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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| image_name = ExtensionFlag.png
| image_size = 250px
| name = Harvard University<br>Extension School
| established = 1910<ref name=gates/>
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| parent = [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]]<ref name="fas"/>
| dean = [[Huntington D. Lambert]]
| students = 2,520 admitted degree candidates<ref name=factbook2016/><br/>(802 admitted undergraduate degree candidates)<br />(1,718 admitted graduate degree candidates)<br/>25,000+ non-degree students
| city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| country = [[United States]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| website = [http://extension.harvard.edu/ extension.harvard.edu]
}}
'''Harvard University Extension School''' is one of the twelve schools<ref name=twelve/> that compose [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. It offers [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]] and professional courses, [[Graduate school|graduate]] and [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] [[Academic degree|degrees]] in 60 fields, as well as a premedical program. Approximately 150 bachelor's and 550 master's degrees are awarded each year.<ref name=363rd/>
The school was founded to provide education "for every type of adult learner." It also has a long history of offering professional and distance education, and provides a variety of amenities and opportunities to students and degree-earning alumni. Since its establishment in 1910, it is estimated that 500,000 students have taken a course at the Extension School.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=220}} Most students are not degree seekers, but take courses offered for professional development or personal enrichment.
==History==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! Year<ref name=gates/> !! Enrollment
|-
| 1910–11|| 863
|-
| 1914<ref name=leader/> || 1,034
|-
| 1915<ref name=leader/> || 1,488
|-
| 1919<ref name=offer/> || ~1,300
|-
| 1922–23<ref name=many/> || 1,727
|-
| 1930–31 || 1,690
|-
| 1934–35 || 871
|-
| 1942–43 || 808
|-
| 1945–46 || 1,243
|-
| 1946–47 || 1,528
|-
| 1947–1948 || 1,955
|-
| 1951–52 || 2,062
|-
| 1952–1953<ref name=gates/><ref name=wheat/> || 2,141
|-
| 1956–57 || 2,890
|-
| 1959–60 || 5,500+
|-
| 1962–63 || 7,448
|-
| 1963–64 || 8,435
|-
| 1963–64 || 8,693
|-
| 1971–72 || 10,000+
|-
| 1974–75 || 9,677
|-
| 1975–76 || 9,705
|-
| 1977–78 || ~11,677
|-
| 1979–80 || 12,567
|-
| 1981–82 || 17,034
|-
| 1983–84|| 19,561
|-
| 1984–85 || 20,366
|-
| 1986–87 || 20,578
|-
| 1990–91 || ~22,500
|-
| 1999–2000 || ~24,000
|-
| 2007–08 || 25,000+
|}
{{main article|History of Harvard Extension School}}
Founded in 1910 by President [[A. Lawrence Lowell]], the Harvard Extension School grew out of the [[Lowell Institute]], which was created according to the terms of a bequest by John Lowell, Jr. It was designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the greater [[Boston]] community,{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=220}} particularly those "who had the ability and desire to attend college, but also had other obligations that kept them from traditional schools."<ref name=sampler/> It has since extended its "academic resources to the public, locally, nationally, and internationally."<ref name="about"/>
During the 1920s [[professor]]s from [[Boston University|Boston]] and Harvard Universities left the confines of their campuses and traveled to teach courses offsite.<ref name=Yonkers/> While they were primarily aimed at teachers, courses were offered wherever 40 or more students expressed an interest.<ref name=Yonkers/> Professors traveled on a weekly basis to places around New England and as far away as [[Yonkers, New York]],<ref name=Yonkers/> some 200 miles away.
Despite falling revenue due to the Great Depression, A. Lawrence Lowell insisted in 1931 that the bequest from John Lowell prevented courses from costing more than two bushels of wheat. As a result, a half-year course cost could no more than $5, and a full course no more than $10.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=50}} Some courses cost as little as $2.50.<ref name=courses/>
University Extension courses were to be taught by "the most experienced teachers that can be secured"{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=30}} who all received "excellent pay."<ref name=wheat/> In the early years courses were run by a commission composed of several Boston area schools, though it was largely a Harvard-run program.<ref name=wheat/>{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=54}}{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=104}} In 1938 there were 28 professors from Commission faculties, including 11 full professors.<ref name=courses/> Early faculty included [[Charles Townsend Copeland]], [[William Yandell Elliot]], [[William Langer]], [[Oscar Handlin]], [[Perry Miller]], [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], and [[Frank M. Carpenter]].{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=52}} In 1953 there was a similar number of professors.<ref name=wheat/>
In his will, John Lowell asked his successors to set up courses "more erudite and particular corresponding to the age and wants of the age."<ref name=wheat/> By the 50th anniversary of the University Extension in 1960, more than 1,400 courses had been offered and there had been more than 85,000 enrollments.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=81}} While the vast majority of classes were held on the Harvard campus, a few in the late 1960s were offered at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and Boston University, as well as at the [[Old South Meeting House]].<ref name=banner1967/><ref name=banner1968/> At this time non-credit courses cost between $15 and $25, and courses for credit cost between $20 and $35.<ref name=banner1968/>
After 100 years, an estimated 500,000 students have taken courses at the Extension School.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=220}} Fees were kept as low as possible to allow as many as possible to enroll, but owing to the rigorous nature of the program, only 0.18% have ever earned a degree.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=214}} Including certificate earners, 2.5% have graduated.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=221}} Today more degrees are awarded each year than were awarded in the first 50 years combined.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=221}} While there has never been a formal entrance exam such as the [[SAT]], non-native English speakers must provide designated proof of English proficiency or receive a minimum score on the TOEFL, IELTS, or PTEA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extension.harvard.edu/tuition-enrollment/course-registration/english-proficiency-requirement-registration|title=English Proficiency Requirement for Registration|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref> Additionally, the preadmission Expository Writing E-25 course requires students to complete E-15 with a grade of B or higher in EXPO 15 or successfully complete the Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extension.harvard.edu/tuition-enrollment/course-registration/test-critical-reading-writing-skills|title=Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
Several years after retiring, President Lowell wrote that the Extension courses "have given a service to the public ... which seems to me of the utmost importance."{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=225}} In 2013, more than 100 years after its founding, the Extension School's classes were described as "surprisingly affordable"<ref name=fodors/> and the school itself was said to be a "thriving institution."<ref name=fortune/>
===Degree development===
Harvard University currently offers two degrees in Extension Studies, the [[Bachelor of Liberal Arts]] (ALB) and the [[Master of Liberal Arts]] (ALM).<ref name=home/><ref name=century/> From 1911 to 1933, the university offered an Associate in Arts, and from 1933 to 1960 they offered an Adjunct in Arts.<ref name=century/> Both were considered the [[History of Harvard Extension School#Extension grows|equivalent of a bachelor's degree]].<ref name=century/> From 1971 to 2014, the University offered an Associate of Arts in Extension Studies (AA), the equivalent of a two-year degree.<ref name=century/> A Master's in Liberal Arts was added in 1979.<ref name=century/>
The emphasis on liberal arts in the revised degree titles (for both the A.L.B. and A.L.M. degrees) was not intended to signify a difference in the degree itself versus the University's other offerings, but instead to serve as a response to concerns expressed by some that programs catering to non-traditional students were overly vocational in nature. The purpose of the name was to reaffirm adherence to the University's historic focus on the liberal arts, and distinguish it from other, more vocational, institutions.
A proposal before the Faculty of Arts and Science in 2009 and 2010 to rename the school and the degrees offered was not accepted.<ref name="sinjin"/><ref name="rename"/> A committee, led by Professor of Computer Science [[Harry R. Lewis]], proposed renaming the school the "Harvard School of Continuing and Professional Studies," and to drop the words "in Extension Studies" from degrees, so that the School would offer Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees. Some faculty objected, saying that those degrees were already offered by the College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="rename"/>
In 2014, Harvard University conferred four certificates as well as the following academic degrees: five Associate in the Arts, 152 Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies, and 539 Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies.<ref name=363rd/>
In 2016, a student group calling itself the Harvard Extension Degree Change Initiative rallied in front of [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] to call for removing “Extension Studies” from the degree name and adding a student's concentration instead.<ref name=extendingDegree/> The Harvard Crimson editorialized in favor saying that they "urge[d] Harvard to consider changing the title of Extension School degrees to include the field of study rather than the ambiguous 'Extension Studies.'"<ref name=extendingDegree/> Although the Extension School retains "Extension Studies" in the official title of their degrees, student transcripts reflect the student's area of academic concentration.
===Deans===
There have been six deans in the School's history:{{sfn|Shinagel|2010}}
*[[James Hardy Ropes]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Dean of University Extension, 1910–1922
*[[Arthur F. Whittem]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1922–1946
*[[George W. Adams (academic)|George W. Adams]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1946–1949
*[[Reginald H. Phelps]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1949–1975
*[[Michael Shinagel]], Director of Continuing Education and University Extension, 1975–1977, and Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension, 1977–2013
*[[Huntington D. Lambert]], Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension, 2013–present
==Academics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! Year<ref name=gates/> !! Courses offered
|-
| 1910 || 16
|-
|1915–15 || 24
|-
| 1918–19 || 33
|-
| 1921–22 || 22
|-
| 1922–23<ref name=many/> || 27
|-
| 1923–24<ref name=many/> || 29
|-
| 1951–52 || 30
|-
| 1953-54<ref name=wheat/> ||32
|-
| 1956–57 || 37
|-
| 1959–60 || 56
|-
| 1962–63 || 70
|-
| 1971–72 || 144
|-
| 1974–75 || 135
|-
| 1975–76 || ~200
|-
| 1979–80 || 316
|-
| 1980–81 || 335
|-
| 1981–82 || 398
|-
| 1983–84 || 480
|-
| 1984–85 || 527
|-
| 1986–87 || 575
|-
| 1999–2000 || 584
|-
| 2014–15<ref name=catalog/> || 715
|-
| 2016<ref name=serve/> || ~800
|}
As a part of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], the Harvard Extension School offers more than eight hundred on-campus and online courses.<ref name="ext"/> Students take courses with Harvard professors, including [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], as well as faculty from Boston-area universities, business professionals, and community leaders in various fields.<ref name=Practical/><ref name="extension.harvard.edu"/> The number of courses has been growing rapidly over the last five years.
