25%-reduction in the oil price, reciprocal sanctions between the West and Russia over Ukraine, etc.<ref name="NZ1" /> The policy embraces all aspects of economic growth, including finances, industry and social welfare, but especially emphasises investments into the development of infrastructure and construction works.<ref name="NZ1" /> Given recent decreases in revenues from the export of raw materials, funds will be used from Kazakhstan’s National Fund.<ref name="NZ1" />

=== Economic competitiveness ===

Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum [[Global Competitiveness Report]] that was published at the beginning of September 2014.<ref name=AT1>{{cite web|title=Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/09/staying-competitive-toughening-external-environment/|website=Astanatimes.com|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170605/http://astanatimes.com/2014/09/staying-competitive-toughening-external-environment/|archivedate=19 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] in almost all of the report’s pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education.<ref name="AT1" /> The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.<ref name="AT1" />

=== Corruption ===
In 2005, the [[World Bank]] listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with [[Angola]], [[Bolivia]], [[Kenya]], [[Libya]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all Oil, Cash and Corruption] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205174501/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all |date=5 February 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 November 2006</ref> In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries<ref name="OECD1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20corruption%20ranking&f=false OECD Investment Policy Reviews] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227164424/https://books.google.com/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE |date=27 February 2018 }}, P112, [[OECD]], 2012</ref> and the [[World Economic Forum]] listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country.<ref name="OECD1" />
A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption, access to information, and prosecuting corruption.<ref name="oecdreport2017">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan should build on its efforts to fight corruption and push forward with reforms|url=http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/kazakhstan-should-build-on-efforts-to-fightcorruption-and-push-forwar-with-reforms.htm|publisher=OECD|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054105/http://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/kazakhstan-should-build-on-efforts-to-fightcorruption-and-push-forwar-with-reforms.htm|archivedate=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2011 Switzerland confiscated US$48 million in Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States.<ref name=basel>{{cite web
|url = https://www.baselgovernance.org/sites/collective.localhost/files/documents/131024_selected_case_studies.pdf
|title = Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies
|author1 = Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel
|author2 = Kodjo Attisso
|publisher = International Centre for Asset Recovery
|page = 5
|via = Basel Institute on Governance
|accessdate = 19 July 2016
|deadurl = no
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075353/https://www.baselgovernance.org/sites/collective.localhost/files/documents/131024_selected_case_studies.pdf
|archivedate = 18 August 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights in Kazakhstan. Proceedings eventually involved US$84 million in the USA and another US$60 million in Switzerland<ref name=basel />

The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.<ref name=MLATfeb15>{{cite web|title=Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/02/237732.htm|publisher=US State Department|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625153845/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/02/237732.htm|archivedate=25 June 2017|df=dmy-all|access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>

== Science and technology ==
{{Main|Science and technology in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Trends in GERD GDP ratio in Central Asia, 2001−2013.svg|link=[[:File:Trends in GERD GDP ratio in Central Asia, 2001−2013]].svg|thumb|Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3]]

Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52% of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national research councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Innovation Performance Review|last=|first=|publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|year=2012|isbn=|location=New York and Geneva|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last=Mukhitdinova|first=Nasiba|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=365–387}}</ref>

[[File:The irradiation experiments at the ion accelerator DC-60. Astana, Kazakhstan.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60]]

One of the most ambitious targets of the State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country’s level of expenditure on research and development to 1% of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18% of GDP. It will be difficult to reach the target as long as economic growth remains strong. Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6% in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$598 million to PPP$714 million between 2005 and 2013.<ref name=":1" />

Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (''circa'' US$1.6 billion), or around 1.1% of GDP. Some 11% of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40–70% of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new services and production methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of Kazakhstan’s innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2% of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" />

In December 2012, President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] announced the ''[[Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy]]'' with the slogan ‘Strong Business, Strong State.’ This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the ''Business 2020'' roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Soyuz expedition 19 launch pad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] is the world's oldest and largest operational [[Spaceport|space launch facility]].]]

