Changes
→Public art: link to Tracy Montminy:
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Cambridge Montage.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Christ Church]], [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] at [[Harvard University]], [[Ray and Maria Stata Center]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], the Cambridge skyline and [[Charles River]] at night, and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]]
| image_flag = Flag of Cambridge, Massachusetts.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Cambridge, Massachusetts.svg
| nickname =
| motto = {{nowrap|''Literis Antiquis Novis Institutis Decora'' {{smaller|([[Latin]])}}<br>{{smaller|"Distinguished for Classical Learning and New Institutions"}}}}"<ref name="chcfaq">{{cite web | url= http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/aboutchc/faqpage | title=Frequently Asked Questions | author=Cambridge Historical Commission | publisher=City of Cambridge | accessdate=September 11, 2016 }}</ref>
| image_map = Cambridge ma highlight.png
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]] (pink), Massachusetts
| pushpin_map = Massachusetts#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| pushpin_label = Cambridge
| coordinates = {{coord|42|22|25|N|71|06|38|W|region:US-MA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{US}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Massachusetts}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1630
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1636
| established_title3 = City
| established_date3 = 1846
| government_type = [[Council-manager government|Council-City Manager]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Marc C. McGovern
| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1 = Jan Devereaux
| leader_title2 = [[City manager|City Manager]]
| leader_name2 = Louis A. DePasquale
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_km2 = 18.47
| area_total_sq_mi = 7.13
| area_land_km2 = 16.65
| area_land_sq_mi = 6.43
| area_water_km2 = 1.81
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.70
| elevation_m = 12
| elevation_ft = 40
| population_total = 105162
| population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = [[Cantabrigian]]
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset_DST = −4
| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| postal_code = 02138, 02139, 02140, 02141, 02142
| area_code = [[Area code 617|617]] / [[Area code 857|857]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 25-11000
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0617365
| website = {{url|cambridgema.gov}}
|pop_est_as_of = 2016
|pop_est_footnotes =<ref name="USCensusEst2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}</ref>
|population_est = 110651
}}
'''Cambridge''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|m|b|r|ɪ|dʒ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cambridge?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Cambridge
|accessdate=May 2, 2017|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref> {{respell|KAYM|brij}}) is a city in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]], and part of the [[Greater Boston|Boston metropolitan area]].
Situated directly north of [[Boston]], across the [[Charles River]], it was named in honor of the [[University of Cambridge]] in England, an important center of the [[Puritan]] theology embraced by the town's founders.<ref name="degler84">{{cite book | last=Degler | first=Carl Neumann | authorlink=Carl Neumann Degler | title=Out of Our Pasts: The Forces That Shaped Modern America | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | location=New York | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NebLe1ueuGQC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=cambridge+university+puritans+newtowne#v=onepage&q=&f=false | accessdate=September 9, 2009 | isbn=978-0-06-131985-3 }}</ref>{{rp|18}}
[[Harvard University]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), two of the world's most prestigious universities, are in Cambridge,<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] Accessed December 1, 2016.</ref> as was [[Radcliffe College]], one of the leading [[women's colleges in the United States|colleges for women]] in the United States until it merged with Harvard on October 1, 1999.
According to the [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]], the city's population was 105,162.<ref name="uscensusqfd2511000">{{cite web | url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html | title=Cambridge (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau | at=Population, 2010 | website=State & County QuickFacts | publisher=[[USDOC]] | date=July 8, 2014 | access-date=April 30, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327160241/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html | archive-date=March 27, 2014 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{As of|2014|07}}, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind [[Boston]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], and [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]].<ref name="uscensusqfd2500">{{cite web | url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html | title=Massachusetts QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau | website=State & County QuickFacts | publisher=[[USDOC]] | date=July 8, 2014 }}</ref> Cambridge was one of two [[county seat|seats]] of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997. Lowell was the other.
[[Kendall Square]] in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] [[startup company|start-ups]] and quality of [[innovation]] that have emerged there since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/|title=Kendall Square Initiative|publisher=MIT|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html|title=
When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?|author=Lelund Cheung|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}</ref>
== History ==
{{See also|Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
[[File:Formation of Massachusetts towns.svg|thumb|Map showing the original boundaries of Cambridge and other Massachusetts cities and towns]]
In December 1630, the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from [[Boston Harbor]], making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. [[Thomas Dudley]], his daughter [[Anne Bradstreet]], and her husband Simon were among the town's first settlers. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne".{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref name="abbott1880">{{cite book | last=Abbott | first=Rev. Edward | editor-last=Drake | editor-first=Samuel Adams | editor-link=Samuel Adams Drake | title=History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts | chapter=Cambridge | publisher=Estes and Lauriat | location=Boston | year=1880 | volume=1 | pages = 305–16 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&pg=PA316&lpg=PA305&dq=newetowne#PPA305,M1 | accessdate=December 26, 2008 }}</ref> Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as '''Newe Towne''' by 1632, and as '''Newtowne''' by 1638.<ref name="abbott1880" /><ref name=public>{{cite book |title=Report on the Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes |publisher=Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYWAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA298&lpg=RA1-PA298&dq=%22Ordered+That+Newtowne+shall+henceforward+be+called%22 |location=Boston |year=1889 |page=298 |accessdate=December 24, 2008 }}</ref> Located at the first convenient [[Charles River]] crossing west of [[Boston]], Newe Towne was one of a number of towns (including Boston, [[Dorchester, Massachusetts|Dorchester]], [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], and [[Weymouth, Massachusetts|Weymouth]]) founded by the 700 original [[Puritan]] colonists of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] under Governor [[John Winthrop]]. Its first preacher was [[Thomas Hooker]], who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and the [[Connecticut Colony]]; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The original village site is in the heart of today's [[Harvard Square]]. The [[Farmers' market|marketplace]] where farmers brought crops from surrounding towns to sell survives today as the small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets, then at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled). The town comprised a much larger area than the present city,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]) in 1688,<ref>{{cite book |last= Ritter |first= Priscilla R. |author2=Thelma Fleishman |title = Newton, Massachusetts 1679–1779: A Biographical Directory |year= 1982 |publisher= New England Historic Genealogical Society }}</ref> Cambridge Farms (now [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]]) in 1712{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} or 1713,<ref>{{citation |contribution-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310152201/http://www.lexingtonchamber.org/history.html |contribution=History |title=Lexington Chamber of Commerce |date=2007 }}</ref> and Little or South Cambridge (now [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]]){{refn|group=lower-alpha|Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874.}} and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]]) in 1807.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.brightonbot.com/history.php |title=A Short History of Allston-Brighton |first=Marchione |last=William P. |year=2011 |work=Brighton-Allston Historical Society |publisher=Brighton Board of Trade |accessdate=December 21, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031829/http://www.brightonbot.com/history.php |archivedate=February 20, 2012 }}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] in 1859; the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867.}} In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected.<ref>{{cite news |title=Annexation And Its Fruits |author=Staff writer |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1874/01/15/archives/annexation-and-its-fruits.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 15, 1874 |page = 4 |archiveurl = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1874/01/15/79213345.pdf |archivedate=January 15, 1874 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns |author=Staff writer |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 26, 1892 |page = 11 |accessdate=August 21, 2010 |archiveurl = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/03/27/104093600.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 1892 }}</ref>
In 1636, the Newe College (later renamed [[Harvard College]] after benefactor [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]]) was founded by the colony to train [[minister (religion)|ministers]]. According to [[Cotton Mather]], Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the [[Massachusetts General Court|Great and General Court]] (the Massachusetts legislature) primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard]]. In May 1638,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-six|editor=Arthur Gilman|publisher=Committee on the Memorial Volume|location=Cambridge|year=1896|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard News Office |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015220/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |title=This month in Harvard history |publisher=[[Harvard Gazette]] |date=May 2, 2002 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}. This calendar gives May 12, 1638, as date of name change; certain other sources say May 2, 1638, or late 1637.</ref> the settlement's name was changed to '''Cambridge''' in honor of the [[University of Cambridge|university]] in [[Cambridge, England]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |title= Historic Guide to Cambridge |edition= Second |year= 1907 |publisher= Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages= 20–21 |quote= On October 15, 1637, the Great and General Court passed a vote that: "The college is ordered to bee at Newetowne." In this same year the name of Newetowne was changed to Cambridge, ("It is ordered that Newetowne shall henceforward be called Cambridge") in honor of the university in Cambridge, England, where many of the early settlers were educated. }}</ref> Hooker and Shepard, Newtowne's ministers, and the college's [[Henry Dunster|first president]], [[John Harvard (clergyman)|major benefactor]], and [[Nathaniel Eaton|first schoolmaster]] were all Cambridge alumni, as was the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|colony]]'s governor John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the [[Cambridge Agreement]], after the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winthropsociety.org/doc_cambr.php|publisher=[[The Winthrop Society]]|title=Descendants of the Great Migration|accessdate=September 8, 2008}}</ref> In 1650, Governor [[Thomas Dudley]] signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.harvard.edu/university-archives/using-the-collections/online-resources/charter-of-1650 |title=Harvard Charter of 1650|publisher=[[Harvard University Archives]]|accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm |accessdate=December 13, 2009 |edition= |series= |volume= |date=September 1, 1779 |publisher=The General Court of Massachusetts |location= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |page= |pages=|chapter=Chapter V: The University at Cambridge, and encouragement of literature, etc. |chapterurl= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref>
[[File:Washington taking command of the American Army at Cambridge, 1775 - NARA - 532874.tif|thumb|right|[[George Washington]] in Cambridge, 1775]]
Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} by road from Boston, the colony's capital. By the [[American Revolution]], most residents lived near the [[Cambridge Common|Common]] and Harvard College, with most of the town comprising farms and estates. Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite of [[Anglicans|Anglican]] "worthies" who were not involved in village life, made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions along "the Road to Watertown" (today's [[Brattle Street (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Brattle Street]], still known as [[Tory Row]]). Coming up from [[Virginia Colony|Virginia]], [[George Washington]] took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on [[Cambridge Common]] on July 3, 1775,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} now reckoned the birthplace of the [[U.S. Army]].{{efn|The name of today's nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event.}} Most of the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tory]] estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, [[Henry Knox]] arrived with artillery captured from [[Fort Ticonderoga]], which enabled Washington to drive the British army out of Boston.