Most of the courses at the Extension School are "virtually identical"<ref name=Practical/><ref name=music/><ref name=felder/> to courses offered to the traditional students at [[Harvard College]], with "the only significant difference" being that the classes are taught at night instead of during the day.<ref name=Practical/><ref name=music/> This has remained constant over time, as Ropes, the first dean, said that "our aim will be to give the young people of Boston who have heretofore been prevented from securing a college education the same instruction they would receive were they undergraduates at Harvard."{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=30}} In 1953, it was said that the "format of the classes is exactly the same."<ref name=wheat/>
Many daytime Harvard College courses are recorded, and offered to Extension students online.<ref name="extension.harvard.edu"/> For these courses, office hours and other student support are typically offered using live or asynchronous software. Additionally, Extension students are offered the option to attend class lectures for these dual-listed courses on campus. Extension degree candidates who meet required criteria may also apply for "Special Student status" in order to take classes at Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, or several other Harvard graduate schools.<ref name=special/> The majority of professors at the School are Harvard affiliates. The remainder are faculty at other institutions and industry professionals.<ref name=serve/>
Students may enroll full or part-time, and classes may be taken on campus, via distance-learning, or both. In order to earn an academic degree, students must complete a minimum number of on-campus-only credits at Harvard.<ref>n.b. These requirements vary for each degree, from 4 classes in residency for the ALB or the ALM/Biology, two semesters residency requirement for the general ALM, and up to 50% residency requirement for the ALM/Management. It is therefore not possible to receive an academic degree solely through distance learning.</ref>
Non-degree seeking students have access to resources through Harvard's [[Grossman Library]], electronic resources through the Harvard Libraries Portal and select computer facilities.<ref name="resources"/> A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system "'give[s] a lot' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard's other schools."<ref name=wells/>
===Accreditation and partnerships===
Harvard Extension School is accredited by the [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]] as one of the twelve degree-granting schools of Harvard University.<ref name="ext"/>
The Extension School and [[Harvard Business School]] have together created the HBX Credential of Readiness (CORe) program.<ref name=core/> Having begun in 2014, this program allows undergraduate students at the Extension School to take courses with Business School professors for credit.<ref name=core/> Students at other institutions may be able to take the courses for transfer credit as well.<ref name=core/>
The graduate program in Museum Studies has also developed a partnership with the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name=smithsonian/> The new courses include two active learning weekends in Washington, D.C.<ref name=smithsonian/> The Extension School is also looking into partnerships with the [[Harvard School of Public Health|School of Public Health]], [[Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]], and the [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]].<ref name=serve/>
===Pre-medical program===
A [[pre-med]] program was established at the Extension School in 1980.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=129}} Two years later, in 1982, five students applied to medical school, and 3 were accepted at the University of Massachusetts, Tufts University, and New York University.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=133}} Of the 19 students who applied to medical schools in 1985, 15 were admitted, including two women to Harvard Medical School.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=140}}
All 27 graduates who applied to medical school in 1989 were accepted, including three to Harvard Medical School and nine to the University of Massachusetts.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=149}} Five years later, 90% of students were accepted to medical school, including 5 to Harvard. Only one in three were accepted nationwide.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=150}} The Health Careers Program has sponsored nearly 1,000 students for admission to medical school since it was started in 1979–80, and more than 845 were accepted. This 85% success rate far exceeds the national acceptance rate of 35%.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=221}}
Students who successfully complete the pre-medical program are eligible for sponsorship through the program and a committee letter of support in their applications to medical school.<ref name=sponsorship/><ref name=Princeton/>
===Distance education===
====History====
Harvard Extension was a pioneer in [[distance education]]. Beginning on December 5, 1949, courses were offered on the [[Lowell Institute|Lowell Institute's]] new radio station. New Englanders could go to college six nights a week at 7:30 in their living rooms simply by tuning into courses on psychology, world history, and economics.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=70}} The first course on radio was by Peter A. Bertocci of Boston University. For 30 years he taught Extension courses, with never fewer than 100 students. He often taught over 300 students per course and once had over 400. Over the years Bertocci had at least 7,000 Extension students, "surely a record in the annals of Extension at Harvard."{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=71}}
The radio courses proved to be so successful that when the television station [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] went on the air in October 1951 they began broadcasting an Extension class every weekday at 3:30 and 7:30.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=72}} The first course, offered by [[Robert G. Albion]], was on European Imperialism on Monday and Thursday evenings.<ref name=Albion/> In the late 1960s, three of the televised courses were offered in the [[Deer Island Prison]].{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=102}} Students who watched the courses on television could attend six "conferences" and take a mid-term and a final exam at Harvard in order to gain credit for the class.<ref name=Albion/>
====Contemporary====
{{As of|2014}}, distance-learning courses at Harvard Extension School are offered in two formats: asynchronous video courses (lectures are recorded and uploaded within 24 hours of on-campus class meetings); and live web-conference courses (courses are streamed live, and typically allow for synchronous participation from students via a secondary online platform).<ref name="distance"/>
The first online courses were offered in 1997.<ref name=serve/> Between 2013 and 2016, the number of online classes grew from 200 to more than 450.<ref name=serve/>
===Awards and honors===
The Dean's Prize for Outstanding Master of Liberal Arts thesis is awarded during [[Graduation|commencement ceremonies]], and includes a medal, a certificate, and a monetary award. It is awarded to a student whose graduate thesis "embodies the highest level of imaginative scholarship."<ref name="outstanding"/> In addition to the Dean's Prize for Outstanding ALM Thesis, there are several other academic prizes:<ref name="awards"/>
*The Academy of American Poets is awarded to an ALB candidate or an undergraduate student at the college for the best poem or group of poems.
*The Santo J. Aurelio Prize, named for Santo J. Aurelio, ALB '83, ALM '85, is awarded annually on the basis of "academic achievement and character." It is normally given to Extension School undergraduate degree recipients who—as did Mr. Aurelio—complete their academic work with distinction after age 50.
*The [[Derek Bok Public Service Prizes]] are awards presented at Commencement. They consist of a cash prize along with a citation and a medal given to two graduating Extension School students. The award recognizes creative initiatives in community service or long-standing records of civic achievement.<ref name=honors/>
*The Commencement Speaker Prize is awarded to either an ALB or ALM graduate who delivers the student Commencement speech at the Extension School diploma awarding ceremony.
*The Annamae and Allan R. Crite prizes are awarded for a mother and son who are Extension School alumni. Annamae faithfully attended Extension courses for more than 50 years. Allan, who is widely recognized as the dean of African-American artists in the Greater Boston area, received a bachelor's degree in 1968. The prize is awarded to Extension School degree recipients who demonstrate "singular dedication to learning and the arts."
*The Klein Family History Prize recognizes the thesis in the field of history that represents superior achievement in historical scholarship.
*The Harold Langlois Award recognizes a Certificate of Special Studies graduate who has demonstrated exceptional academic accomplishment and promise as a manager. It was established in 2003.
*The Patrick Lee Award in Drama is an annual award given to the student who shows the best promise in the field of dramatic arts.
*The Reginald H. Phelps Prize, named for the former dean, is awarded annually on the basis of "academic achievement and character" to outstanding graduating students receiving bachelor's degrees.
*The Emanuel and Lilly Shinagel prize, named in honor of Dean Michael Shinagel in honor of his parents, supports deserving and needy students in the Extension School's Institute for English Language Programs. The prizes are awarded by the Institute for English Language. The Programs to outstanding students based on an essay writing contest.
*The John Osborne Sargent Prize for a Latin Translation is offered for the best metrical translation [students may choose meter] of a lyric poem of Horace, to be selected each year by the Department of the Classics. In addition to ALB candidates, it is also open to undergraduates at the College and visiting undergraduate sunder the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
*The Thomas Small Prize is named for a Lithuanian immigrant who, at the age of 89, became the oldest earned graduate degree recipient in the history of Harvard University. Two prizes are awarded annually on the basis "academic achievement and character" to two outstanding Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies degree recipients.
* The Judith Wood Memorial Prizes are awarded during Commencement Week to Harvard Extension School students who, while compiling honors academic records at the School, also contended with disabilities of a serious nature. It was established in honor of a blind Extension Student student who had cystic fibrosis and diabetes to recognize students who must travel a singularly difficult path to degree or certificate completion.
*The Katie Y. F. Yang Prize Fund was established to promote East Asian culture, grant scholarships to exceptional students, and provide charitable assistance to those in need. Mrs. Yang was a leading Chinese opera singer under the stage name Fong Yim Fun. Her daughter, Simmone Yang, received her Certificate of Special Studies (CSS) from the Extension School. The purpose of the Prize is "to recognize the initiative, character, and outstanding academic achievement of foreign students graduating from the CSS Program" in the Extension School. The award is generally given to the foreign student with the highest academic standing in the CSS program.