During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major regional exporter of beef, dairy and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a ‘green economy’ by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant [[genetically modified crops]] developed.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy]] fixes a target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.<ref name=":1" />

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Kazakhstan}}
{{See also|Kazakhs|Turkic peoples|Eurasian nomads}}

[[File:Population pyramid Kazakhstan 2014.gif|thumb|[[Population pyramid]], 2014]]
[[File:Central Asia Ethnic en.svg|thumb|[[Central Asia]]n ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992]]

The [[US Census Bureau]] International Database lists the current population of Kazakhstan as 15,460,484, while [[United Nations]] sources such as {{UN Population|source}} give an estimate of {{UN Population|Kazakhstan}}. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 16.455 million as of February 2011, of which 46% is rural and 54% is urban.<ref name="itogi">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx|script-title=ru:Итоги переписи населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года|trans-title=Results of the population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009|language=ru|work=Stat.kz|date=4 February 2010|accessdate=1 June 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212175154/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx|archivedate=12 February 2010}}</ref> In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 Kazakhstan’s population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063807/http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 |date=8 December 2015 }}. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013</ref>

The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3% and 51.7% of the population, respectively.

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main|Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Ұлттар достастығы.jpg|thumb|People wearing different folk costumes of Kazakhstan.]]
[[File:Aya Shalkar.jpg|thumb|Aya Shalkar, a Kazakh model and actress.]]

Ethnic [[Kazakhs]] are 63.1% of the population and ethnic [[Russians in Kazakhstan]] are 23.7%.<ref name="Census2009" /> Other groups include [[Tatars]] (1.3%), [[Ukrainians]] (2.1%), [[Uzbeks]] (2.8%), [[Belarusians]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] (1.4%), [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Dungans]], [[Kalmyks]], [[Chuvashes]], [[Poles in the former Soviet Union|Poles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7002-15.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215085126/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7002-15.cfm |archivedate=15 February 2007 |author=Collins, Cheryl |title=Kazakhstan's `forgotten Poles' long to return |publisher=Cdi.org |date=2 January 2003 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and [[Lithuanians]]. Some minorities such as [[Ukrainians]], [[Koreans]], [[Volga Germans]] (1.1%), [[Chechens]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm Remembering Stalin's deportations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606174402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm |date=6 June 2013 }}, BBC News, 23 February 2004</ref> [[Meskhetian Turks]], and Russian political opponents of the regime had been [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported to Kazakhstan]] in the 1930s and 1940s by Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet [[labour camp]]s ([[Gulag]]) existed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104084902/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archivedate=4 January 2007 |title=Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2007 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>

Significant Russian immigration also connected with [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] and [[Soviet space program]] during the [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] era.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenall |first=Robert |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |title=Russians left behind in Central Asia |publisher=BBC News |date=23 November 2005 |accessdate=9 September 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911080317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |archivedate=11 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about 1 million [[Germans of Kazakhstan|Germans in Kazakhstan]], mostly descendants of the [[Volga Germans]] deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the [[break-up of the Soviet Union]], most of them emigrated to Germany.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125555/http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans |date=8 December 2015 }}, IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005</ref> Most members of the smaller [[Pontian Greek]] minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of [[Koreans]] in the Soviet Union were [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deported to Central Asia]]. These people are now known as [[Koryo-saram]].

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's [[Russians]] and [[Volga Germans]], a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and [[Oralman|immigration of ethnic Kazakhs]] from China, [[Mongolia]], and Russia.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
'''Population of Kazakhstan according to ethnic group 1926–2009'''
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan=2 | Ethnic group
! colspan=2 | census 19261
! colspan=2 | census 19702
! colspan=2 | census 19893
! colspan=2 | census 19994
! colspan=2 | census 20095
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| [[Kazakhs]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,627,612
| style="text-align:right;"| 58.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,161,164
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,534,616
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,011,452
| style="text-align:right;"| 53.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,096,763
| style="text-align:right;"| 63.1
|-
| [[Russians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,275,055
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,499,826
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,227,549
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,480,675
| style="text-align:right;"| 29.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,793,764
| style="text-align:right;"| 23.7
|-
| [[Uzbeks]]

| style="text-align:right;"| 129,407
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 207,514
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 332,017
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 370,765
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 456,997
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.8
|-
| [[Ukrainians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 860,201
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 930,158
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 896,240
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 547,065
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 333,031
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.1
|-
| [[Germans]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,094
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 839,649
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 957,518
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 353,462
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 178,409
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
|-
| colspan=19 | 1 Source:<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208033435/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php |date=8 February 2015 }}. demoscope.ru.</ref> 2 Source:<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203151519/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php |date= 3 December 2009 }}. demoscope.ru.</ref> 3 Source:<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172713/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |date=16 March 2010 }}. demoscope.ru.</ref> 4 Source:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130120133116/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Mes/pdf/51_02.pdf Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan]. ide.go.jp</ref> 5 Source:<ref name="Census2009" />
|}