[[File:Cambridge 1873 WardMap.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of Cambridge from 1873]]
Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly, with the construction of the [[West Boston Bridge]] in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to Boston, so that it was no longer necessary to travel {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} through the [[Boston Neck]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] to cross the [[Charles River]]. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new [[Middlesex Canal]]. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and [[marsh]]land into prime industrial and residential districts.
In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The [[Fireside Poets]]—[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]]—were highly popular and influential in their day.
Soon after, [[Toll road|turnpikes]] were built: the [[Cambridge and Concord Turnpike]] (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the [[Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] (Hampshire St. and [[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Ave.]] northwest of [[Porter Square]]), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the [[Boston & Maine Railroad]],{{sfnp|''EB''|1911|p=96}} leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] from the formerly rural parts of [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]].
[[File:1852 Middlesex Canal (Massachusetts) map.jpg|thumb|1852 Map of Boston area showing Cambridge and regional rail lines and highlighting the course of the [[Middlesex Canal]]. Cambridge is toward the bottom of the map and outlined in yellow, and should not be confused with the pink-outlined and partially cropped "West Cambridge", now [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]].]]
Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} despite persistent tensions between East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge stemming from differences in culture, sources of income, and the national origins of the residents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambridge Considered: A Very Brief History of Cambridge, 1800–1900, Part I. |url=http://cambridgeconsidered.blogspot.com/2011/01/very-brief-history-of-cambridge-1800.html}}</ref> The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around this time. Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character—[[streetcar suburb]]an development along the turnpikes, with working-class and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge estates, and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and [[Alewife Brook]]; the ice-cutting industry launched by [[Frederic Tudor]] on [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]]; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries.
For many decades, the city's largest employer was the [[New England Glass Company]], founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, [[Edward Libbey|Edward Drummond Libbey]] moved all production to [[Toledo, Ohio]], where it continues today under the name [[Owens-Illinois]]. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors. There is none on public display in Cambridge, but the [[Toledo Museum of Art]] has a large collection. The [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] and the Sandwich Glass Museum on [[Cape Cod]] also have a few pieces.
By 1920, Cambridge was one of [[New England]]'s main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was [[Carter's Ink Company]], whose neon sign long adorned the [[Charles River]] and which was for many years the world's largest ink manufacturer. Next door was the [[Atheneum Press]]. [[Confectionery]] and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport-Area 4-Kendall corridor included the Kennedy Biscuit Factory (later part of [[Nabisco]] and originator of the [[Fig Newton]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM55Y9_Kennedy_F_A_Steam_Bakery_Cambridge_MA|title=Kennedy, F. A., Steam Bakery – Cambridge, Massachusetts – U.S. National Register of Historic Places |work=waymarking.com}}</ref> [[Necco]], [[Squirrel Brands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/squirrel.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Squirrel Brand Nuts|work=cambridgehistory.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430114806/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/squirrel.html|archivedate=April 30, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> George Close Company (1861–1930s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/gclose.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – George Close Company|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221161421/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/gclose.html|archive-date=February 21, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Daggett Chocolate (1892–1960s, recipes bought by Necco),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/daggett.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Daggett Chocolate|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221161259/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/daggett.html|archive-date=February 21, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Fox Cross Company (1920–1980, originator of the [[Charleston Chew]], and now part of [[Tootsie Roll Industries]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/foxcross.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Fox Cross Co.|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027095434/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/foxcross.html|archive-date=October 27, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927–1963, originator of [[Junior Mints]], [[Sugar Daddy (candy)|Sugar Daddies]], [[Sugar Mamas]] and [[Sugar Babies (candy)|Sugar Babies]], now part of Tootsie Roll Industries).<ref name="Welch">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/jwelch.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – James O. Welch|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007093651/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/jwelch.html|archive-date=October 7, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Only the [[Cambridge Brands]] subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street.<ref name="Welch" /> The [[Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District|Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company]] (1886), the [[Kendall Boiler and Tank Company]] (1880, now in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts]]) and the [[New England Glass Company]] (1818–1878) were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge.
As industry in New England began to decline during the [[Great Depression]] and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to become an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When [[Radcliffe College]] was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]'s move from Boston in 1916 reinforced Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States.
After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. The 1980s brought a wave of high-technology startups, creating software such as [[Visicalc]] and [[Lotus 1-2-3]], and advanced computers, but many of these companies fell into decline with the fall of the [[minicomputer]] and [[DOS]]-based systems. The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square was a major software hub through the [[dot-com boom]] and today hosts offices of such major technology companies as [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], and the headquarters of [[Akamai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/locations.jsp|title=Locations - Akamai|website=Akamai.com|accessdate=May 25, 2018}}</ref>
In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when [[Biogen]] opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (a Harvard spinoff) to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.betaboston.com/news/2016/03/17/how-cambridge-became-the-life-sciences-capital/|title=How Cambridge became the life sciences capital|publisher=}}</ref> The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and [[Genzyme]]; laboratories for [[Novartis]], [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries|Teva]], [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company|Takeda]], [[Alnylam Pharmaceuticals|Alnylam]], [[Ironwood Pharmaceuticals|Ironwood]], [[Catabasis Pharmaceuticals|Catabasis]], [[Moderna Therapeutics]], [[Editas Medicine]]; support companies such as [[Cytel]]; and many smaller companies.
By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most expensive housing markets in the Northeastern United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glaeser|first=E. L.|date=April 1, 2005|title=Reinventing Boston: 1630–2003|url=https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh058|journal=Journal of Economic Geography|volume=5|issue=2|pages=119–153|doi=10.1093/jnlecg/lbh058|issn=1468-2702}}</ref> While considerable class, race, and age diversity persisted, it became harder for those who grew up in the city to afford to stay. The end of [[rent control]] in 1994 prompted many Cambridge renters to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns.
Until recently, Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to Boston kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the [[United States housing bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/article/20150417/NEWS/150417123|title=Housing prices soar after years of stability in Cambridge|last=dmclean@wickedlocal.com|first=Danielle McLean|work=Cambridge Chronicle & Tab|access-date=March 2, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Cambridge has been a [[sanctuary city]] since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cityClerk/PolicyOrder.cfm?item_id=13247 |publisher=City of Cambridge|title= City Council Policy Order Resolution O-16|date=May 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-boston-bombings-cambridge-20130421,0,2121257.story |work=Los Angeles Times |title=In immigrant-rich Cambridge, arrest baffles locals|first1=Melanie |last1=Mason|first2=Michael J. |last2=Mishak |first3=Ashley |last3=Powers |date=April 21, 2013}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Charles River Cambridge USA.jpg|thumb|upright|A view from Boston of Harvard's [[Weld Boathouse]] and Cambridge in winter. The [[Charles River]] is in the foreground.]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Cambridge has a total area of {{convert|7.1|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|6.4|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.7|sqmi|km2}} (9.82%) is water.
===Adjacent municipalities===
Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by:
*the city of [[Boston]] to the south (across the [[Charles River]]) and east
*the city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] to the north
*the town of [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] to the northwest
*the town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] and
*the city of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]] to the west
The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the [[Red Line (MBTA)|MBTA Red Line]]. Some of the main squares, [[Inman Square|Inman]], [[Porter Square|Porter]], and to a lesser extent, [[Harvard Square|Harvard]] and [[Lechmere Square|Lechmere]], are very close to the city line, as are Somerville's [[Union Square (Somerville)|Union]] and [[Davis Square]]s.
Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two [[exclave]] areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a [[American and Canadian Water Landmark|2009 listed American Water Landmark]] located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and [[Stony Brook (Middlesex County, Massachusetts)|Stony Brook]] watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexingon]], [[Lincoln, Massachusetts|Lincoln]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]], and [[Weston, Massachusetts]].
===Neighborhoods===
{{Refimprove section|date=March 2016}}
====Squares====
Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares",<ref>{{cite web|author=No Writer Attributed |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/9/18/cambridge-a-city-of-squares-pcambridge/ |title="Cambridge: A City of Squares" Harvard Crimson, Sept. 18, 1969 |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=September 18, 1969 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/Cambridge.html |title=Cambridge Journal: Massachusetts City No Longer in Boston's Shadow |publisher=Travelwritersmagazine.com |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231041/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/Cambridge.html |archivedate=April 17, 2012}}</ref> as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as [[Town square|squares]]. Each square acts as a neighborhood center. These include:
* [[Kendall Square]], formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street. It is also known as '''Technology Square''', a name shared with an office and laboratory building cluster in the neighborhood. Just over the [[Longfellow Bridge]] from Boston, at the eastern end of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] campus, it is served by the [[Kendall (MBTA station)|Kendall/MIT]] station on the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] subway. Most of Cambridge's large office towers are here, giving the area something of the feel of an office park. A flourishing [[biotech]] industry has grown up in this area. The [[Cambridge Innovation Center]], a large co-working space, is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway. The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square, and not at the actual center of Cambridge. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but confusingly not actually in Kendall Square.
* [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]], formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue. Well known for its wide variety of ethnic restaurants, it was rather rundown as recently as the late 1990s; it underwent a controversial [[gentrification]] in recent years (in conjunction with the development of the nearby [[University Park at MIT]]), and continues to grow more expensive. It is served by the [[Central (MBTA station)|Central Station]] stop on the MBTA Red Line subway. '''Lafayette Square''', formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. [[Cambridgeport]] is south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street.
* [[Harvard Square]], formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the primary site of [[Harvard University]] and a major Cambridge shopping area. It is served by a [[Harvard (MBTA station)|Red Line station]]. Harvard Square was originally the Red Line's northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short [[Harvard Bus Tunnel|tunnel]]—which is still a major bus terminal, although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended. The Harvard Square area includes '''Brattle Square''' and '''Eliot Square'''. A short distance away from the square lies the [[Cambridge Common]], while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz, after the famed scientist [[Louis Agassiz]].
* [[Porter Square]], about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. It includes part of the city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] and is served by the [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square Station]], a complex housing a [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] stop and a [[Fitchburg Line]] [[MBTA commuter rail|commuter rail]] stop. [[Lesley University]]'s University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square.