==Academic degrees==
The extension program offers open enrollment for individual courses for both undergraduate and graduate credit. However, to be eligible to apply for admission as a student to their degree granting programs, students must "earn [their] way in" by passing the CRWS test, taking three classes, and earning a B or better in each.<ref name=serve/> In 2016, [[Huntington D. Lambert]], estimated that 32% of those who intended to pursue an undergraduate degree (ALB) earned the grades necessary and were considered for admission. If the admission requirements are met, acceptance, while not guaranteed, is very likely. About 85% of those admitted successfully earn their degree (ALB) within 5 years.<ref name=serve/> Because of the "inverted" admissions process used by the Extension School, it is difficult to compare the acceptance rate with traditional programs, but it has been estimated that acceptance into the graduate programs (ALM), using the number of accepted students and the number of students enrolled in admission courses, is between 15-20%. Based on the traditional metrics, the Extension School is considered "very selective."<ref name=serve/>
Students are "presumed capable" but then must "prove that presumption with actual performance."<ref name=open/> The "democratic admissions policy for its degree programs ... is based on proof that a student is capable of Harvard-level work, giving degree and certificate candidates the chance to prove themselves."<ref name=wells/> The "most relevant predictor" of success for students is a students' "ability to do honors-level work at Harvard."<ref name=open/>
ALB students may graduate with the Latin honors, ''cum laude'', but ''magna''- and ''summa''- cum laude are not offered. ALM students may, upon graduation, be included in the ALM Dean's list for Academic achievement, based on strict GPA requirements--a 3.8 GPA or above. Many courses are offered online, but a degree cannot be earned entirely online as students are required to take classes on campus before earning their degree.<ref name=serve/>
Students who wish to earn degrees must be formally admitted to the Extension School by the Admissions Committee.<ref name=open/> Admitted degree candidates are granted full privileges to Harvard's libraries, facilities, student resources, as well as access to Harvard's museums and academic workshops.<ref name=resources/> In 2016, an undergraduate degree cost around $40,000, and a graduate degree cost about $32,000.<ref name=serve/>
An Extension School professor asserts that undergraduate HES students "are brilliantly milking the cow of Harvard University," as they "get a very similar experience and then have the Harvard name on [their] résumé."<ref name=allure/> A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system "'give[s] a lot' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard's other schools."<ref name=wells/>
===Bachelor of Liberal Arts===
Undergraduate degree programs are based upon the curriculum for [[Harvard College]] students and are the academic equivalent of the College's AB degree; degree requirements include expository writing, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, moral reasoning, writing-intensive classes, and courses in the student's area of concentration.<ref name="solid"/> The expository writing class is known as a "gatekeeper course" as it will typically "determine whether [students] are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum."<ref name=open/>
Once admitted as an ALB degree candidate, students must successfully complete 128 credits<ref name="extension.harvard_b"/> (Harvard courses are typically 4 credits each) and maintain good academic standing (3.0 GPA) to meet graduation requirements.<ref name="extension.harvard_a"/> Upon admission into the ALB program, students may petition to transfer up to a maximum of 64 credits from other accredited post-secondary institutions, but 64 credits must be completed at Harvard University (Extension School, Summer School, or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences).<ref name="extension.harvard_a" /> Students must also select one of three 'areas of concentration' including: Sciences; [[Social Sciences]]; or [[Humanities]]. Students must earn 40 credits with at least a B– in their areas of concentration.<ref name="extension.harvard_c"/>
ALB degree candidates are also required to complete a minimum of 16 on-campus-only credits at Harvard;<ref name="extension.harvard_e"/> students must also complete a minimum of 12 credits in "Writing intensive" courses, and earn a minimum of 52 credits in courses that are taught by Harvard instructors.<ref name="extension.harvard_b" /> In addition to a concentration, degree candidates have the option to pursue one of twenty 'Fields of study', (akin to a traditional major). In order to successfully complete a field of study, students must earn a B– or higher in 32 Harvard credits in one field, and maintain a B average in the field. Students may also complement their field of study with a maximum of one liberal arts minor.<ref name="extension.harvard_c" />
====Undergraduate admissions====
Undergraduate degree programs require pre-admission courses as well as a formal application process.<ref name=admit/> Students applying for degree candidacy must first complete three 4-credit liberal arts courses at Harvard (Extension School, Summer School, or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences) with at least a B grade in each, and maintain a minimum 3.0 cumulative [[grade point average|GPA]].<ref name="ext"/> One of these three pre-admission courses must be EXPO E-25, the equivalent of Harvard College's mandatory and "notoriously difficult" expository writing course.<ref name="expos20"/> To enroll in this course, students must pass a placement test, which measures critical reading and writing skills.<ref name=admit/> Students failing to earn at least a B in a class can retake it once. Students who meet all these criteria are then eligible for admission in the Extension School's undergraduate degree programs.<ref name="ext"/>
===Master of Liberal Arts===
The [[Master of Liberal Arts]] in Extension Studies (ALM) includes 19 liberal arts fields of study and seven professional degree programs (Biotechnology, Information Technology, Journalism, Management, Mathematics for Teaching, Museum Studies, & Sustainability).<ref name=grad/> ALM candidates must complete 10 to 12 courses including a thesis or capstone project depending on their degree program, which must be crafted under the direction of an instructor or Harvard faculty member holding a teaching appointment in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="thesis"/>
====Graduate admissions====
Generally, admission into a graduate degree program at Harvard Extension School requires a minimum of an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent), as well as completion of three pre-admission courses with grades of B or higher and a minimum of 3.0 overall GPA. One of the three pre-admission courses must be the "Proseminar" course for the intended area of study, which is akin to a traditional research methods course, and prior to registering for a proseminar students must pass a qualification test to assess graduate-level critical reading and writing skills.<ref name=admit/> Certain disciplines have other specified pre-admission coursework, while some have specific coursework that is required before submitting a master's thesis proposal (e.g. biology and psychology fields must take a specific graduate statistics course). Students who meet these criteria are then eligible to submit an application for admission into the graduate degree programs.<ref name="ext"/>
Once a student has met the three course requirement, he or she is then eligible to formally apply to the ALM program. Typically applicants must submit a completed application, proof of an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent) plus transcripts, resume, two essays, and a nonrefundable application fee. Some programs require additional specific classes to be part of the initial three before formal admission.<ref name="shed"/> Students will be denied admission indefinitely if they fail to earn a grade of B after twice enrolling in the Proseminar course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.harvard.edu/academics/graduate-degrees/journalism-degree/degree-requirements|title=Degree Requirements|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
Some programs have additional requirements, including specific pre-admission courses and supplemental application materials. For instance, the Literature and Creative writing candidates must submit original manuscripts.<ref name="apply"/>
==Student life==
Beginning in the 1960s, the university began providing additional facilities for Extension students. Study spaces, conferences rooms, library facilities, and a dining hall were set up in Lehman Hall for students in 1964.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=111}} In addition, there was a television lounge were students could watch the WGBH programs.<ref name=banner1967/>
Today, admitted degree candidates are granted access to Harvard's athletic facilities, dining services, on and off campus apartment housing, career services and student life organizations.<ref name=resources/> Students have "nearly unfettered access to some of Harvard's most prized resources—world-renowned libraries, a distinguished faculty, and an impressive body of speakers."<ref name=wells/>
ALB candidates are eligible for membership in the Harvard Extension Student Association (HESA). Established in 2001, the HESA's mission is to build and maintain a sense of community among Extension students. In partnership with many other organizations on campus, HESA provides a variety of social activities, educational events, and forums that enrich student life and experience. All degree and diploma candidates in good standing at Harvard Extension School are voting members of HESA.<ref name="hesa"/> [[Alpha Sigma Lambda]], a national honors society for nontraditional students, established the ''Phi Beta'' chapter in 2002–03.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=208}} The Harvard Extension School Pre-Health Society offers advising, events, and networking for students who wish to go to medical school or to pursue a career in the health care industry.<ref name=mission/><ref name=MDadmit/>
[[Drew Gilpin Faust|President Faust]] said that "the Extension School is a critical part of the University"<ref name=faustTalksHES/> and "students increasingly should come to see themselves as full-fledged members of not just an individual school but Harvard as a university."<ref name=24address/>
==Student demographics==
The graduating class of 2016, the largest class to date, had 801 students receiving degrees.<ref name=2016grad/> Of them, the youngest was 16 and the oldest was 70 with an average age of 36.<ref name=2016grad/> They were nearly equally split between the genders, with 52% being male, and came from 36 countries and 42 states.<ref name=2016grad/> Almost all, 96%, were taking classes for professional gain.<ref name=serve/> Half take a single course, and half pursue a degree.<ref name=serve/> The increase in online course offerings has fueled growth, and students from more than 150 countries are enrolled.<ref name=serve/>
In 2000 there were 14,216 students, with the youngest in their early teens and the oldest in their late 80s.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=199}}<ref name=open/> There is often a span of 60 years between the oldest and youngest students,{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=212}} and students as young as 11 years old have taken courses alongside those old enough to be their parents or grandparents.<ref name="miller"/> Of the students enrolled at the turn of the century, 75% had a bachelor's degree, and 20% had a graduate degree. More than 1,700 were staff members using the Tuition Assistance Program, and an estimated 10%-15% were exclusively online students. Of the 255 Certificate of Special Studies graduates that year, 163 were international students hailing from 39 countries.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=199}}
In the early 2000s there were 208 students under the age of 18. Most attended local high schools, but a growing number of them were home-schooled. Professor Paul Bamberg taught a class with both Extension and [[Harvard College]] students, and the top two students were from the Extension School, with the top student being a home-schooled teenager.{{sfn|Gates|2010|p=210}}
Harvard Extension School accepts international students. To be admitted to courses or degrees, a student must prove proficiency in the English language. If English is not a student's native language then he or she must submit an official TOEFL or IELTS score with a minimum score of 100 for the TOEFL or a minimum score of 7.0 for the IELTS. International students must also meet the on-campus-only course requirements as outlined above. The Extension School does not issue [[I-20 (form)|I-20s]] for the [[F visa|F-1 visa]] but the Summer School does.<ref name="international"/> In 2007–08, more than 2,500 international students and nearly 2,000 Harvard University employees were enrolled in classes.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=213}} In 2013, students came from 118 countries and 46 states.<ref name=open/>
==Alumni==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 40%"
|-
! Year<ref name=gates/> !! Associate !! Bachelors !! Masters
|-
| 1913–1933 || 120* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1934–1936 || 24* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1937–1952 || 78* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1953 || 6* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1954–1962 || 57* || n/a|| n/a
|-
| 1963 || n/a|| 14 || n/a
|-
| 1964 || n/a || 22 || n/a
|-
| 1966 || n/a|| 35 || n/a
|-
| 1967 || n/a|| 31 || n/a
|-
| 1968 || n/a|| 48 || n/a
|-
| 1971 || n/a|| 38 || n/a
|-
| 1972 || 44 || 54 || n/a
|-
| 1975 || 37 || 42 || n/a
|-
| 1976** || <82 || <82 || n/a
|-
| 1980 || n/a || ? || 1
|-
| 1981 || n/a || ? || 3
|-
| 1982 || n/a || 91 || 15
|-
| 1985** || n/a || <158 || <158
|-
| 1987** || n/a || <143 || <143
|-
| 2000** || <226 || <226 || <226
|-
| 2008 || 7 || 111 || 91
|-
| 2014<ref name=363rd/> || 5 || 152 || 539
|-
|2016<ref name=2016grad/> || 8 || 148 || 627
|-
|2017<ref name=2017grad/>|| 7 || 144 || 706
|-
|2018<ref name=2018grad/>|| 4 || 153 || 890
|-
| colspan=4 | *From 1913 until 1932 Harvard offered Associate in Arts Degrees, and from 1933 until 1962 they awarded Adjunct in Arts degrees. Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor's degree. <br> **Only aggregate numbers were reported for these years.
|}
Upon graduation, students are eligible for membership in the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA)<ref name="alumni"/> and the Harvard Extension Alumni Association (HEAA).<ref name="heaa"/> Graduates also take part in the commencement ceremonies with all other schools of Harvard.<ref name="commencement"/>
The HEAA was founded in 1967–68 by Ella Smith and Edgar Grossman, both members of the class of 1966.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=111}} Extension School alumni have been admitted to all of the graduate schools at Harvard.<ref name=wells/>
===Notable alumni===
{{main article|List of alumni of the Harvard Extension School}}
Both the oldest and youngest graduates in the more than 375-year history of Harvard University received their degrees from the Extension School. In 1997 Mary Fasano became the oldest undergraduate degree recipient,{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=153}} and in 1983 Thomas Small became the oldest student to ever earn a master's degree.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=138}} Both were in their 90th year. The youngest degree earner in Harvard history was 18-year-old Amit Chatterjee who earned an ALB in 2002.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=211}}
One of Small's classmates, Christopher Lohse, was selected to give the graduate [[Commencement speech|commencement address]]. His speech, "The 10,000 Ghosts of Harvard," was a play on both the [[Ten Thousand Men of Harvard|university's fight song]] and the fact that classes are taught after dark.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=138}} In 1989 another ALM graduate gave the commencement address. [[Joseph R. Paolino, Jr.]] began his studies as a Providence city councilor, and at the time of his speech he was the Mayor of Providence. He went on to become [[United States Ambassador to Malta|Ambassador to Malta]].