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country. [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], (part of the Kipchak family of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] languages)<ref>{{cite book|url= |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|pages= 22 |author1=Paul Brummell |author2=|df=dmy-all}}</ref> spoken natively by 64.4% of the population, has the status of "state" language, whereas [[Russian language|Russian]], which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|title=The Languages spoken in Kazakhstan|website=Studycountry|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-11|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144650/http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|archivedate=11 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is declared an "official" language, and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication, although Kazakh is slowly replacing it.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kazakhstan-language/lost-in-translation-kazakh-leader-bans-cabinet-from-speaking-russian-idUSKCN1GB1EJ Lost in translation? Kazakh leader bans cabinet from speaking Russian]". Reuters. 27 February 2018.</ref>

The government announced in January 2015 that the [[Latin alphabet]] will replace [[Cyrillic]] as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.<ref name="inform.kz">[http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711 Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711|date=19 February 2017}}. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref> Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and [[Tatar language|Tatar]]. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498|title=Kazakhstan in 2013|work=Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics|date=2014|page=33|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031425/http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498|archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Kazakhstan}}

{{Bar box
| title=Religion in Kazakhstan, 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|date=2 April 2015|work=pewforum.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506003738/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|archivedate=6 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/kazakhstan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013|title=Kazakhstan – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project|author=|date=|work=globalreligiousfutures.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113175038/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/kazakhstan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013|archivedate=13 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]]|green|70.4}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christianity]]|blue|24.7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Irreligion in Kazakhstan|Unaffiliated]]|grey|4.2}}
{{Bar percent|[[Folk religion]]|yellow|0.3}}
{{Bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|orange|0.2}}
{{Bar percent|Other religions|purple|0.1}}
}}

According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population is [[Islam in Kazakhstan|Muslim]], 26% [[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christian]], 0.1% [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], 0.2% others (mostly [[Judaism|Jewish]]), and 3% [[Irreligion|irreligious]], while 0.5% chose not to answer.<ref name="2009 Census" /> According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan is a secular state.

Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstan's Constitution. Article 39 states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council recently affirmed these rights by ruling that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.

[[File:Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ascension Cathedral, Almaty|Ascension Cathedral]] in Almaty]]

[[Islam]] is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. After decades of [[Religion in the Soviet Union|religious suppression by the Soviet Union]], the coming of independence witnessed a surge in expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of [[Religion|religious beliefs]] and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of [[mosque]]s, [[church (building)|churches]], and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.<ref name="kazakhrel" />

Some figures show that [[non-denominational Muslims]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |accessdate=27 December 2016 |date=9 August 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |archivedate=26 December 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] following the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref>{{cite book|url= |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|pages= 23 |author1=Paul Brummell |author2=|df=dmy-all}}</ref> These include ethnic [[Kazakhs]], who constitute about 60% of the population, as well as ethnic [[Uzbeks]], [[Uighurs]], and [[Tatars]].<ref name="usstate">[https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715211416/https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm |date=15 July 2017 }} U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Less than 1% are part of the Sunni [[Shafi`i]] school (primarily [[Chechens]]). There are also some [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage | publisher=Forum 18 | accessdate=6 June 2014 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214920/http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 | archivedate=6 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are a total of 2,300 mosques,<ref name="kazakhrel">[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english/ Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511052119/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english |date=11 May 2010 }} Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme [[mufti]].<ref>[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ Islam in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918045538/http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ |date=18 September 2009 }}. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent" | publisher=Forum 18 | accessdate=6 June 2014 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205847/http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 | archivedate=6 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Eid al-Adha]] is recognised as a national holiday.<ref name="kazakhrel" />