* [[Inman Square]], at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in Mid-Cambridge. It is home to many diverse restaurants, bars, music venues and boutiques. [[Victorian era|Victorian]] streetlights, benches and bus stops were recently added to the streets, and a new city park was installed.
* [[Lechmere Square]], at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. It is perhaps best known as the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]'s northern terminus, at [[Lechmere (MBTA station)|Lechmere Station]].
=====Gallery=====
{{wide image|Cambridge skyline November 2016 panorama.jpg|900px|Cambridge skyline in November 2016|90%|center|alt=Panorama of Cambridge skyline in November 2016}}
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Areas of Cambridge">
File:Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg|[[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]]
File:Harvard square 2009j.JPG|[[Harvard Square]]
File:Cambridge MA Inman Square.jpg|[[Inman Square]]
</gallery>
====Other neighborhoods====
[[File:Neighborhood Map of Cambridge, MA.png|thumb|right|Neighborhood map of Cambridge]]
Cambridge's residential neighborhoods border but are not defined by the squares.
* [[East Cambridge, Massachusetts|East Cambridge]] (Area 1) is bordered on the north by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the east by the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west by the [[Grand Junction Railroad]] tracks. It includes the [[NorthPoint (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|NorthPoint]] development.
* [[Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT Campus]] ([[MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge|Area 2]]) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
* [[Wellington-Harrington]] (Area 3) is bordered on the north by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south and west by Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Referred to as "Mid-Block".{{clarify|What is? By whom? A full sentence would help. :Residents of Roosevelt Towers would refer to it as Mid-Block, so would residents of East Cambridge or Port. Not sure how to put that into a sentence that isn't too intrusive|date=September 2015}}
* The Port, formerly known as [[Area 4, Cambridge|Area 4]], is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood "The Port" and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside "The Coast". In October 2015, the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 "The Port," formalizing the longtime nickname, largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then-Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/article/20151020/NEWS/151029350|title=Area Four in Cambridge renamed 'The Port'|last=Cambridge@wickedlocal.com|first=Natalie Handy|website=Cambridge Chronicle & Tab|access-date=March 20, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Cambridgeport]] (Area 5) is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
* [[Mid-Cambridge]] (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by Prospect Street.
* [[Riverside, Cambridge|Riverside]] (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast," is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on the east by River Street.
* [[Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Agassiz (Harvard North)]] (Area 8) is bordered on the north by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south and east by Kirkland Street, and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue.
* Neighborhood Nine or Radcliffe (formerly called [[Peabody, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Peabody]], until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue.
::The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.
* Brattle area/[[West Cambridge (neighborhood)|West Cambridge]] (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, on the south by the Charles River and [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as [[Tory Row]]) and Huron Village.
* [[North Cambridge, Massachusetts|North Cambridge]] (Area 11) is bordered on the north by [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south by railroad tracks, on the west by [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]], and on the east by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]].
* [[Cambridge Highlands]] (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] .
* [[Strawberry Hill, Cambridge|Strawberry Hill]] (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond, on the south by [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], on the west by [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]], and on the east by railroad tracks.
==== Climate ====
In the [[Köppen climate classification|Koppen-Geiger]] classification Cambridge has a [[Continental climate|warm continental summer climate]] (Dfa) that can appear in the southern end of [[New England]]'s interior. The average January [[temperature]] is 26.6°F (- 3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. There are four well-defined [[season]]s and no dry season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/1734/|title=Climate Cambridge: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Cambridge - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|align= right
|1790|2115
|1800|2453
|1810|2323
|1820|3295
|1830|6072
|1840|8409
|1850|15215
|1860|26060
|1870|39634
|1880|52669
|1890|70028
|1900|91886
|1910|104839
|1920|109694
|1930|113643
|1940|110879
|1950|120740
|1960|107716
|1970|100361
|1980|95322
|1990|95802
|2000|101355
|2010|105162
|2016|110651
|source=<center>U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=mdy}}</ref></center>
|footnote={{Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities references}}<ref name="1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790">{{cite journal |title=1950 Census of Population|volume=1: Number of Inhabitants|at=Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21–09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920|publisher=Bureau of the Census|accessdate=July 12, 2011|year=1952|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial composition !! 2010<ref name="census"/> !! 1990<ref name="pop"/> !! 1970<ref name="pop"/> !! 1950<ref name="pop"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 66.6% || 75.3% || 91.1% || 95.3%
|-
| —Non-Hispanic || 62.1% || 71.6% || 89.7%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> || n/a
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 11.7% || 13.5% || 6.8% || 4.3%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 7.6% || 6.8% || 1.9%<ref name="fifteen"/> || n/a
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 15.1% || 8.4% || 1.5% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || 4.3% || n/a || n/a || n/a
|}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=January 31, 2008 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=September 11, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,354.9 people per square mile (6,314.6/km²). There were 47,291 housing units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,840.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 11.70% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.20% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 15.10% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] (3.7% [[Chinese American|Chinese]], 1.4% [[Indian American|Asian Indian]], 1.2% [[Korean American|Korean]], 1.0% [[Japanese American|Japanese]]<ref>{{cite web|title=QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table|website=factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=2010 Census|accessdate=June 1, 2014}}</ref>), 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 4.30% from two or more races. 7.60% of the population were [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race (1.6% [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]], 1.4% [[Mexican American|Mexican]], 0.6% [[Dominican American|Dominican]], 0.5% [[Colombian American|Colombian]], 0.5% [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]], 0.4% [[Spanish people|Spaniard]]). [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 62.1% of the population in 2010,<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html |title=Cambridge (city), Massachusetts |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327160241/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> down from 89.7% in 1970.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=May 4, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd5KAIE?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 6, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a [[Cantabrigian]].
In 2010, there were 44,032 households out of which 16.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city, the population was spread out with 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.
The [[median income]] for a household in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was $59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively {{as of|2007|alt=as of a 2007 estimate}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US2418750&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2418750&_street=&_county=cambridge&_cityTown=cambridge&_state=04000US25&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= |title=U.S. Census, 2000 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus $38,489 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.
Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.govpro.com/News/Article/31439/ |title=Study Ranks America's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities |publisher=Govpro.com |date=August 16, 2005 |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215646/http://www.govpro.com/News/Article/31439/ |archivedate=September 5, 2008}}</ref> Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as "The People's Republic of Cambridge."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalhub.com/glossary/peoples_republic_the.html |publisher = The Hub|title=People's Republic, the}}</ref> For 2016, the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was $6.99 per $1,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/finance/propertytaxinformation/fy16propertytaxinformation.aspx |title=FY16 Property Tax Information – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge |accessdate=January 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129080825/http://www.cambridgema.gov/finance/propertytaxinformation/fy16propertytaxinformation.aspx |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Cambridge enjoys the highest possible [[bond credit rating]], AAA, with all three Wall Street rating agencies.<ref>{{cite web|title= Cambridge Earns Three Triple A Ratings for Fiscal Management for 15th Consecutive Year – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts
|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2013/03/cityofcambridgeearnsthreetriplearatingsforfiscalmanagement.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217051050/http://www.cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2013/03/cityofcambridgeearnsthreetriplearatingsforfiscalmanagement.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=February 17, 2015|publisher=City of Cambridge|accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref>
In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of [[Irish American|Irish]] ancestry; 7.2% were of [[English American|English]], 6.9% [[Italian American|Italian]], 5.5% [[West Indian]] and 5.3% [[German Americans|German]] ancestry. 69.4% spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 6.9% spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 3.2% [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] or [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], 3.0% [[portuguese language|Portuguese]], 2.9% [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]], 2.3% [[French language|French]], 1.5% [[korean language|Korean]], and 1.0% [[Italian language|Italian]].
===Income===
{{See also|List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income}}
Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP03&prodType=table|title=Selected Economic Characteristics 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP05&prodType=table|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_S1101&prodType=table|title=Households and Families 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=bottom
! Rank
! ZIP Code (ZCTA)
! Per capita<br />income
! Median<br />household<br />income
! Median<br />family<br />income
! Population
! Number of<br />households
|-
| 1
| 02142
| $67,525
| $100,114
| $150,774
| 2,838
| 1,385
|-
| 2
| 02138
| $52,592
| $75,446
| $120,564
| 35,554
| 13,868
|-
| 3
| 02140
| $50,856
| $75,446
| $120,564
| 18,164
| 8,460
|-
|
| ''Cambridge''
| $47,448
| $72,529
| $93,460
| 105,737
| 44,345
|-
|
| ''[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]]''
| $42,861
| $82,090
| $104,032
| 1,522,533
| 581,120
|-
| 4
| 02139
| $42,235
| $71,745
| $93,220
| 36,015
| 14,474
|-
| 5
| 02141
| $39,241
| $64,326
| $76,276
| 13,126
| 6,182
|-
|
| ''[[Massachusetts]]''
| $35,763
| $66,866
| $84,900
| 6,605,058
| 2,530,147
|-
|
| ''[[United States]]''
| $28,155
| $53,046
| $64,719
| 311,536,594
| 115,610,216
|}
==Economy==
[[File:Cambridge Skyline.jpg|thumb|Buildings of [[Kendall Square]], center of Cambridge's [[biotech]] economy, seen from the [[Charles River]]]]
Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. Harvard and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] together employ about 20,000.<ref name="2008top25">{{cite web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/data/labor/top25/top25_2008.html|title= Top 25 Cambridge Employers: 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320003737/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/data/labor/top25/top25_2008.html|archivedate=March 20, 2012|publisher= City of Cambridge}}</ref><ref name="2015top25" /> As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms [[Analog Devices]], [[Akamai Technologies|Akamai]], [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies)]] (now part of Raytheon), [[General Radio|General Radio (later GenRad)]], [[Lotus Development Corporation]] (now part of [[IBM]]), [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Symbolics]], and [[Thinking Machines]].