In 1936, one person had taken courses for 26 consecutive years.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=55}} Two others that same year had been students for 24 years.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=55}}
==Coat of arms==
The coat of arms for the Extension School was approved in 1983. At the top of the shield the three books spelling out ''Veritas'' (Latin for "truth") represent graduate education, as the same device is found on the arms of the other graduate schools. Instead of a straight line separating it from the rest of the shield, as is found in the other schools, a line with six arcs pointing up was used instead. A silver chevron was used to represent undergraduate education, a device used in the shield of Harvard College in the 17th to 19th centuries. Two bushels of wheat are included to represent John Lowell's stipulation that courses should not cost more than two bushels of wheat. A golden lamp is included to represent both learning and the fact that some classes are taught at night.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=137}}
{{clear}}
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=2016grad>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-class-2016-numbers | title = Harvard Extension School Class of 2016 by the Numbers | type = Infographic | publisher = President and Fellows of Harvard College | accessdate = May 24, 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=363rd>{{cite web | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/05/7334-degrees-certificates-awarded-at-harvards-363rd-commencement | title = 7,334 degrees, certificates awarded at Harvard's 363rd Commencement | date = May 29, 2014 | accessdate = December 11, 2014 | publisher = Harvard Gazette }}</ref>
<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=Harvard Extension School- About us |url=http://www.extension.harvard.edu/about-us |accessdate=June 24, 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name=admit>{{cite web | url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/tuition-enrollment/degree-program-admission | title = Degree Program Admission | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = November 18, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=Albion>{{cite news
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}}</ref>
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{{cite web
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|date =
|accessdate = November 13, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name=awards>{{cite web | url = http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k78478&pageid=icb.page401491 | title = Prize Descriptions | publisher = Faculty of Arts and Science | accessdate = November 18, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=banner1967>{{cite news
| title = Harvard University: Commission on Extension Courses
| date = September 7, 1967
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| publisher = Bay State Banner
}}</ref>
<ref name=banner1968>{{cite news
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| date = September 5, 1968
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}}</ref>
<ref name=century>{{cite news | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/10/a-century-of-everyday-learning/ | title = A century of everyday learning | publisher = Harvard Gazette | date = October 29, 2009 | accessdate = November 13, 2015 | first = Corydon | last = Ireland }}</ref>
<ref name="commencement">{{cite web |url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/resources-policies/completing-your-degree/graduation-honors | title = Graduation and Honors |publisher = Harvard Extension School |accessdate = November 13, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=core>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/hbx-core-harvard-extension-school-partner-credit-version | title = Harvard Business School and Extension School Announce Partnership | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = July 20, 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=courses>{{cite news | title = Extension Courses at $2.50 and $5 Offered by Greater Boston Colleges | publisher = Christian Science Monitor | date = September 22, 1938 | page = 11 }}</ref>
<ref name="distance">{{cite web
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}}</ref>
<ref name="ext">[extension.harvard.edu]</ref>
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<ref name="extension.harvard_c">{{cite web
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<ref name="extension.harvard_e">{{cite web
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| accessdate = May 30, 2014
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<ref name=factbook2016>{{cite web |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/enrollments-school-headcounts |title=Harvard University Fact Book Enrollments by School (Headcounts) |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University |format=PDF |accessdate=Feb 1, 2018 }}</ref>
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<ref name=felder>{{cite book
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<ref name=fodors>{{cite book
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<ref name=fortune>{{cite book
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<ref name=gates>{{Citation
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}}</ref>
<ref name=grad>{{cite web | url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/academics/graduate-degrees | title = Graduate Degrees | accessdate = November 13, 2015 | publisher = Harvard Extension School }}</ref>
<ref name="heaa">{{cite web |url = http://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/ |title = Harvard Extension Alumni Association |publisher = Harvard Extension School |accessdate = November 13, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="hesa">
{{cite web
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|accessdate=September 7, 2012
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<ref name=home>{{cite web | url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/ | accessdate = November 13, 2015 | title = Harvard Extension School|publisher = Harvard Extension School }}</ref>
<ref name=honors>{{cite web
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| title = Honors and Prizes
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}}</ref>
<ref name="international">
{{cite web
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<ref name=leader>{{cite news
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| accessdate = April 25, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name=MDadmit>{{cite web
| url = http://mdadmit.blogspot.com/2011/04/medical-school-admissiosn-guide-book.html
| title = The Medical School Admissiosn Guide Book Event: Harvard Extension Pre-Health Society
| accessdate = December 22, 2014
| date = April 15, 2011
| first = Suzanne M.
| last = Miller
}}</ref>
<ref name = mission>{{cite web
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}}</ref>
<ref name=many>{{cite news
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| title = UNIVERSITY EXTENSION: Many New Instructors Will Give Courses This Year
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| date = September 9, 1923
| page = 60
| accessdate = April 25, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name="miller">
{{cite web
| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/01.20/young.html
| title = Young Scholars Find Challenges, Acceptance at Extension School
| author = Louise Miller
| accessdate = July 10, 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name=music>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RR3DJxWSQcQC&dq=%22harvard+extension%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s
| title = The Music of Time
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| last = Minahan
| publisher = iUniverse
| date = October 1, 2001
| accessdate = December 22, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=offer>{{cite news
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| title = OFFER NEW UNIVERSITY EXTENSION COURSES
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| date = July 4, 1919
| page = 10
| accessdate = April 25, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name=open>{{cite book
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| title = Open the Gates to the Ivy League
| first = C. W.
| last = Henderson
| publisher = Penguin
| date = August 6, 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name="outstanding">{{cite news
| publisher = Harvard Gazette
| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/05/extension-school-recognizes-outstanding-grads-3
| title = Extension School recognizes outstanding grads
| date = May 30, 2013
| accessdate = May 31, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=Practical>{{cite book
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| title = The New York Times Practical Guide to Practically Everything, Second Edition: The Essential Companion for Everyday Life
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| accessdate = December 22, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=sampler>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LLeaNBSu2qAC&dq=%22harvard+extension%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s | title = The Harvard Sampler: Liberal Education for the Twenty-First Century | first1 = Jennifer M. | last1 = Shephard | first2 = Stephen Michael | last2 = Kosslyn | first3 = Evelynn Maxine | last3 = Hammonds | publisher = Harvard University Press | date = October 15, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name=serve>{{cite news| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/04/from-what-we-do-to-whom-we-serve/ | title = From ‘what we do’ to ‘whom we serve’ | first = Liz | last = Mineo | date = April 6, 2016 | accessdate = October 8, 2016 | publisher = The Harvard Gazette }}</ref>
<ref name="shed">{{cite web |last = Shead |first = Mark |url = http://www.productivity501.com/harvard-masters-degree/6463/ |title = Master's Degree Online from Harvard Extension School |publisher = Productivity501 |date = |accessdate = September 7, 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="sinjin">{{cite web | url = http://extensionstudent.com/discussion/1738/official-response-about-name-changenomenclature-from-dean-shinagel/p1 | title = Official response about name change/nomenclature from Dean Shinagel - Extension Student | author = SinJin | date = April 2010 | publisher = ExtensionStudent.com | accessdate = August 19, 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233534/http://extensionstudent.com/discussion/1738/official-response-about-name-changenomenclature-from-dean-shinagel/p1 | archivedate = December 26, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-announces-collaboration-smithsonian-institution | title = Harvard Extension School Announces Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = July 20, 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=special>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.harvard.edu/degrees-programs/undergraduate-degree/special-academic-options|title=Academic Opportunities|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref name=sponsorship>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/degrees-programs/premedical-program/sponsorship | title = Sponsorship | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = December 22, 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name="rename">{{cite web
| url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/10/7/school-extension-arts-professional/
| title = Harvard Looks To Rename A School
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| publisher = The Harvard Crimson
| accessdate = August 19, 2013
}}</ref>
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}}</ref>
<ref name="solid">A Solid Foundation: Associate in Arts and Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Extension School, 2012. Print.</ref>
<ref name=thesis>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/resources-policies/completing-your-degree/thesis-process | title = The Thesis Process| publisher = Harvard Extension School | date = | accessdate = November 18, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=twelve>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harvard.edu/schools|title=Schools {{!}} Harvard University|website=Harvard University|language=en|access-date=April 16, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=wells>{{cite news | first = Charles J. | last = Wells | date = November 5, 2008 | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/11/5/a-harvard-extension-it-was-the/ | title = A Harvard Extension | publisher = The Harvard Crimson | accessdate= December 22, 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name=wheat>{{cite news | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/12/3/extension-commission-gives-college-education-to/ | title = Extension Commission Gives College Education To Boston Adults For Four Bushels of Wheat | first = Edward H. | last = Harvey | date = December 3, 1953 | accessdate = November 20, 2015 | publisher = The Harvard Crimson }}</ref>
<ref name=Yonkers>{{cite web | title = HARVARD-B. U. EXTENSION COURSES | date = October 1, 1926 | newspaper = Boston Daily Globe | page = A18 }}</ref>
<ref name="faustTalksHES">{{cite web
| url = http://vimeo.com/15385360
| title = President Drew Faust Talks HES + "My Harvard Extension Story" Video Series
| publisher = Vimeo
| accessdate = December 24, 2014
}}
</ref>
<ref name="24address">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/faust/090924_openyear.php |title=President Faust's Sept. 24 Address to the Community |publisher=Office of the President, Harvard University |date=September 24, 2009 |accessdate=December 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815025842/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/faust/090924_openyear.php |archivedate=August 15, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="catalog">{{cite web
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<ref name="allure">{{cite news
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| title = Harvard, for Less: Extension Courses' New Allure
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| publisher = The New York Times
| accessdate = August 22, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name="extendingDegree">{{cite news
| url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/4/29/staff-extension-degree/
| title = Extending the Degree
| date = April 29, 2016
| publisher = The Harvard Crimson
| accessdate = April 30, 2016
}}</ref>
<ref name="2018grad">{{cite web
| url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-class-2018-numbers
| title = Harvard Extension School 2018 Commencement
| publisher = Harvard Extension School
| date =
| accessdate = May 23, 2018
}}</ref>
<ref name="2017grad">{{cite web
| url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-class-2017-numbers
| title = Harvard Extension School 2017 Commencement
| publisher = Harvard Extension School
| date =
| accessdate = May 25, 2017
}}</ref>
}}
==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.extension.harvard.edu}}
{{Coord|42.3743|-71.1216|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}
{{Harvard}}
{{Good article}}
[[Category:Harvard Extension School| ]]
{{Infobox university
| image_name = ExtensionFlag.png
| image_size = 250px
| name = Harvard University<br>Extension School
| established = 1910<ref name=gates/>
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| parent = [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]]<ref name="fas"/>
| dean = [[Huntington D. Lambert]]
| students = 2,520 admitted degree candidates<ref name=factbook2016/><br/>(802 admitted undergraduate degree candidates)<br />(1,718 admitted graduate degree candidates)<br/>25,000+ non-degree students
| city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| country = [[United States]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| website = [http://extension.harvard.edu/ extension.harvard.edu]
}}
'''Harvard University Extension School''' is one of the twelve schools<ref name=twelve/> that compose [[Harvard University]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. It offers [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]] and professional courses, [[Graduate school|graduate]] and [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] [[Academic degree|degrees]] in 60 fields, as well as a premedical program. Approximately 150 bachelor's and 550 master's degrees are awarded each year.<ref name=363rd/>
The school was founded to provide education "for every type of adult learner." It also has a long history of offering professional and distance education, and provides a variety of amenities and opportunities to students and degree-earning alumni. Since its establishment in 1910, it is estimated that 500,000 students have taken a course at the Extension School.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=220}} Most students are not degree seekers, but take courses offered for professional development or personal enrichment.