[[File:Hazret Sultan Mosque 2015.jpg|thumb|right|[[Khazret Sultan Mosque]] is the biggest mosque in Kazakhstan]]
One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.<ref name="USCOIRFk2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |title=Kazakhstan |work=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=26 October 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113072509/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |archivedate=13 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Other Christian groups include [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]].<ref name="usstate" /> There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches, and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox [[Christmas]] is recognized as a national holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name="kazakhrel" /> Other religious groups include Judaism, the [[Bahá'í Faith]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref name="usstate" />

According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |title=Нац состав.rar |accessdate=24 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084232/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |archivedate=23 July 2011 }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Palace of Arts Shabyt.jpg|thumb|Kazakh National University of Arts]]

Education is universal and mandatory through to the [[Secondary education|secondary level]] and the [[List of countries by literacy rate|adult literacy rate]] is 99.5%.<ref name="collegeatlas">{{cite web | url=http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html | title=Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities | publisher=CollegeAtlas | accessdate=3 June 2014 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223224/http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html | archivedate=6 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On average, these statistics are equal to both women and men Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite book|url= |title=Kazakhstan |date=7 September 2018 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides; Third edition |isbn=978-1-78477-092-1|pages= 24 |author1=Paul Brummell |author2=|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Education consists of three main phases: [[primary education]] (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts 3 or 4 years.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web | url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ | title=Vocational Education in Kazakhstan | date=August 2012 | accessdate=3 June 2014 | author=UNESCO-UNEVOC | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607000448/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ | archivedate=7 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, [[magnet school]]s, [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]], [[Lyceum#Lyceums in today's education|lyceums]] and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or [[technical school]]s, lyceums or colleges and [[vocational school]]s.<ref name="collegeatlas" />

At present, there are [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|universities]], [[Academy|academies]] and [[institute]]s, [[College or university school of music|conservatories]], higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic [[higher education]] that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the [[Bachelor's degree]]; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the [[Master's Degree]]. [[Postgraduate]] education leads to the ''[[Kandidat Nauk]]'' ("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (Ph.D.). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed.

Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051507/http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 |date=8 December 2015 }}. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</ref>

The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan.<ref name=WB11>{{cite web|title=World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan|url=http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan|website=Finchannel.com|accessdate=14 February 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309080855/http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan|archivedate=9 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The project aims to provide relevant training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and current employees in need of training.<ref name="WB11" />

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Kazakhstan|Kazakh clothing|Kazakh wedding ceremony}}

[[File:Equestrian heritage, Kazakhstan.JPEG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|A Kazakhstan performer demonstrate the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.]]

Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy. [[Islam]] was introduced into the region with the arrival of the [[Arabs]] in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of [[Turkestan]] and spread northward.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora'', pg. 24</ref> The [[Samanids]] helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The [[Golden Horde]] further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.<ref>Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396</ref>

[[File:GUWSatpayev.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Kanysh Satpayev]], one of the founders of Soviet era [[metallogeny]], principal advocate and the first president of [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences]].]]

Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy: [[Abay Qunanbayuli]], [[Mukhtar Auezov]], [[Gabit Musirepov]], [[Kanysh Satpayev]], [[Mukhtar Shakhanov]], [[Saken Seyfullin]], [[Jambyl Jabayev]], among many others.

Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, India, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Ukraine are now Partners and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European and Central Asian countries in tourism market.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Kazakh literature}}

Kazakh literature is defined as 'the body of [[literature]], both [[oral literature|oral]] and written, produced in the [[Kazakh language]] by the [[Kazakh people]] of [[Central Asia]]'.<ref name="Feldman">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kazakh-literature |title=Kazakh literature |author=Walter Feldman |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=31 October 2017}}</ref> Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], Kazakh recognized territory under the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Kazakh Khanate]]. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of the history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs.