In 1996, [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Arthur D. Little]], and [[Lotus Development Corporation|Lotus]] were Cambridge's top employers, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded out a few years later. Health care and biotechnology firms such as [[Genzyme]], [[Biogen Idec]], [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], [[Sanofi]], [[Pfizer]] and [[Novartis]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Novartis doubles plan for Cambridge |author1=Casey Ross |author2=Robert Weisman |url=http://articles.boston.com/2010-10-27/business/29323650_1_french-drug-maker-astrazeneca-plc-research-operations |agency= |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher= |isbn= |issn= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |date=October 27, 2010 |page= |pages= |accessdate=April 12, 2011|quote=Already Cambridge's largest corporate employer, the Swiss firm expects to hire an additional 200 to 300 employees over the next five years, bringing its total workforce in the city to around 2,300. Novartis's global research operations are headquartered in Cambridge, across Massachusetts Avenue from the site of the new four-acre campus. |ref= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205245/http://articles.boston.com/2010-10-27/business/29323650_1_french-drug-maker-astrazeneca-plc-research-operations |archivedate=August 10, 2011}}</ref> have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge. Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include [[GlaxoSmithKline]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Shire plc|Shire]], and [[Pfizer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Novartis Doubles Plan for Cambridge|url=http://www.boston.com/business/healthcare/articles/2010/10/27/novartis_doubles_plan_for_cambridge/|accessdate=February 23, 2012 | work=The Boston Globe|first1=Casey|last1=Ross|first2=Robert|last2=Weisman|date=October 27, 2010}}</ref> Most of Cambridge's biotech firms are in [[Kendall Square]] and [[East Cambridge, Massachusetts|East Cambridge]], which decades ago were the city's center of manufacturing. Some others are in [[University Park at MIT]], a new development in another former manufacturing area.<ref name="NPR – Bayesian Ventures">{{cite news|last=Arnold|first=Chris|title=What Happens When The Pace of Startups Slows Down|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/10/31/241842739/what-happens-when-the-pace-of-startups-slows-down|accessdate=November 6, 2013|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=October 31, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Globe – Founding">{{cite news|last=Kirsner|first=Scott|title=LabCentral, a new hatchery for science-oriented startups, is seeking space in Kendall Square|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2012/09/labcentral_a_new_hatchery_for.html|accessdate=August 16, 2013|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=September 20, 2012}}</ref>
None of the high-technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 [[Akamai Technologies|Akamai]] and [[ITA Software]] were.<ref name="2008top25" /> [[Google]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/corporate/address.html |title=Google Offices |publisher=Google.com |accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> [[IBM Research]], [[Microsoft Research]], and [[Philips Research]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/05/19/philips-rd-mit/ |title=Philips Research North American Headquarter Moves to Cambridge |publisher=fortune.com |accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January 2012—less than a year after acquiring [[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]]-based analytic database management company, [[Vertica]]—[[Hewlett-Packard]] announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Gregory|title=Hewlett-Packard Expands to Cambridge via Vertica's "Big Data" Center|url=http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/23/hewlett-packard-expands-to-cambridge-via-verticas-big-data-center/?single_page=true}}</ref> Also around that time, e-commerce giants [[Staples Inc.|Staples]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Staples to bring e-commerce office to Cambridge's Kendall Square|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square#axzz1kg3no7Zg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624170218/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square|dead-url=yes|archive-date=June 24, 2012}}</ref> and [[Amazon.com]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Seeks Brick-And-Mortar Presence in Boston Area|url=http://www.wbur.org/2011/12/22/amazon-boston}}</ref> said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. And [[LabCentral]] provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]], the [[Lincoln Institute of Land Policy]], [[Cultural Survival]], and [[One Laptop per Child]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "[[Entrepreneur Walk of Fame]]" initiative. It seeks to recognize people who have made contributions to innovation in global business.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stars of invention|first=Kathleen|last=Pierce|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-16/business/30165912_1_gates-and-jobs-microsoft-granite-stars|agency=|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=September 16, 2011|page=|pages=|at=|accessdate=October 1, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524035019/http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-16/business/30165912_1_gates-and-jobs-microsoft-granite-stars|archivedate=May 24, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
===Top employers===
{{as of|2015}}, the city's ten largest employers are:<ref name="2015top25">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/factsandmaps/economicdata/top25employers/top25employers2011topresent/2015 |title=2015 Top 25 Employers |publisher=City of Cambridge |date=January 6, 2015 |accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/News/2016/1/top25employerlistfor2015|title=Top 25 Employer List for 2015|date=January 6, 2015|publisher=City of Cambridge}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
| 1
|[[Harvard University]]
|11,997
|-
|2
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|8,763
|-
|3
|City of Cambridge
|2,950
|-
|4
|[[Biogen Idec]]
|2,700
|-
|5
|[[Novartis]] Institutes for BioMedical Research
|2,457
|-
|6
|[[Mount Auburn Hospital]]
|2,115
|-
|7
|[[Cambridge Health Alliance]]
|1,713
|-
|8
|[[Cambridge Innovation Center]]
|1,678
|-
|9
|[[Genzyme]]
|1,600
|-
|10
|[[Akamai Technologies]]
|1,544
|}
==Arts and culture==
[[File:Fogg.jpg|thumb|[[Fogg Museum]], Harvard]]
===Museums===
* [[Harvard Art Museum]], including the [[Busch-Reisinger Museum]], a collection of Germanic art the [[Fogg Art Museum]], a comprehensive collection of Western art, and the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]], a collection of Middle East and Asian art
* [[Harvard Museum of Natural History]], including the [[Glass Flowers]] collection
* [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]], Harvard
*[[Semitic Museum]], Harvard
* [[MIT Museum]]
* [[List Visual Arts Center]], MIT
===Public art===
Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art, on both city property (managed by the Cambridge Arts Council)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CAC/Public/overview.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516191034/http://www.cambridgema.gov/CAC/Public/overview.cfm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 16, 2009 |title=CAC Public Art Program |publisher=City of Cambridge |date=March 13, 2007 |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and the Harvard<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/visualarts/pubart.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828231050/http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/visualarts/pubart.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 28, 2009 |title=Office for the Arts at Harvard: Public Art |publisher=Ofa.fas.harvard.edu |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and MIT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listart.mit.edu/map|title=MIT Public Art Collection Map|publisher=Listart.mit.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312181322/http://listart.mit.edu/map|archive-date=March 12, 2008|dead-url=yes|accessdate=April 28, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> campuses. Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River, during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares, and at university campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World's Fair, the annual Somerville-based Honk! Festival,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://honkfest.org/ |title= Honk Fest|website=Honkfest.org}}</ref> and [[If This House Could Talk]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/ifthishousecouldtalk/index.html|title=The Cambridge Historical Society|website=Canbridgehistory.org|access-date=July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014816/http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/ifthishousecouldtalk/index.html|archive-date=May 30, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> a neighborhood art and history event. Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buskersadvocates.org/ | title= Street Arts & Buskers Advocates|website=Buskersadvocates.org}}</ref> city administrators, private organizations and business groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardsquare.com/Home/Arts-and-Entertainment/Street-Arts-and-Buskers-Advocates.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005063731/http://www.harvardsquare.com/Home/Arts-and-Entertainment/Street-Arts-and-Buskers-Advocates.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |title=Street Arts and Buskers Advocates |publisher=Harvardsquare.com |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> The Cambridge public library contains four [[Works Progress Administration]] murals completed in 1935 by [[Tracy Montminy|Elizabeth Tracy Montminy]]: ''Religion'', ''Fine Arts'', ''History of Books and Paper'', and ''The Development of the Printing Press''.<ref>{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Heggemeyer|first1=Amy|title=Elizabeth Tracy|url=http://www.wpamurals.com/TracyEl.htm|website=WPA Murals|publisher=General Services Administration|accessdate=April 28, 2016|date=2006}}</ref>
[[File:Longfellow National Historic Site, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|[[Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site]]]]
[[File:Wfm stata center.jpg|thumb|[[Stata Center]], MIT]]
[[File:Simmons Hall, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|[[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories|Simmons Hall]], MIT]]
===Architecture===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT.
'''Notable historic buildings in the city include''':
* The [[Asa Gray House]] (1810)
* [[Austin Hall, Harvard University]] (1882–84)
* [[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]] (1888–89)
* [[Cambridge Public Library]] (1888)
* [[Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Christ Church, Cambridge]] (1761)
* [[Cooper-Frost-Austin House]] (1689–1817)
* [[Elmwood (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Elmwood House]] (1767), residence of the [[president of Harvard University]]
* [[First Church of Christ, Scientist (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|First Church of Christ, Scientist]] (1924–30)
* [[The First Parish in Cambridge]] (1833)
* [[Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church]] (1891–93)
* [[Harvard Lampoon Building]] (1909)
* The [[Hooper-Lee-Nichols House]] (1685–1850)
* [[Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site]] (1759), former home of poet [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] and headquarters of [[George Washington]]
* [[The Memorial Church of Harvard University]] (1932)
* [[Memorial Hall, Harvard University]] (1870–77)
* [[Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts)|Middlesex County Courthouse]] (1814–48)
* [[Urban_Rowhouse_(40-48_Pearl_Street,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts)|Urban Rowhouse]] (1875)
* [[spite house|O'Reilly Spite House]] (1908), built to spite a neighbor who would not sell his adjacent land<ref name="existing">{{cite web|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan|date=February 2, 2003|work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7763789.html |title=Existing by the Thinnest of Margins. A Concord Avenue Landmark Gives New Meaning to Cozy|via=[[HighBeam]]|subscription=yes}}</ref>
{{See also|List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
'''Contemporary architecture''':
* [[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Baker House|Baker House]] dormitory, MIT, by Finnish architect [[Alvar Aalto]], one of only two Aalto buildings in the US
* Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons, by [[The Architects Collaborative]] (TAC, with [[Walter Gropius]])
* [[Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts]], Harvard, the only [[Le Corbusier]] building in North America
* [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s [[Harvard Science Center|Science Center]], [[Holyoke Center]] and [[Peabody Terrace]], by [[Catalonia|Catalan]] architect and [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]] Dean [[Josep Lluís Sert]]
* [[Kresge Auditorium]], [[MIT]], by [[Eero Saarinen]]
* [[MIT Chapel]], by [[Eero Saarinen]]
* [[Design Research Building]], by [[Benjamin Thompson and Associates]]
* [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], by [[Kallmann McKinnell and Wood]], also architects of [[Boston City Hall]]
* [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]], Harvard, one of the few buildings in the US by [[Pritzker Prize]] winner [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]]
* [[Harvard Art Museums]], renovation and major expansion of [[Fogg Museum]] building, completed in 2014 by [[Renzo Piano]]
* [[Stata Center]], MIT, by [[Frank Gehry]]
* [[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Simmons Hall|Simmons Hall]], MIT, by [[Steven Holl]]
===Music===
<!-- Made section generic. Needs more work. -->
The city has an active music scene, from classical performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including [[The Middle East (nightclub)|The Middle East]], [[Club Passim]], [[The Plough and Stars]], and the [[Nameless Coffeehouse]].