==History==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! Year<ref name=gates/> !! Enrollment
|-
| 1910–11|| 863
|-
| 1914<ref name=leader/> || 1,034
|-
| 1915<ref name=leader/> || 1,488
|-
| 1919<ref name=offer/> || ~1,300
|-
| 1922–23<ref name=many/> || 1,727
|-
| 1930–31 || 1,690
|-
| 1934–35 || 871
|-
| 1942–43 || 808
|-
| 1945–46 || 1,243
|-
| 1946–47 || 1,528
|-
| 1947–1948 || 1,955
|-
| 1951–52 || 2,062
|-
| 1952–1953<ref name=gates/><ref name=wheat/> || 2,141
|-
| 1956–57 || 2,890
|-
| 1959–60 || 5,500+
|-
| 1962–63 || 7,448
|-
| 1963–64 || 8,435
|-
| 1963–64 || 8,693
|-
| 1971–72 || 10,000+
|-
| 1974–75 || 9,677
|-
| 1975–76 || 9,705
|-
| 1977–78 || ~11,677
|-
| 1979–80 || 12,567
|-
| 1981–82 || 17,034
|-
| 1983–84|| 19,561
|-
| 1984–85 || 20,366
|-
| 1986–87 || 20,578
|-
| 1990–91 || ~22,500
|-
| 1999–2000 || ~24,000
|-
| 2007–08 || 25,000+
|}
{{main article|History of Harvard Extension School}}
Founded in 1910 by President [[A. Lawrence Lowell]], the Harvard Extension School grew out of the [[Lowell Institute]], which was created according to the terms of a bequest by John Lowell, Jr. It was designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the greater [[Boston]] community,{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=220}} particularly those "who had the ability and desire to attend college, but also had other obligations that kept them from traditional schools."<ref name=sampler/> It has since extended its "academic resources to the public, locally, nationally, and internationally."<ref name="about"/>
During the 1920s [[professor]]s from [[Boston University|Boston]] and Harvard Universities left the confines of their campuses and traveled to teach courses offsite.<ref name=Yonkers/> While they were primarily aimed at teachers, courses were offered wherever 40 or more students expressed an interest.<ref name=Yonkers/> Professors traveled on a weekly basis to places around New England and as far away as [[Yonkers, New York]],<ref name=Yonkers/> some 200 miles away.
Despite falling revenue due to the Great Depression, A. Lawrence Lowell insisted in 1931 that the bequest from John Lowell prevented courses from costing more than two bushels of wheat. As a result, a half-year course cost could no more than $5, and a full course no more than $10.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=50}} Some courses cost as little as $2.50.<ref name=courses/>
University Extension courses were to be taught by "the most experienced teachers that can be secured"{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=30}} who all received "excellent pay."<ref name=wheat/> In the early years courses were run by a commission composed of several Boston area schools, though it was largely a Harvard-run program.<ref name=wheat/>{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=54}}{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=104}} In 1938 there were 28 professors from Commission faculties, including 11 full professors.<ref name=courses/> Early faculty included [[Charles Townsend Copeland]], [[William Yandell Elliot]], [[William Langer]], [[Oscar Handlin]], [[Perry Miller]], [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], and [[Frank M. Carpenter]].{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=52}} In 1953 there was a similar number of professors.<ref name=wheat/>
In his will, John Lowell asked his successors to set up courses "more erudite and particular corresponding to the age and wants of the age."<ref name=wheat/> By the 50th anniversary of the University Extension in 1960, more than 1,400 courses had been offered and there had been more than 85,000 enrollments.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=81}} While the vast majority of classes were held on the Harvard campus, a few in the late 1960s were offered at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and Boston University, as well as at the [[Old South Meeting House]].<ref name=banner1967/><ref name=banner1968/> At this time non-credit courses cost between $15 and $25, and courses for credit cost between $20 and $35.<ref name=banner1968/>
After 100 years, an estimated 500,000 students have taken courses at the Extension School.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=220}} Fees were kept as low as possible to allow as many as possible to enroll, but owing to the rigorous nature of the program, only 0.18% have ever earned a degree.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=214}} Including certificate earners, 2.5% have graduated.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=221}} Today more degrees are awarded each year than were awarded in the first 50 years combined.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=221}} While there has never been a formal entrance exam such as the [[SAT]], non-native English speakers must provide designated proof of English proficiency or receive a minimum score on the TOEFL, IELTS, or PTEA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extension.harvard.edu/tuition-enrollment/course-registration/english-proficiency-requirement-registration|title=English Proficiency Requirement for Registration|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref> Additionally, the preadmission Expository Writing E-25 course requires students to complete E-15 with a grade of B or higher in EXPO 15 or successfully complete the Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extension.harvard.edu/tuition-enrollment/course-registration/test-critical-reading-writing-skills|title=Test of Critical Reading and Writing Skills|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
Several years after retiring, President Lowell wrote that the Extension courses "have given a service to the public ... which seems to me of the utmost importance."{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=225}} In 2013, more than 100 years after its founding, the Extension School's classes were described as "surprisingly affordable"<ref name=fodors/> and the school itself was said to be a "thriving institution."<ref name=fortune/>
===Degree development===
Harvard University currently offers two degrees in Extension Studies, the [[Bachelor of Liberal Arts]] (ALB) and the [[Master of Liberal Arts]] (ALM).<ref name=home/><ref name=century/> From 1911 to 1933, the university offered an Associate in Arts, and from 1933 to 1960 they offered an Adjunct in Arts.<ref name=century/> Both were considered the [[History of Harvard Extension School#Extension grows|equivalent of a bachelor's degree]].<ref name=century/> From 1971 to 2014, the University offered an Associate of Arts in Extension Studies (AA), the equivalent of a two-year degree.<ref name=century/> A Master's in Liberal Arts was added in 1979.<ref name=century/>
The emphasis on liberal arts in the revised degree titles (for both the A.L.B. and A.L.M. degrees) was not intended to signify a difference in the degree itself versus the University's other offerings, but instead to serve as a response to concerns expressed by some that programs catering to non-traditional students were overly vocational in nature. The purpose of the name was to reaffirm adherence to the University's historic focus on the liberal arts, and distinguish it from other, more vocational, institutions.
A proposal before the Faculty of Arts and Science in 2009 and 2010 to rename the school and the degrees offered was not accepted.<ref name="sinjin"/><ref name="rename"/> A committee, led by Professor of Computer Science [[Harry R. Lewis]], proposed renaming the school the "Harvard School of Continuing and Professional Studies," and to drop the words "in Extension Studies" from degrees, so that the School would offer Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees. Some faculty objected, saying that those degrees were already offered by the College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="rename"/>
In 2014, Harvard University conferred four certificates as well as the following academic degrees: five Associate in the Arts, 152 Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies, and 539 Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies.<ref name=363rd/>
In 2016, a student group calling itself the Harvard Extension Degree Change Initiative rallied in front of [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] to call for removing “Extension Studies” from the degree name and adding a student's concentration instead.<ref name=extendingDegree/> The Harvard Crimson editorialized in favor saying that they "urge[d] Harvard to consider changing the title of Extension School degrees to include the field of study rather than the ambiguous 'Extension Studies.'"<ref name=extendingDegree/> Although the Extension School retains "Extension Studies" in the official title of their degrees, student transcripts reflect the student's area of academic concentration.
===Deans===
There have been six deans in the School's history:{{sfn|Shinagel|2010}}
*[[James Hardy Ropes]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Dean of University Extension, 1910–1922
*[[Arthur F. Whittem]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1922–1946
*[[George W. Adams (academic)|George W. Adams]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1946–1949
*[[Reginald H. Phelps]], Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses, Director of University Extension, 1949–1975
*[[Michael Shinagel]], Director of Continuing Education and University Extension, 1975–1977, and Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension, 1977–2013
*[[Huntington D. Lambert]], Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension, 2013–present
==Academics==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:1em"
|-
! Year<ref name=gates/> !! Courses offered
|-
| 1910 || 16
|-
|1915–15 || 24
|-
| 1918–19 || 33
|-
| 1921–22 || 22
|-
| 1922–23<ref name=many/> || 27
|-
| 1923–24<ref name=many/> || 29
|-
| 1951–52 || 30
|-
| 1953-54<ref name=wheat/> ||32
|-
| 1956–57 || 37
|-
| 1959–60 || 56
|-
| 1962–63 || 70
|-
| 1971–72 || 144
|-
| 1974–75 || 135
|-
| 1975–76 || ~200
|-
| 1979–80 || 316
|-
| 1980–81 || 335
|-
| 1981–82 || 398
|-
| 1983–84 || 480
|-
| 1984–85 || 527
|-
| 1986–87 || 575
|-
| 1999–2000 || 584
|-
| 2014–15<ref name=catalog/> || 715
|-
| 2016<ref name=serve/> || ~800
|}
As a part of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], the Harvard Extension School offers more than eight hundred on-campus and online courses.<ref name="ext"/> Students take courses with Harvard professors, including [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]], as well as faculty from Boston-area universities, business professionals, and community leaders in various fields.<ref name=Practical/><ref name="extension.harvard.edu"/> The number of courses has been growing rapidly over the last five years.