[[File:USSR stamp A.Qunanbayuli 1965 4k.jpg|thumb|1965 post mark of [[Soviet Union]] honoring Kazakh essayist and poet [[Abai Qunanbaiuly]].]]
According to Chinese written sources of 6th–8th centuries CE, Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods, and were primarily transmitted by [[bard]]s: professional storytellers and musical performers.<ref name="Nurmanova">{{Cite journal|title=La tradition historique orale des Kazakhs|author=Aitjan Nurmanova|translator=Alié Akimova|journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale|issue=8|volume=2000|pages=93–100|url=https://asiecentrale.revues.org/597}}</ref> Traces of this tradition are shown on [[Old Turkic alphabet|Orkhon script]] stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans").{{Citation needed|date=October 2017|reason=We need a source to reference this information.}} Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided in two main categories: the zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the [[aqyn]]s (akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs.<ref name="Feldman" /> There were several types of works, such as [[didactic]] ''termes'', [[elegiac]] ''tolgaws'', and [[epic (genre)|epic]] ''zhırs''.<ref name="Feldman" /> Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century.<ref name="Feldman" /> There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Zhıraw (also known as Dospambet Žyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited [[Constantinople]]), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı.<ref name="Feldman" />

Other notable bards include Kaztugan Žyrau, Žiembet Žyrau, Axtamberdy Žyrau, and Buxar Žyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to [[Ablai Khan]], and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Žüsip Köpeev.<ref name="Nurmanova" /> ''Er Targhın'' and ''[[Alpamysh|Alpamıs]]'' are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century.<ref name="Feldman" /> The ''[[Book of Dede Korkut]]'' and Oguz Name (a story of ancient Turkic king [[Oghuz Khan]]) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to [[Abai Qunanbaiuly]] ({{lang-kz|Абай Құнанбайұлы}}, sometimes russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is ''The Book of Words'' ({{lang-kz|қара сөздері, Qara sözderi}}), a philosophical treatise and collection of poems where he criticizes Russian colonial policies and encourages other Kazakhs to embrace education and literacy. The literary magazines ''[[Ay Qap]]'' (published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and ''Qazaq'' (published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs.

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Stamp of Kazakhstan 659.jpg|thumb|[[Nowruz]] on stamp of Kazakhstan]]
The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after [[Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly]], a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/46/touda/touda-eng.html].
The Foundation Asyl Mura is archivating and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical.
The leading Conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It currently competes with the national conservatoire in Astana, Kazakhstans capital.

When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of Kazakhstan from the period before a strong Russian influence consists of Instrumental music and Vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as a lot of Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content.

[[File:Данэлия Тулешова (день 1) на Детской Новой волне 2015.jpg|thumb|{{Esccnty|Kazakhstan|Junior|y=2018#Daneliya_Tuleshova|t=Daneliya Tuleshova}} will represent Kazakhstan at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018]]]]
The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres:
First, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, conservatories, where the European music was performed and taught, second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh traditional music into these academic structures.
Controlled by the [[Russian Empire]] and then the [[Soviet Union]], Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with [[ethnic Russian music]] and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by [[ethnography|ethnographic]] research teams including [[composer]]s, [[music critic]]s and [[musicology|musicologists]]. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear [[musical notation|notation]]. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style [[European classical music]].

The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitized manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920, [[Aleksandr Zatayevich]], a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of [[fret]]s and [[strings (music)|strings]]. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavors [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/46/touda/touda-eng.html].

[[File:Dimashkudaibergen.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Dimash Kudaibergen]], a Kazakh singer.]]

The current situation could be described as the effort to rediscover the traditional music as it had been practised before the heavy influence of European musical styles. Although the quality of the performances and the striving for authenticity cannot be ignored, it is for methodological reasons important to remember that the contemporary musicians performing among traditional folk music are all well trained professionals (Rauchan Orazbaeva, Ramazan Stamgazi).

Another very challenging aspect arises from the young composers generation, and the rock and jazz musicians, as they aim to incorporate their traditional heritage into the music they learned from the western cultures, thus forming a new stage of "ethnic contemporary classics", respectively ethnic rock or jazz music that sounds distinctly Kazakh. For the classical sector outstanding: Aqtoty Raimkulova, [[Turan ensemble]]; for jazz: "Magic of Nomads"; for Rock: Roksonaki, [[Urker]], [[Ulytau]], Alda span.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Kazakh cuisine}}