<!--
==Notable people==
{{See also|List of Harvard University people}}
---- NOTE: Please create an article named "List of people from Cambridge, Massachusetts", ...
---- then put {{Main|List of people from Cambridge, Massachusetts}} in this section!
---- For examples, see [[List of people from Chicago]], [[List of people from Wichita, Kansas]], and others.
---- NOTE: Since there are numerous notable people from Cambridge, please put those people in the list articles!
-->
===Parks and recreation===
[[File:Alewife Brook Reservation.jpg|thumb|Alewife Brook Reservation]]
Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. Easily accessible open space on the university campuses, including [[Harvard Yard]], the Radcliffe Yard, and MIT's Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]], partly compensates for this. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is well known as the first garden cemetery, for its distinguished inhabitants, for its superb landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country), and as a first-rate [[arboretum]]. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown.<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Cambridge map|publisher=City of Cambridge |date=2007|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/CambridgeStreetMap18x24_032007.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> It is also an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) in the Greater Boston area.
Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River, which mirrors its [[Charles River Esplanade|Boston counterpart]]; [[Cambridge Common]], a busy and historic public park adjacent to Harvard's campus; and the [[Alewife Brook Reservation]] and [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]] in western Cambridge.
==Government==
===Federal and state representation===
{| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Voter registration and party enrollment {{as of|lc=y|df=US|2015|02|1}}<ref>{{cite web|title = Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of February 1, 2015 | publisher = Massachusetts Elections Division | format = PDF | accessdate = November 4, 2015 | url = http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/enrollment_counts_20150201.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Number of voters
! Percentage
|-
{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 34,500
| style="text-align:center;"| 56.80%
|-
{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,517
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.14%
|-
{{party color|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unaffiliated
| style="text-align:center;"| 23,256
| style="text-align:center;"| 38.20%
|-
{{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}}
| Minor Parties
| style="text-align:center;"| 262
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.43%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! style="text-align:center;"| 60,740
! style="text-align:center;"| 100%
|}
Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's [[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district|5th]] and [[Massachusetts's 7th congressional district|7th]] U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat [[Katherine Clark]], who replaced now Senator [[Ed Markey]] in a [[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district special election, 2013|2013 special election]]; the 7th is represented by Democrat [[Mike Capuano]], elected in 1998. The state's senior [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] is Democrat [[Elizabeth Warren]], elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Republican [[Charlie Baker]], elected in 2014.
Cambridge is represented in six districts in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]: the 24th Middlesex (which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex (the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both including parts of the City of Boston).<ref name=cambridgeGIS>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/gis/gisdatadictionary/elections/elections_staterepdistricts.aspx |publisher=City of Cambridge |title= State Rep Districts |work=Geographic Information System |accessdate=July 1, 2014 }}</ref> The city is represented in the [[Massachusetts Senate]] as a part of the First Suffolk and Middlesex district, which contains parts of Boston, Revere and Winthrop in Suffolk County; the Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex district, which includes Everett and Somerville, with Boston, Chelsea, and Revere of Suffolk, and Saugus in Essex; and the Second Suffolk and Middlesex district, containing parts of the City of Boston in Suffolk County, and Cambridge, Belmont and Watertown in Middlesex County.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malegislature.gov/ |title=Index of Legislative Representation by City and Town, from |publisher=Mass.gov |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
|+ Presidential election results<ref>{{cite web|title = Massachusetts Election Statistics | accessdate = September 26, 2018 | url = http://electionstats.state.ma.us/}}</ref>
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Year
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2016|2016]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''87.9%''' ''46,563''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|6.3% ''3,323''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2012|2012]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''86.0%''' ''43,515''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|10.8% ''5,476''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''87.8%''' ''40,876''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|10.1% ''4,697''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''84.8%''' ''35,886''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|12.6% ''5,338''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''72.1%''' ''28,846''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|12.9% ''5,166''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''78.9%''' ''30,043''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|13.1% ''4,990''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''74.7%''' ''30,737''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|14.2% ''5,847''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''77.0%''' ''32,027''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|21.1% ''8,770''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''76.2%''' ''32,582''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|23.4% ''10,007''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''60.8%''' ''24,337''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|19.9% ''7,952''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}
==={{anchor|City government|City Council|City council}}City government===
{{see also|Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013}}
[[File:CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]] in the 1980s]]
{{anchor|govt}}Cambridge has a city government led by a [[List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts|mayor]] and a nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using the [[single transferable vote]] (STV) system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/Departments/electioncommission/cambridgemunicipalelections |title=Cambridge Municipal Elections |publisher=City of Cambridge |accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> Cambridge is the only unit of government in the country that elects its council by this method, which uses [[Ranked-choice|ranked-choice voting]] in an at-large, multi-member district to obtain proportional representation ([[Minneapolis]] uses it for at-large boards).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationofchange.org/2018/03/19/the-two-party-system-is-facing-its-biggest-challenge-in-70-years/|title=The two-party system is facing its biggest challenge in 70 years - NationofChange|last=Anderson|first=Theo|date=2018-03-19|work=Nation of Change|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/rcv/what-is-rcv|title=What is Ranked-Choice Voting? - Minneapolis Elections & Voter Services|website=vote.minneapolismn.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref>
The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves, and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The mayor also sits on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Rather, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity.
Under the city's Plan E form of government, the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under direction of the city manager. The city council and its individual members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/planE.pdf|publisher=City of Cambridge|format=PDF|title=Plan E}}</ref>
Louis DePasquale is the City Manager, having succeeded Lisa C. Peterson, the Acting City Manager and Cambridge's first woman City Manager, on November 14, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeday.com/2016/11/07/depasquale-era-begins-with-councillor-vote-affirming-multi-year-city-manager-contract/|title=DePasquale era begins with councillor vote affirming multi-year city manager contract {{!}} Cambridge Day|access-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref> Peterson became Acting City Manager on September 30, 2016, after Richard C. Rossi announced that he would opt out of his contract renewal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/news/20160311/breaking-rossi-to-retire-as-cambridge-city-manager-in-june|title=BREAKING: Rossi to retire as Cambridge city manager in June|last=Saltzman|first=Amy|website=Cambridge Chronicle & Tab|access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Rossi succeeded [[Robert W. Healy]], who retired in June 2013 after 32 years in the position. In recent history, the media has highlighted the salary of the city manager as one of the highest for a Massachusetts civic employee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cambridge city manager's salary almost as much as Obama's pay |url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/features/x1837730973/Cambridge-city-managers-salary-almost-as-much-as-Obamas |agency= |newspaper=Wicked Local: Cambridge |publisher= |date=August 11, 2011 |accessdate=December 30, 2011 |quote= |ref= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230203839/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/features/x1837730973/Cambridge-city-managers-salary-almost-as-much-as-Obamas |archivedate=December 30, 2011 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District
! Councillor
! In office since
|-
| At-large
| Dennis J. Carlone
| Jan. 2014–present
|-
| At-large
| Jan Devereux
| Jan. 2016–present
|-
| At-large
| Craig A. Kelley
| Jan. 2006–present
|-
| At-large
| Alanna M. Mallon
| Jan. 2018–present
|-
| At-large
| Marc C. McGovern*
| Jan. 2014–present
|-
| At-large
| Sumbul Siddiqui
| Jan. 2018–present
|-
| At-large
| [[E. Denise Simmons]]**
| Jan. 2002–present
|-
| At-large
| [[Timothy J. Toomey, Jr.]]
| Jan. 1990–present
|-
| At-large
| Quinton Y. Zondervan
| Jan. 2018–present
|-
|}
''* = current mayor''<br>
''** = former mayor''
===County government===
Cambridge was a [[county seat]] of [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], along with [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], until the abolition of county government. Though the county government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts, jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state. The county's registrars of [[Deed]]s and Probate remain in Cambridge, but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]]. Third District court has shifted operations to [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], and the county Sheriff's office awaits near-term relocation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/14/court_move_a_hassle_for_commuters/ |title=Court move a hassle for commuters |accessdate=July 25, 2009 |first=Eric |last=Moskowitz |date=February 14, 2008 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |pages= |quote=In a little more than a month, Middlesex Superior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J. Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge. With it, the court will bring the roughly 500 people who pass through its doors each day – the clerical staff, lawyers, judges, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, and others who use or work in the system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good |title=Cambridge's Middlesex Jail, courts may be shuttered for good |accessdate=July 25, 2009 |first=Charlie |last=Breitrose |date=July 7, 2009 |work=Wicked Local News: Cambridge |pages= |quote=The courts moved out of the building to allow workers to remove asbestos. Superior Court moved to Woburn in March 2008, and in February, the Third District Court moved to Medford. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513192408/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good#axzz3b53SkwbD |archivedate=May 13, 2011}}</ref>
==Education==
[[File:MIT Main Campus Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of part of [[MIT]]'s main campus]]
[[File:Dunster House.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dunster House]], Harvard]]
===Higher education===
Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Its colleges and universities include:
*[[Cambridge School of Culinary Arts]]
*[[Harvard University]]
*[[Hult International Business School]]
*[[Lesley University]]
*[[Longy School of Music of Bard College]]
*[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
*[[Radcliffe College]] (now merged with Harvard College)
[[Nobel laureates by university affiliation|At least 129]] of the world's total 780 [[Nobel Prize]] winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge.
The [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] is also based in Cambridge.