Most of the courses at the Extension School are "virtually identical"<ref name=Practical/><ref name=music/><ref name=felder/> to courses offered to the traditional students at [[Harvard College]], with "the only significant difference" being that the classes are taught at night instead of during the day.<ref name=Practical/><ref name=music/> This has remained constant over time, as Ropes, the first dean, said that "our aim will be to give the young people of Boston who have heretofore been prevented from securing a college education the same instruction they would receive were they undergraduates at Harvard."{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=30}} In 1953, it was said that the "format of the classes is exactly the same."<ref name=wheat/>
Many daytime Harvard College courses are recorded, and offered to Extension students online.<ref name="extension.harvard.edu"/> For these courses, office hours and other student support are typically offered using live or asynchronous software. Additionally, Extension students are offered the option to attend class lectures for these dual-listed courses on campus. Extension degree candidates who meet required criteria may also apply for "Special Student status" in order to take classes at Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, or several other Harvard graduate schools.<ref name=special/> The majority of professors at the School are Harvard affiliates. The remainder are faculty at other institutions and industry professionals.<ref name=serve/>
Students may enroll full or part-time, and classes may be taken on campus, via distance-learning, or both. In order to earn an academic degree, students must complete a minimum number of on-campus-only credits at Harvard.<ref>n.b. These requirements vary for each degree, from 4 classes in residency for the ALB or the ALM/Biology, two semesters residency requirement for the general ALM, and up to 50% residency requirement for the ALM/Management. It is therefore not possible to receive an academic degree solely through distance learning.</ref>
Non-degree seeking students have access to resources through Harvard's [[Grossman Library]], electronic resources through the Harvard Libraries Portal and select computer facilities.<ref name="resources"/> A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system "'give[s] a lot' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard's other schools."<ref name=wells/>
===Accreditation and partnerships===
Harvard Extension School is accredited by the [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]] as one of the twelve degree-granting schools of Harvard University.<ref name="ext"/>
The Extension School and [[Harvard Business School]] have together created the HBX Credential of Readiness (CORe) program.<ref name=core/> Having begun in 2014, this program allows undergraduate students at the Extension School to take courses with Business School professors for credit.<ref name=core/> Students at other institutions may be able to take the courses for transfer credit as well.<ref name=core/>
The graduate program in Museum Studies has also developed a partnership with the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name=smithsonian/> The new courses include two active learning weekends in Washington, D.C.<ref name=smithsonian/> The Extension School is also looking into partnerships with the [[Harvard School of Public Health|School of Public Health]], [[Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]], and the [[Harvard Medical School|Medical School]].<ref name=serve/>
===Pre-medical program===
A [[pre-med]] program was established at the Extension School in 1980.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=129}} Two years later, in 1982, five students applied to medical school, and 3 were accepted at the University of Massachusetts, Tufts University, and New York University.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=133}} Of the 19 students who applied to medical schools in 1985, 15 were admitted, including two women to Harvard Medical School.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=140}}
All 27 graduates who applied to medical school in 1989 were accepted, including three to Harvard Medical School and nine to the University of Massachusetts.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=149}} Five years later, 90% of students were accepted to medical school, including 5 to Harvard. Only one in three were accepted nationwide.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=150}} The Health Careers Program has sponsored nearly 1,000 students for admission to medical school since it was started in 1979–80, and more than 845 were accepted. This 85% success rate far exceeds the national acceptance rate of 35%.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=221}}
Students who successfully complete the pre-medical program are eligible for sponsorship through the program and a committee letter of support in their applications to medical school.<ref name=sponsorship/><ref name=Princeton/>
===Distance education===
====History====
Harvard Extension was a pioneer in [[distance education]]. Beginning on December 5, 1949, courses were offered on the [[Lowell Institute|Lowell Institute's]] new radio station. New Englanders could go to college six nights a week at 7:30 in their living rooms simply by tuning into courses on psychology, world history, and economics.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=70}} The first course on radio was by Peter A. Bertocci of Boston University. For 30 years he taught Extension courses, with never fewer than 100 students. He often taught over 300 students per course and once had over 400. Over the years Bertocci had at least 7,000 Extension students, "surely a record in the annals of Extension at Harvard."{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=71}}
The radio courses proved to be so successful that when the television station [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] went on the air in October 1951 they began broadcasting an Extension class every weekday at 3:30 and 7:30.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=72}} The first course, offered by [[Robert G. Albion]], was on European Imperialism on Monday and Thursday evenings.<ref name=Albion/> In the late 1960s, three of the televised courses were offered in the [[Deer Island Prison]].{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=102}} Students who watched the courses on television could attend six "conferences" and take a mid-term and a final exam at Harvard in order to gain credit for the class.<ref name=Albion/>
====Contemporary====
{{As of|2014}}, distance-learning courses at Harvard Extension School are offered in two formats: asynchronous video courses (lectures are recorded and uploaded within 24 hours of on-campus class meetings); and live web-conference courses (courses are streamed live, and typically allow for synchronous participation from students via a secondary online platform).<ref name="distance"/>
The first online courses were offered in 1997.<ref name=serve/> Between 2013 and 2016, the number of online classes grew from 200 to more than 450.<ref name=serve/>
===Awards and honors===
The Dean's Prize for Outstanding Master of Liberal Arts thesis is awarded during [[Graduation|commencement ceremonies]], and includes a medal, a certificate, and a monetary award. It is awarded to a student whose graduate thesis "embodies the highest level of imaginative scholarship."<ref name="outstanding"/> In addition to the Dean's Prize for Outstanding ALM Thesis, there are several other academic prizes:<ref name="awards"/>
*The Academy of American Poets is awarded to an ALB candidate or an undergraduate student at the college for the best poem or group of poems.
*The Santo J. Aurelio Prize, named for Santo J. Aurelio, ALB '83, ALM '85, is awarded annually on the basis of "academic achievement and character." It is normally given to Extension School undergraduate degree recipients who—as did Mr. Aurelio—complete their academic work with distinction after age 50.
*The [[Derek Bok Public Service Prizes]] are awards presented at Commencement. They consist of a cash prize along with a citation and a medal given to two graduating Extension School students. The award recognizes creative initiatives in community service or long-standing records of civic achievement.<ref name=honors/>
*The Commencement Speaker Prize is awarded to either an ALB or ALM graduate who delivers the student Commencement speech at the Extension School diploma awarding ceremony.
*The Annamae and Allan R. Crite prizes are awarded for a mother and son who are Extension School alumni. Annamae faithfully attended Extension courses for more than 50 years. Allan, who is widely recognized as the dean of African-American artists in the Greater Boston area, received a bachelor's degree in 1968. The prize is awarded to Extension School degree recipients who demonstrate "singular dedication to learning and the arts."
*The Klein Family History Prize recognizes the thesis in the field of history that represents superior achievement in historical scholarship.
*The Harold Langlois Award recognizes a Certificate of Special Studies graduate who has demonstrated exceptional academic accomplishment and promise as a manager. It was established in 2003.
*The Patrick Lee Award in Drama is an annual award given to the student who shows the best promise in the field of dramatic arts.
*The Reginald H. Phelps Prize, named for the former dean, is awarded annually on the basis of "academic achievement and character" to outstanding graduating students receiving bachelor's degrees.
*The Emanuel and Lilly Shinagel prize, named in honor of Dean Michael Shinagel in honor of his parents, supports deserving and needy students in the Extension School's Institute for English Language Programs. The prizes are awarded by the Institute for English Language. The Programs to outstanding students based on an essay writing contest.
*The John Osborne Sargent Prize for a Latin Translation is offered for the best metrical translation [students may choose meter] of a lyric poem of Horace, to be selected each year by the Department of the Classics. In addition to ALB candidates, it is also open to undergraduates at the College and visiting undergraduate sunder the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
*The Thomas Small Prize is named for a Lithuanian immigrant who, at the age of 89, became the oldest earned graduate degree recipient in the history of Harvard University. Two prizes are awarded annually on the basis "academic achievement and character" to two outstanding Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies degree recipients.
* The Judith Wood Memorial Prizes are awarded during Commencement Week to Harvard Extension School students who, while compiling honors academic records at the School, also contended with disabilities of a serious nature. It was established in honor of a blind Extension Student student who had cystic fibrosis and diabetes to recognize students who must travel a singularly difficult path to degree or certificate completion.
*The Katie Y. F. Yang Prize Fund was established to promote East Asian culture, grant scholarships to exceptional students, and provide charitable assistance to those in need. Mrs. Yang was a leading Chinese opera singer under the stage name Fong Yim Fun. Her daughter, Simmone Yang, received her Certificate of Special Studies (CSS) from the Extension School. The purpose of the Prize is "to recognize the initiative, character, and outstanding academic achievement of foreign students graduating from the CSS Program" in the Extension School. The award is generally given to the foreign student with the highest academic standing in the CSS program.