In the national cuisine, livestock meat can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments often include black tea and traditional milk-derived drinks such as [[ayran]], [[shubat]] and [[kymyz]]. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as [[pilaf]] and [[beshbarmak]]. They also drink their national beverage, which consists of fermented mare's milk.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuisine of Kazakhstan|url=https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_cuisine.shtml|website=Oriental Express Central Asia|accessdate=17 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053709/https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_cuisine.shtml|archivedate=18 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:2016 Brussels Cycling Classic 032.jpg|thumb|[[Astana Pro Team]] is professional cycling team representing Kazakhstan and sponsored by the state-owned companies from Kazakhstan]]
Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in [[boxing]]. This has brought some attention to the [[Central Asia]]n nation, and increased world awareness of its athletes. [[Dmitry Karpov]] and [[Olga Rypakova]] are among the most notable kazakhstani athletics. [[Dmitry Karpov]] is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], and the [[2003 World Championships in Athletics|2003]] and [[2007 World Athletics Championships]]. [[Olga Rypakova]] is an athlete, specialized in [[triple jump]] (women's), taking silver in the [[2011 World Championships in Athletics]] and Gold in the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].

[[File:FC Astana vs. Celtic FC UCL 2017.jpg|thumb|left|[[Astana Arena]] opened in 2009]]

Kazakhstan's city of [[Almaty]] submitted twice bid for the [[Winter Olympics]]: In [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014]] and again for the [[2022 Winter Olympics]]. [[Astana]] and [[Almaty]] hosted the [[2011 Asian Winter Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=2011 Asian Winter Games|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/asia/2011-asian-games/|accessdate=5 November 2017|publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012714/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/championships/asia/2011-asian-games/|archivedate=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing.

[[File:Dusan Petronijevic.jpg|thumb|[[FC Shakhter Karagandy]] players]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The [[Football Federation of Kazakhstan]] is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the [[Kazakhstan national football team|men's]], [[Kazakhstan women's national football team|women's]], and [[futsal]] national teams.

Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was [[Alzhan Zharmukhamedov]], who played for [[PBC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]] and the [[Soviet Union's national basketball team]] in the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his career, he won multiple titles and medals at some of the world's most prestigious basketball competitions, including the [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]], the [[Basketball World Cup]], the [[EuroBasket]] (the European Basketball Championship), and the [[EuroLeague]]. In 1971 he earned the title [[Unified Sports Classification System of the USSR|Master of Sports of the USSR, International Class]] and a year later he was awarded the [[Order of the Badge of Honor]].[[Kazakhstan's national basketball team]] was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the [[Basketball at the 2002 Asian Games – Men|2002 Asian Games]], where it defeated the [[Philippines men's national basketball team|Philippines]] in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official [[Asian Basketball Championship]], now called ''FIBA Asia Cup'', the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007.

[[File:Barys Arena.jpg|thumb|[[Barys Arena]] in 2015]]

The [[Kazakhstan national bandy team]] is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the [[Bandy World Championship]], including the [[2012 Bandy World Championship|2012 edition]] when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice.<ref>[http://bandy2012.kz/en/ Bandy World Championships 2012 Official home page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124005338/http://bandy2012.kz/en/ |date=2012-01-24 }}</ref><ref>[http://bandyvm2015.ru/assets/images/gruppa-a/sas_2882-800x532.jpg Team picture after the bronze medal had been captured in WCS 2015]</ref> In the [[2011 Bandy World Championship|2011 tournament]], they were an extra-time in the semi-final from reaching the final for the first time. In 2012, they were even closer when they took it to a penalty shootout. The team won the first [[Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games]]. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the [[List of Russian bandy champions|Soviet Union national championships]] in 1977 and 1990, and the [[European Cup (bandy)|European Cup]] in 1978. Bandy is developed in 10 of the country's 17 administrative divisions (8 of the 14 regions and 2 of the 3 cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).<ref>[http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=365 Press conference for the Head Coaches of teams Finland and Kazakhstan]</ref> [[Akzhaiyk]] from [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], however, is the only professional club.

[[File:Nik Antropov Jets 2012-02-11.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Nikolai Antropov]].]]