===Primary and secondary public education===
*[[Amigos School]]
*Baldwin School (formerly the Agassiz School)
*Cambridgeport School
*Fletcher-Maynard Academy
*Graham and Parks Alternative School
*Haggerty School
*Kennedy-Longfellow School
*King Open School
*Martin Luther King, Jr. School
*Morse School (a [[Core Knowledge Foundation|Core Knowledge]] school)
*Peabody School
*Tobin School (a [[Montessori school]])
Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools:<ref name=SchoolList>{{cite web|title=Schools|url=http://www3.cpsd.us/Schools/Schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713224232/http://www3.cpsd.us/Schools/Schools|dead-url=yes|archive-date=July 13, 2011|accessdate=January 6, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*[[Amigos School]]
*[[Cambridge Street Upper School]]
*[[Putnam Avenue Upper School]]
*[[Rindge Avenue Upper School]]
*[[Vassal Lane Upper School]]
Cambridge has three district public high school programs, the principal one being [[Cambridge Rindge and Latin School]] (CRLS).<ref name=SchoolsataGlance>{{cite web|title=Cambridge Public Schools at a Glance 2012–2013|format=PDF|url=http://www3.cpsd.us/media/theme/Pro-Cambridge/network/10516/media/CPS%20Redesign/documents/Schools_at_a_glance_2012_13.pdf?rev=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115441/http://www3.cpsd.us/media/theme/Pro-Cambridge/network/10516/media/CPS%20Redesign/documents/Schools_at_a_glance_2012_13.pdf?rev=1|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 2, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Other public charter schools include [[Benjamin Banneker Charter School]], which serves grades K–6;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banneker.org/ |title=The Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School |publisher=Banneker.org |date=March 1, 2012 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> [[Community Charter School of Cambridge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccscambridge.org/ |title=Community Charter School of Cambridge |publisher=Ccscambridge.org |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> in Kendall Square, which serves grades 7–12; and [[Prospect Hill Academy]], a [[charter school]] whose upper school is in [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]] though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District.
===Primary and secondary private education===
[[File:Cambridge Public Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|The 1888 part of the [[Cambridge Public Library]]]]
Cambridge also has several private schools, including:
<!-- please keep alphabetical -->
*[[Boston Archdiocesan Choir School]]
*[[Buckingham Browne & Nichols]]
*[[Cambridge Montessori school]]
*Cambridge [[Religious Society of Friends|Friends]] School
*Fayerweather Street School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fayerweather.org/|title=Fayerweather Street School – Prek to 8th grade in Cambridge MA|publisher=}}</ref>
*[[International School of Boston]] (formerly École Bilingue)
*[[Matignon High School]]
*[[Shady Hill School]]
*St. Peter School
==Media==
===Newspapers===
Cambridge is served by the ''[[Cambridge Chronicle]]'', the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States. Another popular online newspaper is [http://www.cambridgeday.com Cambridge Day].
===Radio===
Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student-run radio stations:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! [[Callsign]] !! Frequency !! City/town !! Licensee !! Format
|-
| [[WHRB]] || align=right | 95.3 FM || Cambridge (Harvard) || Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co., Inc. || [[Variety (US radio)|Musical variety]]
|-
| [[WJIB]] || align=right | 740 AM/101.3 FM || Cambridge || Bob Bittner Broadcasting || [[Adult Standards]]/Pop
|-
| [[WMBR]] || align=right | 88.1 FM || Cambridge (MIT) || Technology Broadcasting Corporation || [[College radio]]
|}
===Television and broadband===
Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television facility and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the Cambridge cable system (Comcast). The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/consumercouncil/cambridgecableinformation.aspx |title=Cable Television in the City of Cambridge |author=Staff writer |year=2013 |work=Cambridge Consumers' Council |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508210917/http://www.cambridgema.gov/consumercouncil/cambridgecableinformation.aspx|archivedate=May 8, 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=April 3, 2013 |quote=Comcast is currently the only cable operator that has sought a license with Cambridge. The City of Cambridge has approached other operators, more than once, about seeking a license to operate a cable TV system in Cambridge, but they have informed us that Cambridge is not part of their business plan; however, City officials stand ready to negotiate with any willing operator.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dtc-lp/competition-division/cable-tv-division/municipal-info/cable-television-licenses.html |title=Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs & Business Regulation (OCABR)}}</ref> though services from American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses."<ref>{{cite web|title = Broadband Task Force – City Manager's Office – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|url = http://www.cambridgema.gov/cmanager/broadbandtaskforce|website = www.cambridgema.gov|accessdate = October 30, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030041545/http://www.cambridgema.gov/cmanager/broadbandtaskforce|archive-date = October 30, 2015|dead-url = yes|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{See also|Boston transportation}}
====Road====
[[File:Harvard Square at Peabody Street and Mass Avenue.jpg|thumb|[[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]] in [[Harvard Square]]]]
Several major roads lead to Cambridge, including [[Massachusetts State Highway 2|Route 2]], [[Massachusetts State Highway 16|Route 16]] and the [[Massachusetts State Highway 28|McGrath Highway (Route 28)]]. The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] does not pass through Cambridge, but provides access by an exit in nearby [[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]]. Both [[U.S. Route 1]] and [[I-93 (MA)|Interstate 93]] also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in [[Boston]]. [[Massachusetts State Highway 2A|Route 2A]] runs the length of the city, chiefly along [[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]]. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, including the [[Longfellow Bridge]] and the [[Harvard Bridge]], eight of which are open to motorized road traffic.
Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns, and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. Today, the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads, such as Massachusetts Avenue between [[Harvard Square]] and [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]], or Hampshire Street between [[Kendall Square]] and [[Inman Square]].
====Mass transit====
[[File:Central MBTA station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central (MBTA)|Central Station]] on the [[MBTA Red Line]]]]
Cambridge is well served by the [[MBTA]], including the [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square Station]] on the regional [[MBTA Commuter Rail|Commuter Rail]]; the [[Lechmere (MBTA station)|Lechmere Station]] on the [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]; and the [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] at [[Alewife Station (MBTA)|Alewife]], [[Porter (MBTA)|Porter Square]], [[Harvard (MBTA station)|Harvard Square]], [[Central (MBTA station)|Central Square]], and [[Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)|Kendall Square/MIT]] Stations. Alewife Station, the terminus of the Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage (at a rate of $7 per day {{as of|lc=y|2015}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/subway/lines/stations/?stopId=10029 |title=> Schedules & Maps > Subway > Alewife Station |publisher=MBTA |accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref> The [[Harvard Bus Tunnel]], under Harvard Square, reduces traffic congestion on the surface, and connects to the Red Line underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912, and served trackless trolleys ([[trolleybus]]es) and buses as the routes were converted; four lines of the [[Trolleybuses in Greater Boston|MBTA trolleybus system]] continue to use it. The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s.
Besides the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in city, in addition to the municipal government itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlesrivertma.org/members.htm |title=Charles River TMA Members |author=Staff writer |date=January 1, 2013 |work=CRTMA |publisher= |trans-title= |accessdate=January 1, 2013 |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127055722/http://charlesrivertma.org/members.htm |archivedate=November 27, 2012 }}</ref>
====Cycling====
Cambridge has several [[bike path]]s, including one along the Charles River,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/bikepaths_dudley.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117145514/http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/bikepaths_dudley.gif |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |title=Dr. Paul Dudley White Bikepath |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> and the [[Cambridge Linear Park|Linear Park]] connecting the [[Minuteman Bikeway]] at Alewife with the [[Somerville Community Path]]. Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central MIT streets, bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk. Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_ban.html |title=Sidewalk Bicycling Banned Areas – Cambridge Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419060953/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_ban.html |archivedate=April 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_reg.html |title=Traffic Regulations for Cyclists – Cambridge Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge |date=May 1, 1997 |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521205927/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_reg.html |archivedate=May 21, 2012}}</ref>
While ''[[Bicycling Magazine]]'' in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling,<ref>{{cite journal|author=MacLaughlin, Nina |year=2006 |title=Boston Can Be Bike City...If You Fix These Five Big Problems |journal=The Phoenix – Bicycle Bible 2006 |url=http://thephoenix.com/supplements/2006/bicyclebible/article.aspx?ID=Boston |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811055614/http://thephoenix.com/supplements/2006/bicyclebible/article.aspx?ID=Boston |archivedate=August 11, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bicycling.com/article/1,6610,s1-2-16-14593-9,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023835/http://www.bicycling.com/article/1%2C6610%2Cs1-2-16-14593-9%2C00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |title=Urban Treasures |last=Fiske |first=Brian |publisher=Bicycling Magazine |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and was called by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope". Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge, and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html |title=Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield |accessdate=August 16, 2009|author=Katie Zezima|work=The New York Times | date=August 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bicycling.com/article/0,6610,s1-2-13-17078-1,00.html|title=A Future Best City: Boston|accessdate=August 16, 2009|publisher=Rodale Inc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211195827/http://www.bicycling.com/article/0%2C6610%2Cs1-2-13-17078-1%2C00.html|archivedate=February 11, 2010|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/07/13/boston_gear_up_for_influx_of_new_bicycle_riders/ |title=Boston gear up for influx of new bicycle riders|work=The Boston Globe|date=July 13, 2011|accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/07/15/make_boston_bicycle_free/ |title=Make Boston bicycle-free|work=The Boston Globe | author=McGrory Brian | date=July 15, 2011|accessdate=July 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/05/11/bicycle.wars/index.html|title=Drivers, bicyclists clash on road sharing|accessdate=July 15, 2011|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System |date=October 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2009/07/29/hub_to_beckon_bikers_with_sharing_program|title=Hub's bike routes beckon, white knuckles and all|accessdate=July 15, 2011|work=The Boston Globe |first=David|last=Filipov|date=July 29, 2009}}</ref>
Cambridge has an official bicycle committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/boardsandcommissionsdirectory/boardsandcommissionsdirectory/bicyclecommittee|title=Bicycle Committee – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|last=Cambridge|first=City of|publisher=City of Cambridge|access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref> The [[LivableStreets Alliance]], headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for bicyclists, pedestrians, and [[walkability|walkable neighborhoods]].<ref name=LSA>{{cite web|title=LivableStreets: Rethinking Urban Transportation|url=http://www.livablestreets.info|publisher=LivableStreets Alliance|accessdate=March 7, 2013}}</ref>
====Walking====
[[File:Weeks Footbridge Cambridge, MA.jpg|thumb|The [[John W. Weeks Bridge|Weeks Bridge]] provides a pedestrian-only connection between Boston's Allston-Brighton neighborhood and Cambridge over the Charles River]]
Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, of US cities with more than 100,000 residents, Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters who walked to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=ALL_STATES&lower_pop=100000&upper_pop=99999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0 |title=The Carfree Census Database: Result of search for communities in any state with population over 100,000, sorted in descending order by % Pedestrian Commuters |publisher=Bikesatwork.com |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> Cambridge's major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods, including [[traffic calming]] features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Transportation/programs/currentprograms/pedestrianplan |title=City of Cambridge Pedestrian Plan |publisher=CambridgeMA.gov |accessdate=January 22, 2017}}</ref>
====Intercity====
The Boston intercity bus and train stations at [[South Station]], Boston, and [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston]], are accessible by [[Red Line (MBTA)|subway]]. The [[Fitchburg Line]] rail service from [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square]] connects to some western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service between [[Alewife (MBTA station)|Alewife Station]] (Cambridge) and [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Sarah |url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/10/warren_mbta_welcome_world_wide.html |title=NYC-bound buses will roll from Newton, Cambridge |publisher=Boston.com |date=October 19, 2010 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
===Police department===
{{Main|Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)}}
In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the [[Massachusetts State Police]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5&csid=Eeops|title=Station H-5, SP Brighton|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093603/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5&csid=Eeops|archivedate=December 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Due, however, to close proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops|title=Station H-4, SP Boston|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093602/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops|archivedate=December 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the [[Harvard University Police Department]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department|MIT Police Department]], respectively.