==Academic degrees==
The extension program offers open enrollment for individual courses for both undergraduate and graduate credit. However, to be eligible to apply for admission as a student to their degree granting programs, students must "earn [their] way in" by passing the CRWS test, taking three classes, and earning a B or better in each.<ref name=serve/> In 2016, [[Huntington D. Lambert]], estimated that 32% of those who intended to pursue an undergraduate degree (ALB) earned the grades necessary and were considered for admission. If the admission requirements are met, acceptance, while not guaranteed, is very likely. About 85% of those admitted successfully earn their degree (ALB) within 5 years.<ref name=serve/> Because of the "inverted" admissions process used by the Extension School, it is difficult to compare the acceptance rate with traditional programs, but it has been estimated that acceptance into the graduate programs (ALM), using the number of accepted students and the number of students enrolled in admission courses, is between 15-20%. Based on the traditional metrics, the Extension School is considered "very selective."<ref name=serve/>
Students are "presumed capable" but then must "prove that presumption with actual performance."<ref name=open/> The "democratic admissions policy for its degree programs ... is based on proof that a student is capable of Harvard-level work, giving degree and certificate candidates the chance to prove themselves."<ref name=wells/> The "most relevant predictor" of success for students is a students' "ability to do honors-level work at Harvard."<ref name=open/>
ALB students may graduate with the Latin honors, ''cum laude'', but ''magna''- and ''summa''- cum laude are not offered. ALM students may, upon graduation, be included in the ALM Dean's list for Academic achievement, based on strict GPA requirements--a 3.8 GPA or above. Many courses are offered online, but a degree cannot be earned entirely online as students are required to take classes on campus before earning their degree.<ref name=serve/>
Students who wish to earn degrees must be formally admitted to the Extension School by the Admissions Committee.<ref name=open/> Admitted degree candidates are granted full privileges to Harvard's libraries, facilities, student resources, as well as access to Harvard's museums and academic workshops.<ref name=resources/> In 2016, an undergraduate degree cost around $40,000, and a graduate degree cost about $32,000.<ref name=serve/>
An Extension School professor asserts that undergraduate HES students "are brilliantly milking the cow of Harvard University," as they "get a very similar experience and then have the Harvard name on [their] résumé."<ref name=allure/> A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system "'give[s] a lot' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard's other schools."<ref name=wells/>
===Bachelor of Liberal Arts===
Undergraduate degree programs are based upon the curriculum for [[Harvard College]] students and are the academic equivalent of the College's AB degree; degree requirements include expository writing, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, moral reasoning, writing-intensive classes, and courses in the student's area of concentration.<ref name="solid"/> The expository writing class is known as a "gatekeeper course" as it will typically "determine whether [students] are prepared for the intensive and demanding curriculum."<ref name=open/>
Once admitted as an ALB degree candidate, students must successfully complete 128 credits<ref name="extension.harvard_b"/> (Harvard courses are typically 4 credits each) and maintain good academic standing (3.0 GPA) to meet graduation requirements.<ref name="extension.harvard_a"/> Upon admission into the ALB program, students may petition to transfer up to a maximum of 64 credits from other accredited post-secondary institutions, but 64 credits must be completed at Harvard University (Extension School, Summer School, or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences).<ref name="extension.harvard_a" /> Students must also select one of three 'areas of concentration' including: Sciences; [[Social Sciences]]; or [[Humanities]]. Students must earn 40 credits with at least a B– in their areas of concentration.<ref name="extension.harvard_c"/>
ALB degree candidates are also required to complete a minimum of 16 on-campus-only credits at Harvard;<ref name="extension.harvard_e"/> students must also complete a minimum of 12 credits in "Writing intensive" courses, and earn a minimum of 52 credits in courses that are taught by Harvard instructors.<ref name="extension.harvard_b" /> In addition to a concentration, degree candidates have the option to pursue one of twenty 'Fields of study', (akin to a traditional major). In order to successfully complete a field of study, students must earn a B– or higher in 32 Harvard credits in one field, and maintain a B average in the field. Students may also complement their field of study with a maximum of one liberal arts minor.<ref name="extension.harvard_c" />
====Undergraduate admissions====
Undergraduate degree programs require pre-admission courses as well as a formal application process.<ref name=admit/> Students applying for degree candidacy must first complete three 4-credit liberal arts courses at Harvard (Extension School, Summer School, or the Faculty of Arts and Sciences) with at least a B grade in each, and maintain a minimum 3.0 cumulative [[grade point average|GPA]].<ref name="ext"/> One of these three pre-admission courses must be EXPO E-25, the equivalent of Harvard College's mandatory and "notoriously difficult" expository writing course.<ref name="expos20"/> To enroll in this course, students must pass a placement test, which measures critical reading and writing skills.<ref name=admit/> Students failing to earn at least a B in a class can retake it once. Students who meet all these criteria are then eligible for admission in the Extension School's undergraduate degree programs.<ref name="ext"/>
===Master of Liberal Arts===
The [[Master of Liberal Arts]] in Extension Studies (ALM) includes 19 liberal arts fields of study and seven professional degree programs (Biotechnology, Information Technology, Journalism, Management, Mathematics for Teaching, Museum Studies, & Sustainability).<ref name=grad/> ALM candidates must complete 10 to 12 courses including a thesis or capstone project depending on their degree program, which must be crafted under the direction of an instructor or Harvard faculty member holding a teaching appointment in the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="thesis"/>
====Graduate admissions====
Generally, admission into a graduate degree program at Harvard Extension School requires a minimum of an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent), as well as completion of three pre-admission courses with grades of B or higher and a minimum of 3.0 overall GPA. One of the three pre-admission courses must be the "Proseminar" course for the intended area of study, which is akin to a traditional research methods course, and prior to registering for a proseminar students must pass a qualification test to assess graduate-level critical reading and writing skills.<ref name=admit/> Certain disciplines have other specified pre-admission coursework, while some have specific coursework that is required before submitting a master's thesis proposal (e.g. biology and psychology fields must take a specific graduate statistics course). Students who meet these criteria are then eligible to submit an application for admission into the graduate degree programs.<ref name="ext"/>
Once a student has met the three course requirement, he or she is then eligible to formally apply to the ALM program. Typically applicants must submit a completed application, proof of an accredited bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent) plus transcripts, resume, two essays, and a nonrefundable application fee. Some programs require additional specific classes to be part of the initial three before formal admission.<ref name="shed"/> Students will be denied admission indefinitely if they fail to earn a grade of B after twice enrolling in the Proseminar course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.harvard.edu/academics/graduate-degrees/journalism-degree/degree-requirements|title=Degree Requirements|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
Some programs have additional requirements, including specific pre-admission courses and supplemental application materials. For instance, the Literature and Creative writing candidates must submit original manuscripts.<ref name="apply"/>
==Student life==
Beginning in the 1960s, the university began providing additional facilities for Extension students. Study spaces, conferences rooms, library facilities, and a dining hall were set up in Lehman Hall for students in 1964.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=111}} In addition, there was a television lounge were students could watch the WGBH programs.<ref name=banner1967/>
Today, admitted degree candidates are granted access to Harvard's athletic facilities, dining services, on and off campus apartment housing, career services and student life organizations.<ref name=resources/> Students have "nearly unfettered access to some of Harvard's most prized resources—world-renowned libraries, a distinguished faculty, and an impressive body of speakers."<ref name=wells/>
ALB candidates are eligible for membership in the Harvard Extension Student Association (HESA). Established in 2001, the HESA's mission is to build and maintain a sense of community among Extension students. In partnership with many other organizations on campus, HESA provides a variety of social activities, educational events, and forums that enrich student life and experience. All degree and diploma candidates in good standing at Harvard Extension School are voting members of HESA.<ref name="hesa"/> [[Alpha Sigma Lambda]], a national honors society for nontraditional students, established the ''Phi Beta'' chapter in 2002–03.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=208}} The Harvard Extension School Pre-Health Society offers advising, events, and networking for students who wish to go to medical school or to pursue a career in the health care industry.<ref name=mission/><ref name=MDadmit/>
[[Drew Gilpin Faust|President Faust]] said that "the Extension School is a critical part of the University"<ref name=faustTalksHES/> and "students increasingly should come to see themselves as full-fledged members of not just an individual school but Harvard as a university."<ref name=24address/>
==Student demographics==
The graduating class of 2016, the largest class to date, had 801 students receiving degrees.<ref name=2016grad/> Of them, the youngest was 16 and the oldest was 70 with an average age of 36.<ref name=2016grad/> They were nearly equally split between the genders, with 52% being male, and came from 36 countries and 42 states.<ref name=2016grad/> Almost all, 96%, were taking classes for professional gain.<ref name=serve/> Half take a single course, and half pursue a degree.<ref name=serve/> The increase in online course offerings has fueled growth, and students from more than 150 countries are enrolled.<ref name=serve/>
In 2000 there were 14,216 students, with the youngest in their early teens and the oldest in their late 80s.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=199}}<ref name=open/> There is often a span of 60 years between the oldest and youngest students,{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=212}} and students as young as 11 years old have taken courses alongside those old enough to be their parents or grandparents.<ref name="miller"/> Of the students enrolled at the turn of the century, 75% had a bachelor's degree, and 20% had a graduate degree. More than 1,700 were staff members using the Tuition Assistance Program, and an estimated 10%-15% were exclusively online students. Of the 255 Certificate of Special Studies graduates that year, 163 were international students hailing from 39 countries.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=199}}
In the early 2000s there were 208 students under the age of 18. Most attended local high schools, but a growing number of them were home-schooled. Professor Paul Bamberg taught a class with both Extension and [[Harvard College]] students, and the top two students were from the Extension School, with the top student being a home-schooled teenager.{{sfn|Gates|2010|p=210}}
Harvard Extension School accepts international students. To be admitted to courses or degrees, a student must prove proficiency in the English language. If English is not a student's native language then he or she must submit an official TOEFL or IELTS score with a minimum score of 100 for the TOEFL or a minimum score of 7.0 for the IELTS. International students must also meet the on-campus-only course requirements as outlined above. The Extension School does not issue [[I-20 (form)|I-20s]] for the [[F visa|F-1 visa]] but the Summer School does.<ref name="international"/> In 2007–08, more than 2,500 international students and nearly 2,000 Harvard University employees were enrolled in classes.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=213}} In 2013, students came from 118 countries and 46 states.<ref name=open/>
==Alumni==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 40%"
|-
! Year<ref name=gates/> !! Associate !! Bachelors !! Masters
|-
| 1913–1933 || 120* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1934–1936 || 24* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1937–1952 || 78* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1953 || 6* || n/a || n/a
|-
| 1954–1962 || 57* || n/a|| n/a
|-
| 1963 || n/a|| 14 || n/a
|-
| 1964 || n/a || 22 || n/a
|-
| 1966 || n/a|| 35 || n/a
|-
| 1967 || n/a|| 31 || n/a
|-
| 1968 || n/a|| 48 || n/a
|-
| 1971 || n/a|| 38 || n/a
|-
| 1972 || 44 || 54 || n/a
|-
| 1975 || 37 || 42 || n/a
|-
| 1976** || <82 || <82 || n/a
|-
| 1980 || n/a || ? || 1
|-
| 1981 || n/a || ? || 3
|-
| 1982 || n/a || 91 || 15
|-
| 1985** || n/a || <158 || <158
|-
| 1987** || n/a || <143 || <143
|-
| 2000** || <226 || <226 || <226
|-
| 2008 || 7 || 111 || 91
|-
| 2014<ref name=363rd/> || 5 || 152 || 539
|-
|2016<ref name=2016grad/> || 8 || 148 || 627
|-
|2017<ref name=2017grad/>|| 7 || 144 || 706
|-
|2018<ref name=2018grad/>|| 4 || 153 || 890
|-
| colspan=4 | *From 1913 until 1932 Harvard offered Associate in Arts Degrees, and from 1933 until 1962 they awarded Adjunct in Arts degrees. Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor's degree. <br> **Only aggregate numbers were reported for these years.
|}
Upon graduation, students are eligible for membership in the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA)<ref name="alumni"/> and the Harvard Extension Alumni Association (HEAA).<ref name="heaa"/> Graduates also take part in the commencement ceremonies with all other schools of Harvard.<ref name="commencement"/>
The HEAA was founded in 1967–68 by Ella Smith and Edgar Grossman, both members of the class of 1966.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=111}} Extension School alumni have been admitted to all of the graduate schools at Harvard.<ref name=wells/>
===Notable alumni===
{{main article|List of alumni of the Harvard Extension School}}
Both the oldest and youngest graduates in the more than 375-year history of Harvard University received their degrees from the Extension School. In 1997 Mary Fasano became the oldest undergraduate degree recipient,{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=153}} and in 1983 Thomas Small became the oldest student to ever earn a master's degree.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=138}} Both were in their 90th year. The youngest degree earner in Harvard history was 18-year-old Amit Chatterjee who earned an ALB in 2002.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=211}}
One of Small's classmates, Christopher Lohse, was selected to give the graduate [[Commencement speech|commencement address]]. His speech, "The 10,000 Ghosts of Harvard," was a play on both the [[Ten Thousand Men of Harvard|university's fight song]] and the fact that classes are taught after dark.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=138}} In 1989 another ALM graduate gave the commencement address. [[Joseph R. Paolino, Jr.]] began his studies as a Providence city councilor, and at the time of his speech he was the Mayor of Providence. He went on to become [[United States Ambassador to Malta|Ambassador to Malta]].