The [[Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team|Kazakh national ice hockey team]] have competed in [[ice hockey]] in the 1998 and [[2006 Winter Olympics]], as well as in the [[2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]]. The [[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship]] is held since 1992. [[Barys Astana]] is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. Meanwhile, the [[Kazzinc-Torpedo]] and play in the [[Supreme Hockey League]] since 1996 and the [[Saryarka Karagandy]] since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include [[Nik Antropov]], Ivan Kulshov and [[Evgeni Nabokov]].

[[Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes|Kazakh boxers]] are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except [[Cuba]] and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers ([[Vassiliy Jirov]] in 1996, [[Bakhtiyar Artayev]] in 2004 and [[Serik Sapiyev]] in 2012)) were recognized as the best boxers for their techniques with the [[Val Barker Trophy]], awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In [[boxing]], Kazakhstan performed well in the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]], Australia. Two boxers, [[Bekzat Sattarkhanov]] and [[Yermakhan Ibraimov]], earned [[gold medal]]s. Another two boxers, [[Bulat Zhumadilov]] and [[Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov]], earned [[silver medal]]s. It should also be noted that [[Oleg Maskaev]], born in [[Taraz|Zhambyl]], representing [[Russia]], was the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Heavyweight Champion after knocking out [[Hasim Rahman]] on 12 August 2006. The reigning [[World Boxing Association|WBA]], WBC, IBF and [[International Boxing Organisation|IBO]] [[list of middleweight boxing champions|middleweight champion]] is Kazakh boxer [[Gennady Golovkin]]. [[Natascha Ragosina]], representing Russia, but from [[Karaganda]] held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion.

=== Film ===
{{Main|Cinema of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Фотограф Сергей Новиченко II ББ (498).JPG|thumb|A charity ball in [[Almaty]]]]
[[File:Red Carpet at AIAFF.jpg|thumb|[[International Astana Action Film Festival]], 2010.]]

Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned [[Kazakhfilm]] studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award-winning movies{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} such as ''[[Myn Bala]]'', ''[[Harmony Lessons]]'', and ''[[Shal]]''. Kazakhstan is host of the [[International Astana Action Film Festival]] and the [[Eurasia International Film Festival]] held annually. Hollywood director [[Timur Bekmambetov]] is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.<ref>[http://ortcom.kz/en/news/artur-platonov-wins-cannes-corporate-media--tv-award-2013.2571 CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://ortcom.kz/en/news/artur-platonov-wins-cannes-corporate-media--tv-award-2013.2571 |date=1 January 2016 }}. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.cannescorporate.com/en/winners2013.php Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907030048/http://www.cannescorporate.com/en/winners2013.php |date=7 September 2015 }}. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

Serik Aprymov’s ''Little Brother'' (''Bauyr'') won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival [[goEast]] from the German Federal Foreign Office.<ref name=EEC>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/cinema_and_music/Kazakhstans-Little-Brother-takes-Federal-Foreign-Office-award-at-goEast-253027/|publisher=TengriNews|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712032054/http://en.tengrinews.kz/cinema_and_music/Kazakhstans-Little-Brother-takes-Federal-Foreign-Office-award-at-goEast-253027/|archivedate=12 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Timur Bekmambetov by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[Timur Bekmambetov]], a notable Kazakh director.]]

Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the [[World Press Freedom Index]], compiled by [[Reporters Without Borders]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Press Freedom Index 2014|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014|website=Reporters Without Borders|accessdate=31 August 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php|archivedate=14 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A mid-March 2002 [[court order]], with the government as a [[plaintiff]], stated that ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]'' were to stop printing for three months.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|author=Wines, Michael|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Wines 2012|work=The New York Times|date=13 July 2002|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6ArzRWpQb?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|archivedate=22 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as ''Not That Respublika''.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence."<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/22/kazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech|website=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=31 August 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830121944/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/22/kazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech|archivedate=30 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

With support from the US Department of State's Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to bolster free expression and journalistic rights in Kazakhstan.<ref name=aba>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice and Human Rights |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html |publisher=American Bar Association |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025650/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== UNESCO World Heritage sites ===
Kazakhstan has three cultural and natural heritages on the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage list: the [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi|Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui]], Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of [[Tamgaly]], and the [[Korgalzhyn]] and Nauryzumsky reserves.<ref name=UNESCOkz>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/KZ/|publisher=UNESCO|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104414/http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/Kz|archivedate=30 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Public holidays ===
{{Main|Public holidays in Kazakhstan}}