===Fire department===
The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Chief is Gerald R. Reardon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cfd/aboutus.aspx |title=City of Cambridge Fire Department: About Us |publisher= cambridgema.gov |date= |accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref>
===Water department===
Cambridge is unusual among cities inside Route 128 in having a non-[[MWRA]] water supply. City water is obtained from [[Hobbs Brook]] (in [[Lincoln, Massachusetts|Lincoln]] and [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]) and [[Stony Brook (Boston)|Stony Brook]] (Waltham and [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]]). The city owns over {{convert|1200|acres|0|abbr=on}} of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/wat_lands.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531100327/http://www.cambridgema.gov/CWD/wat_lands.cfm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 31, 2004 |title=Cambridge Watershed Lands & Facilities |publisher=.cambridgema.gov |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to [[Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Fresh Pond]] in Cambridge. It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of {{convert|176|ft|m}} [[above sea level]] at the Payson Park Reservoir ([[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]]); From there, the water is redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/CWD_March_2010.pdf|title=Water supply system |format=PDF |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CWD/fpfaqs.cfm |title=Is Fresh Pond really used for drinking water?|publisher=Cambridge Water Department|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302040328/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/fpfaqs.cfm|archivedate=March 2, 2013}}</ref> A new water treatment plant opened in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/Water/wateroperationsdivision/watertreatment|title=Water Treatment|last=|first=|date=|website=City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref> The city used MWRA water during the old plant's demolition and the new plant's construction.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} In October 2016, the City of Cambridge announced that, due to drought conditions, they would begin buying water from the MWRA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/10/17/cambridge-begin-buying-water-from-mwra/6RhEx8I8ggrrj54njzwteI/story.html|title=Cambridge to begin buying water from MWRA – The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref> On January 3, 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/link.aspx?_id=68DCA993566D4B90A695CB129313F620&_z=z|title=Cambridge Continues Temporary MWRA Water Usage – Water – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|website=Cambridgema.gov|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref>
===Public library services===
{{Main|Cambridge Public Library}}
Further educational services are provided at the [[Cambridge Public Library]]. The large modern main building was built in 2009, and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building. It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The 1888 building was a donation of [[Frederick H. Rindge]].
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States}}
Cambridge has six official [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities]] with active relationships:<ref name="sister cities">{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities.aspx|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232916/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities.aspx|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (est. June 1982)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Gaeta]], [[Lazio]], Italy (est. December 1982)
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba Science City]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]], Japan (est. October 1983)
*{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San José Las Flores, Chalatenango|San José Las Flores]], [[Chalatenango Department|Chalatenango]], El Salvador (est. March 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/sanjoselasfloreselsalvador|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City San José Las Flores, El Salvador|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232913/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/sanjoselasfloreselsalvador|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (est. April 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/yerevanarmenia|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City Yerevan, Armenia|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232919/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/yerevanarmenia|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/|title=Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities|accessdate=November 4, 2013|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|year=2013}}</ref><ref name="Yerevan twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|script-title=hy:ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ|publisher=yerevan.am|accessdate=August 5, 2013|trans-title=Yerevan expanding its international relations|language=Armenian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|archivedate=May 12, 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|IRL}} [[Galway]], [[County Galway]], Ireland (est. March 1997)
Since the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] Cambridge has been in the process of developing a relationship with [[Les Cayes]], Haiti, but the damage wrought then and by [[Hurricane Matthew]] in 2015 have delayed the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/lescayeshaiti|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: the Cambridge-Haiti Sister City Committee|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232909/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/lescayeshaiti|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Cambridge has ten additional official sister cities that are not active:<ref name="sister cities" /><ref name="peacom">{{cite web |title=A message from the Peace Commission |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2fsitecore%2fcontent%2fhome%2fpeace%2fnewsandpublications%2fnews%2f2008%2f02%2finformationoncambridgessistercities |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202232905/http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2Fpeace%2Fnewsandpublications%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2Finformationoncambridgessistercities |archivedate=February 2, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|IRL}} [[Dublin]], Ireland (October 1983)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Ischia]], [[Campania]], Italy (June 1984)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Catania]], [[Sicily]], Italy (February 1987)
*{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Kraków]], [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]], Poland (October 1989)
*{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo Oeste]], Dominican Republic (May 2003)
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]], [[Greater London]], UK (June 2004)
*{{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Yuseong District]], [[Daejeon]], Korea (February 2005)
*{{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Haidian District]], [[Beijing]], China (March 2005)
*{{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cienfuegos]], Cuba (May 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/cienfuegoscuba|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City Cienfuegos, Cuba|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232819/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/cienfuegoscuba|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Boston}}
* [[Hezekiah Usher]], first bookseller in the thirteen colonies.
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{See also | Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts#Bibliography |l1 = Bibliography of the history of Cambridge, Massachusetts }}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EB9 |mode = cs2 |wstitle = Cambridge (3.) |volume = 4 |ref = {{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |page = 732 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode = cs2 |wstitle = Cambridge (Massachusetts) |volume = 5 |ref ={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |pages = 95–96 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last = Drake |editor-first = Samuel Adams |title = History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County |volume = Volume 2 (L-W) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&pg=PA506 |year = 1879 |publisher = Estes and Lauriat }}
** [https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&printsec=titlepage#PPA305,M1 Cambridge article] by Rev. Edward Abbott in Volume 1, pages 305–358.
* Eliot, Samuel Atkins. ''A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630–1913''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[The Cambridge Tribune]], 1913.
* {{cite journal |last = Hiestand |first = Emily |title = Watershed: An Excursion in Four Parts |journal = [[The Georgia Review]] |issue = Spring 1998 |pages = 7–28 |location = [[Athens, Georgia]] |publisher = [[University of Georgia]] }}
* [[Lucius Robinson Paige|Paige, Lucius]]. ''History of Cambridge, Massachusettse: 1630–1877''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[The Riverside Press]], 1877.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Cambridge Historical Commission]], 1967. {{ISBN|0-262-53012-0}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Cambridgeport''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1971. {{ISBN|0-262-53013-9}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1973. {{ISBN|0-262-53014-7}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977. {{ISBN|0-262-53032-5}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge'' (revised edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1988. {{ISBN|0-262-53078-3}}
* {{cite book |last = Sinclair |first = Jill |title = Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge Landscape |publisher = MIT Press |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts |date = April 2009 |ISBN = 978-0-262-19591-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Seaburg |first = Alan |title = Cambridge on the Charles |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c7_oCS782-8C |publisher=Anne Miniver Press |location=[[Billerica, Massachusetts]] |year = 2001 |ISBN = 978-0-9625794-9-3 }}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Cambridge (Massachusetts)}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Cambridge, (Massachusetts)|Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cambridgema.gov/}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Massachusetts/Localities/C/Cambridge}}
{{-}}
{{Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Middlesex County, Massachusetts}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New England}}
{{Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Northeast Megalopolis}}
{{Northeast US}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cambridge, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:1630 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Charles River]]
[[Category:Cities in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:County seats in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Greater Boston]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1630]]
[[Category:University towns in the United States]]
[[Category:Cities in Massachusetts]]
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Cambridge Montage.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Christ Church]], [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] at [[Harvard University]], [[Ray and Maria Stata Center]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], the Cambridge skyline and [[Charles River]] at night, and [[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]]
| image_flag = Flag of Cambridge, Massachusetts.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Cambridge, Massachusetts.svg
| nickname =
| motto = {{nowrap|''Literis Antiquis Novis Institutis Decora'' {{smaller|([[Latin]])}}<br>{{smaller|"Distinguished for Classical Learning and New Institutions"}}}}"<ref name="chcfaq">{{cite web | url= http://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/aboutchc/faqpage | title=Frequently Asked Questions | author=Cambridge Historical Commission | publisher=City of Cambridge | accessdate=September 11, 2016 }}</ref>
| image_map = Cambridge ma highlight.png
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]] (pink), Massachusetts
| pushpin_map = Massachusetts#USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| pushpin_label = Cambridge
| coordinates = {{coord|42|22|25|N|71|06|38|W|region:US-MA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{US}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Massachusetts}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1630
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1636
| established_title3 = City
| established_date3 = 1846
| government_type = [[Council-manager government|Council-City Manager]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Marc C. McGovern
| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1 = Jan Devereaux
| leader_title2 = [[City manager|City Manager]]
| leader_name2 = Louis A. DePasquale
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_km2 = 18.47
| area_total_sq_mi = 7.13
| area_land_km2 = 16.65
| area_land_sq_mi = 6.43
| area_water_km2 = 1.81
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.70
| elevation_m = 12
| elevation_ft = 40
| population_total = 105162
| population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = [[Cantabrigian]]
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
|utc_offset_DST = −4
| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| postal_code = 02138, 02139, 02140, 02141, 02142
| area_code = [[Area code 617|617]] / [[Area code 857|857]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 25-11000
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 0617365
| website = {{url|cambridgema.gov}}
|pop_est_as_of = 2016
|pop_est_footnotes =<ref name="USCensusEst2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}</ref>
|population_est = 110651
}}
'''Cambridge''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|m|b|r|ɪ|dʒ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cambridge?showCookiePolicy=true|title=Cambridge
|accessdate=May 2, 2017|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref> {{respell|KAYM|brij}}) is a city in [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]], and part of the [[Greater Boston|Boston metropolitan area]].