In 1936, one person had taken courses for 26 consecutive years.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=55}} Two others that same year had been students for 24 years.{{sfn|Shinagle|2010|p=55}}
==Coat of arms==
The coat of arms for the Extension School was approved in 1983. At the top of the shield the three books spelling out ''Veritas'' (Latin for "truth") represent graduate education, as the same device is found on the arms of the other graduate schools. Instead of a straight line separating it from the rest of the shield, as is found in the other schools, a line with six arcs pointing up was used instead. A silver chevron was used to represent undergraduate education, a device used in the shield of Harvard College in the 17th to 19th centuries. Two bushels of wheat are included to represent John Lowell's stipulation that courses should not cost more than two bushels of wheat. A golden lamp is included to represent both learning and the fact that some classes are taught at night.{{sfn|Shinagel|2010|p=137}}
{{clear}}
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=2016grad>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-class-2016-numbers | title = Harvard Extension School Class of 2016 by the Numbers | type = Infographic | publisher = President and Fellows of Harvard College | accessdate = May 24, 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=363rd>{{cite web | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/05/7334-degrees-certificates-awarded-at-harvards-363rd-commencement | title = 7,334 degrees, certificates awarded at Harvard's 363rd Commencement | date = May 29, 2014 | accessdate = December 11, 2014 | publisher = Harvard Gazette }}</ref>
<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=Harvard Extension School- About us |url=http://www.extension.harvard.edu/about-us |accessdate=June 24, 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name=admit>{{cite web | url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/tuition-enrollment/degree-program-admission | title = Degree Program Admission | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = November 18, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=Albion>{{cite news
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| date = October 4, 1959
| page = 66
}}</ref>
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}}</ref>
<ref name="apply">
{{cite web
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|date =
|accessdate = November 13, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name=awards>{{cite web | url = http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k78478&pageid=icb.page401491 | title = Prize Descriptions | publisher = Faculty of Arts and Science | accessdate = November 18, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=banner1967>{{cite news
| title = Harvard University: Commission on Extension Courses
| date = September 7, 1967
| page = 11
| publisher = Bay State Banner
}}</ref>
<ref name=banner1968>{{cite news
| title = Harvard Extension Courses: Simmons College
| date = September 5, 1968
| page = 19A
| publisher = Bay State Banner
}}</ref>
<ref name=century>{{cite news | url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/10/a-century-of-everyday-learning/ | title = A century of everyday learning | publisher = Harvard Gazette | date = October 29, 2009 | accessdate = November 13, 2015 | first = Corydon | last = Ireland }}</ref>
<ref name="commencement">{{cite web |url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/resources-policies/completing-your-degree/graduation-honors | title = Graduation and Honors |publisher = Harvard Extension School |accessdate = November 13, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=core>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/hbx-core-harvard-extension-school-partner-credit-version | title = Harvard Business School and Extension School Announce Partnership | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = July 20, 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=courses>{{cite news | title = Extension Courses at $2.50 and $5 Offered by Greater Boston Colleges | publisher = Christian Science Monitor | date = September 22, 1938 | page = 11 }}</ref>
<ref name="distance">{{cite web
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}}</ref>
<ref name="ext">[extension.harvard.edu]</ref>
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<ref name="extension.harvard_c">{{cite web
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<ref name="extension.harvard_e">{{cite web
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| accessdate = May 30, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=factbook2016>{{cite web |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/enrollments-school-headcounts |title=Harvard University Fact Book Enrollments by School (Headcounts) |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University |format=PDF |accessdate=Feb 1, 2018 }}</ref>
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<ref name=felder>{{cite book
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<ref name=fodors>{{cite book
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| title = Fodor's Boston
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| first2 = Maria Teresa
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| year = 2012
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<ref name=fortune>{{cite book
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| title = Fortune Tellers: The Story of America's First Economic Forecasters
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<ref name=gates>{{Citation
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}}</ref>
<ref name=grad>{{cite web | url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/academics/graduate-degrees | title = Graduate Degrees | accessdate = November 13, 2015 | publisher = Harvard Extension School }}</ref>
<ref name="heaa">{{cite web |url = http://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/ |title = Harvard Extension Alumni Association |publisher = Harvard Extension School |accessdate = November 13, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="hesa">
{{cite web
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|accessdate=September 7, 2012
}}</ref>
<ref name=home>{{cite web | url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/ | accessdate = November 13, 2015 | title = Harvard Extension School|publisher = Harvard Extension School }}</ref>
<ref name=honors>{{cite web
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| title = Honors and Prizes
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}}</ref>
<ref name="international">
{{cite web
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<ref name=leader>{{cite news
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| accessdate = April 25, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name=MDadmit>{{cite web
| url = http://mdadmit.blogspot.com/2011/04/medical-school-admissiosn-guide-book.html
| title = The Medical School Admissiosn Guide Book Event: Harvard Extension Pre-Health Society
| accessdate = December 22, 2014
| date = April 15, 2011
| first = Suzanne M.
| last = Miller
}}</ref>
<ref name = mission>{{cite web
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}}</ref>
<ref name=many>{{cite news
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| title = UNIVERSITY EXTENSION: Many New Instructors Will Give Courses This Year
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| date = September 9, 1923
| page = 60
| accessdate = April 25, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name="miller">
{{cite web
| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/01.20/young.html
| title = Young Scholars Find Challenges, Acceptance at Extension School
| author = Louise Miller
| accessdate = July 10, 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name=music>{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RR3DJxWSQcQC&dq=%22harvard+extension%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s
| title = The Music of Time
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| last = Minahan
| publisher = iUniverse
| date = October 1, 2001
| accessdate = December 22, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=offer>{{cite news
| url =
| title = OFFER NEW UNIVERSITY EXTENSION COURSES
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| date = July 4, 1919
| page = 10
| accessdate = April 25, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name=open>{{cite book
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| title = Open the Gates to the Ivy League
| first = C. W.
| last = Henderson
| publisher = Penguin
| date = August 6, 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name="outstanding">{{cite news
| publisher = Harvard Gazette
| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/05/extension-school-recognizes-outstanding-grads-3
| title = Extension School recognizes outstanding grads
| date = May 30, 2013
| accessdate = May 31, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=Practical>{{cite book
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| title = The New York Times Practical Guide to Practically Everything, Second Edition: The Essential Companion for Everyday Life
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<ref name=Princeton>{{cite web
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| accessdate = December 22, 2014
}}</ref>
<ref name=sampler>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LLeaNBSu2qAC&dq=%22harvard+extension%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s | title = The Harvard Sampler: Liberal Education for the Twenty-First Century | first1 = Jennifer M. | last1 = Shephard | first2 = Stephen Michael | last2 = Kosslyn | first3 = Evelynn Maxine | last3 = Hammonds | publisher = Harvard University Press | date = October 15, 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name=serve>{{cite news| url = http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/04/from-what-we-do-to-whom-we-serve/ | title = From ‘what we do’ to ‘whom we serve’ | first = Liz | last = Mineo | date = April 6, 2016 | accessdate = October 8, 2016 | publisher = The Harvard Gazette }}</ref>
<ref name="shed">{{cite web |last = Shead |first = Mark |url = http://www.productivity501.com/harvard-masters-degree/6463/ |title = Master's Degree Online from Harvard Extension School |publisher = Productivity501 |date = |accessdate = September 7, 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="sinjin">{{cite web | url = http://extensionstudent.com/discussion/1738/official-response-about-name-changenomenclature-from-dean-shinagel/p1 | title = Official response about name change/nomenclature from Dean Shinagel - Extension Student | author = SinJin | date = April 2010 | publisher = ExtensionStudent.com | accessdate = August 19, 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233534/http://extensionstudent.com/discussion/1738/official-response-about-name-changenomenclature-from-dean-shinagel/p1 | archivedate = December 26, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
<ref name=smithsonian>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-announces-collaboration-smithsonian-institution | title = Harvard Extension School Announces Collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = July 20, 2016 }}</ref>
<ref name=special>{{cite web|url=http://www.extension.harvard.edu/degrees-programs/undergraduate-degree/special-academic-options|title=Academic Opportunities|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref name=sponsorship>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/degrees-programs/premedical-program/sponsorship | title = Sponsorship | publisher = Harvard Extension School | accessdate = December 22, 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name="rename">{{cite web
| url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/10/7/school-extension-arts-professional/
| title = Harvard Looks To Rename A School
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| publisher = The Harvard Crimson
| accessdate = August 19, 2013
}}</ref>
<ref name="resources">{{cite web
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}}</ref>
<ref name="solid">A Solid Foundation: Associate in Arts and Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Extension School, 2012. Print.</ref>
<ref name=thesis>{{cite web | url = http://www.extension.harvard.edu/resources-policies/completing-your-degree/thesis-process | title = The Thesis Process| publisher = Harvard Extension School | date = | accessdate = November 18, 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name=twelve>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harvard.edu/schools|title=Schools {{!}} Harvard University|website=Harvard University|language=en|access-date=April 16, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name=wells>{{cite news | first = Charles J. | last = Wells | date = November 5, 2008 | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/11/5/a-harvard-extension-it-was-the/ | title = A Harvard Extension | publisher = The Harvard Crimson | accessdate= December 22, 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name=wheat>{{cite news | url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/12/3/extension-commission-gives-college-education-to/ | title = Extension Commission Gives College Education To Boston Adults For Four Bushels of Wheat | first = Edward H. | last = Harvey | date = December 3, 1953 | accessdate = November 20, 2015 | publisher = The Harvard Crimson }}</ref>
<ref name=Yonkers>{{cite web | title = HARVARD-B. U. EXTENSION COURSES | date = October 1, 1926 | newspaper = Boston Daily Globe | page = A18 }}</ref>
<ref name="faustTalksHES">{{cite web
| url = http://vimeo.com/15385360
| title = President Drew Faust Talks HES + "My Harvard Extension Story" Video Series
| publisher = Vimeo
| accessdate = December 24, 2014
}}
</ref>
<ref name="24address">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/faust/090924_openyear.php |title=President Faust's Sept. 24 Address to the Community |publisher=Office of the President, Harvard University |date=September 24, 2009 |accessdate=December 24, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815025842/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/faust/090924_openyear.php |archivedate=August 15, 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="catalog">{{cite web
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<ref name="allure">{{cite news
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| title = Harvard, for Less: Extension Courses' New Allure
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| publisher = The New York Times
| accessdate = August 22, 2015
}}</ref>
<ref name="extendingDegree">{{cite news
| url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2016/4/29/staff-extension-degree/
| title = Extending the Degree
| date = April 29, 2016
| publisher = The Harvard Crimson
| accessdate = April 30, 2016
}}</ref>
<ref name="2018grad">{{cite web
| url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-class-2018-numbers
| title = Harvard Extension School 2018 Commencement
| publisher = Harvard Extension School
| date =
| accessdate = May 23, 2018
}}</ref>
<ref name="2017grad">{{cite web
| url = https://www.extension.harvard.edu/inside-extension/harvard-extension-school-class-2017-numbers
| title = Harvard Extension School 2017 Commencement
| publisher = Harvard Extension School
| date =
| accessdate = May 25, 2017
}}</ref>
}}
==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.extension.harvard.edu}}
{{Coord|42.3743|-71.1216|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}
{{Harvard}}
{{Good article}}
[[Category:Harvard Extension School| ]]