== Membership of international organisations ==
Kazakhstan's membership of international organisations includes:

* [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS)
* [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
* [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]
* [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]], with [[NATO]], Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, [[Moldova]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]].
* [[Turkic Council]] and the [[TÜRKSOY]] community. (The national language, [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], is related to the other [[Turkic languages]], with which it shares cultural and [[Turkic peoples|historical ties]].)
* [[United Nations]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE)
* [[UNESCO]], where Kazakhstan is a member of its [[World Heritage Committee]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title=Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1082/ |publisher=UNESCO |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218004512/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1082 |archivedate=18 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] as a participating government.
* [[World Trade Organization]]<ref name="wtokz">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan and the WTO|url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm|website=World Trade Organization|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701122807/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm|archivedate=1 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]]<ref name="oicmems">{{cite web|title=Member States|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en|website=OIC|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428040040/http://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en|archivedate=28 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Kazakhstan|Central Asia}}
* [[Outline of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Index of Kazakhstan-related articles]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
| author = UNESCO
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 365–387
| source =
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license statement URL =
| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book|title=Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997 |first=Mikhail |last=Alexandrov |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-30965-5 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia |first=Paul |last=Clammer |first2=Michael |last2=Kohn |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=Bradley |last3=Mayhew |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2004 |isbn=1-86450-296-7}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite |first=Sally |last=Cummings |location=London |publisher=Tauris |year=2002 |isbn=1-86064-854-1}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan |first=George |last=Demko |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-7007-0380-2 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Kazakhstan: Coming of Age |first=Michael |last=Fergus |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=Janar |last2=Jandosova |location=London |publisher=Stacey International |year=2003 |isbn=1-900988-61-5}}
*{{Cite book|title=Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime |first=Alexandra |last=George |location=Lanham |publisher=University Press of America |year=2001 |isbn=0-7618-1964-9}}
*{{Cite book|title=Law and Custom in the Steppe |first=Virginia |last=Martin |location=Richmond |publisher=Curzon |year=2000 |isbn=0-7007-1405-7}}
*{{Cite book|title=Epicenter of Peace |first=Nursultan |last=Nazarbayev |location=Hollis, NH |publisher=Puritan Press |year=2001 |isbn=1-884186-13-0 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan |first=Joma |last=Nazpary |location=London |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7453-1503-8}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise |first=Martha Brill |last=Olcott |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-87003-189-9}}
*{{Cite book|title=Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? |first=Ted |last=Rall |location=New York |publisher=NBM |year=2006 |isbn=1-56163-454-9}}
*{{Cite book|title=In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared |first=Christopher |last=Robbins |location=London |publisher=Profile Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86197-868-4}}
*{{Cite book|title=Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges |first=Keith |last=Rosten |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |year=2005 |isbn=0-595-32782-6}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Lost Heart of Asia |first=Colin |last=Thubron |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=0-06-018226-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Kazakhstan|voy=Kazakhstan}}


=== General ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552643 Caspian Pipeline Controversy] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]].
* {{CIA World Factbook link|kz|Kazakhstan}}
* [https://www.state.gov/p/sca/ci/kz/ Kazakhstan] information from the [[United States Department of State]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309085822/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/kazakhstan/kazakhstan.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053245/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kazakhstan.htm Kazakhstan] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
* [http://mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20212143~menuPK:361895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:361869,00.html World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan]
* [http://en.encyclopedia.kz/ Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21541853 Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, Dec 17th 2011]
* [https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan "Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, Dec 20th 2011]
* [http://www.theregionaltourism.org/ The Region Initiative (TRI)]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Kazakhstan}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|214665}}
* [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html Country Facts] from [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/ Kazakhstan Discovery]
* [https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119135.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan] from [[International Futures]].

=== Government ===
* [http://www.mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://en.government.kz/ Government of Kazakhstan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917225116/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kazakhstan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

=== Trade ===
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan]
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{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Geographic locale
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}}
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}}

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[[Category:Kazakhstan| ]]
[[Category:Central Asian countries]]
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