Situated directly north of [[Boston]], across the [[Charles River]], it was named in honor of the [[University of Cambridge]] in England, an important center of the [[Puritan]] theology embraced by the town's founders.<ref name="degler84">{{cite book | last=Degler | first=Carl Neumann | authorlink=Carl Neumann Degler | title=Out of Our Pasts: The Forces That Shaped Modern America | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | location=New York | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NebLe1ueuGQC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=cambridge+university+puritans+newtowne#v=onepage&q=&f=false | accessdate=September 9, 2009 | isbn=978-0-06-131985-3 }}</ref>{{rp|18}}
[[Harvard University]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), two of the world's most prestigious universities, are in Cambridge,<ref name="AcademicRanking2">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only] Accessed December 1, 2016.</ref> as was [[Radcliffe College]], one of the leading [[women's colleges in the United States|colleges for women]] in the United States until it merged with Harvard on October 1, 1999.
According to the [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]], the city's population was 105,162.<ref name="uscensusqfd2511000">{{cite web | url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html | title=Cambridge (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau | at=Population, 2010 | website=State & County QuickFacts | publisher=[[USDOC]] | date=July 8, 2014 | access-date=April 30, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327160241/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html | archive-date=March 27, 2014 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{As of|2014|07}}, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind [[Boston]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], and [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]].<ref name="uscensusqfd2500">{{cite web | url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html | title=Massachusetts QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau | website=State & County QuickFacts | publisher=[[USDOC]] | date=July 8, 2014 }}</ref> Cambridge was one of two [[county seat|seats]] of Middlesex County until the county government was abolished in Massachusetts in 1997. Lowell was the other.
[[Kendall Square]] in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] [[startup company|start-ups]] and quality of [[innovation]] that have emerged there since 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/|title=Kendall Square Initiative|publisher=MIT|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html|title=
When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?|author=Lelund Cheung|work=The Boston Globe|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}</ref>
== History ==
{{See also|Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
[[File:Formation of Massachusetts towns.svg|thumb|Map showing the original boundaries of Cambridge and other Massachusetts cities and towns]]
In December 1630, the site of what would become Cambridge was chosen because it was safely upriver from [[Boston Harbor]], making it easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. [[Thomas Dudley]], his daughter [[Anne Bradstreet]], and her husband Simon were among the town's first settlers. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne".{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref name="abbott1880">{{cite book | last=Abbott | first=Rev. Edward | editor-last=Drake | editor-first=Samuel Adams | editor-link=Samuel Adams Drake | title=History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts | chapter=Cambridge | publisher=Estes and Lauriat | location=Boston | year=1880 | volume=1 | pages = 305–16 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&pg=PA316&lpg=PA305&dq=newetowne#PPA305,M1 | accessdate=December 26, 2008 }}</ref> Official Massachusetts records show the name rendered as '''Newe Towne''' by 1632, and as '''Newtowne''' by 1638.<ref name="abbott1880" /><ref name=public>{{cite book |title=Report on the Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes |publisher=Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYWAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA298&lpg=RA1-PA298&dq=%22Ordered+That+Newtowne+shall+henceforward+be+called%22 |location=Boston |year=1889 |page=298 |accessdate=December 24, 2008 }}</ref> Located at the first convenient [[Charles River]] crossing west of [[Boston]], Newe Towne was one of a number of towns (including Boston, [[Dorchester, Massachusetts|Dorchester]], [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], and [[Weymouth, Massachusetts|Weymouth]]) founded by the 700 original [[Puritan]] colonists of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] under Governor [[John Winthrop]]. Its first preacher was [[Thomas Hooker]], who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and the [[Connecticut Colony]]; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The original village site is in the heart of today's [[Harvard Square]]. The [[Farmers' market|marketplace]] where farmers brought crops from surrounding towns to sell survives today as the small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets, then at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled). The town comprised a much larger area than the present city,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]) in 1688,<ref>{{cite book |last= Ritter |first= Priscilla R. |author2=Thelma Fleishman |title = Newton, Massachusetts 1679–1779: A Biographical Directory |year= 1982 |publisher= New England Historic Genealogical Society }}</ref> Cambridge Farms (now [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]]) in 1712{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} or 1713,<ref>{{citation |contribution-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310152201/http://www.lexingtonchamber.org/history.html |contribution=History |title=Lexington Chamber of Commerce |date=2007 }}</ref> and Little or South Cambridge (now [[Brighton, Boston|Brighton]]){{refn|group=lower-alpha|Brighton was annexed by Boston in 1874.}} and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]]) in 1807.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.brightonbot.com/history.php |title=A Short History of Allston-Brighton |first=Marchione |last=William P. |year=2011 |work=Brighton-Allston Historical Society |publisher=Brighton Board of Trade |accessdate=December 21, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031829/http://www.brightonbot.com/history.php |archivedate=February 20, 2012 }}</ref>{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Part of West Cambridge joined the new town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] in 1859; the rest of West Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867.}} In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected.<ref>{{cite news |title=Annexation And Its Fruits |author=Staff writer |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1874/01/15/archives/annexation-and-its-fruits.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 15, 1874 |page = 4 |archiveurl = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1874/01/15/79213345.pdf |archivedate=January 15, 1874 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Boston's Annexation Schemes.; Proposal To Absorb Cambridge And Other Near-By Towns |author=Staff writer |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1892/03/27/archives/bostons-annexation-schemes-proposal-to-absorb-cambridge-and-other.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 26, 1892 |page = 11 |accessdate=August 21, 2010 |archiveurl = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/03/27/104093600.pdf |archivedate=March 27, 1892 }}</ref>
In 1636, the Newe College (later renamed [[Harvard College]] after benefactor [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]]) was founded by the colony to train [[minister (religion)|ministers]]. According to [[Cotton Mather]], Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the [[Massachusetts General Court|Great and General Court]] (the Massachusetts legislature) primarily for its proximity to the popular and highly respected Puritan preacher [[Thomas Shepard (minister)|Thomas Shepard]]. In May 1638,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-six|editor=Arthur Gilman|publisher=Committee on the Memorial Volume|location=Cambridge|year=1896|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard News Office |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118015220/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |title=This month in Harvard history |publisher=[[Harvard Gazette]] |date=May 2, 2002 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}. This calendar gives May 12, 1638, as date of name change; certain other sources say May 2, 1638, or late 1637.</ref> the settlement's name was changed to '''Cambridge''' in honor of the [[University of Cambridge|university]] in [[Cambridge, England]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |title= Historic Guide to Cambridge |edition= Second |year= 1907 |publisher= Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages= 20–21 |quote= On October 15, 1637, the Great and General Court passed a vote that: "The college is ordered to bee at Newetowne." In this same year the name of Newetowne was changed to Cambridge, ("It is ordered that Newetowne shall henceforward be called Cambridge") in honor of the university in Cambridge, England, where many of the early settlers were educated. }}</ref> Hooker and Shepard, Newtowne's ministers, and the college's [[Henry Dunster|first president]], [[John Harvard (clergyman)|major benefactor]], and [[Nathaniel Eaton|first schoolmaster]] were all Cambridge alumni, as was the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|colony]]'s governor John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the [[Cambridge Agreement]], after the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winthropsociety.org/doc_cambr.php|publisher=[[The Winthrop Society]]|title=Descendants of the Great Migration|accessdate=September 8, 2008}}</ref> In 1650, Governor [[Thomas Dudley]] signed the charter creating the corporation that still governs Harvard College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.harvard.edu/university-archives/using-the-collections/online-resources/charter-of-1650 |title=Harvard Charter of 1650|publisher=[[Harvard University Archives]]|accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm |accessdate=December 13, 2009 |edition= |series= |volume= |date=September 1, 1779 |publisher=The General Court of Massachusetts |location= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |page= |pages=|chapter=Chapter V: The University at Cambridge, and encouragement of literature, etc. |chapterurl= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref>
[[File:Washington taking command of the American Army at Cambridge, 1775 - NARA - 532874.tif|thumb|right|[[George Washington]] in Cambridge, 1775]]
Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} by road from Boston, the colony's capital. By the [[American Revolution]], most residents lived near the [[Cambridge Common|Common]] and Harvard College, with most of the town comprising farms and estates. Most inhabitants were descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite of [[Anglicans|Anglican]] "worthies" who were not involved in village life, made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions along "the Road to Watertown" (today's [[Brattle Street (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Brattle Street]], still known as [[Tory Row]]). Coming up from [[Virginia Colony|Virginia]], [[George Washington]] took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on [[Cambridge Common]] on July 3, 1775,{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} now reckoned the birthplace of the [[U.S. Army]].{{efn|The name of today's nearby Sheraton Commander Hotel refers to that event.}} Most of the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tory]] estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, [[Henry Knox]] arrived with artillery captured from [[Fort Ticonderoga]], which enabled Washington to drive the British army out of Boston.
[[File:Cambridge 1873 WardMap.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Map of Cambridge from 1873]]
Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly, with the construction of the [[West Boston Bridge]] in 1792 connecting Cambridge directly to Boston, so that it was no longer necessary to travel {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} through the [[Boston Neck]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and [[Brookline, Massachusetts|Brookline]] to cross the [[Charles River]]. A second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new [[Middlesex Canal]]. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and [[marsh]]land into prime industrial and residential districts.
In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution. It was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. The [[Fireside Poets]]—[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]]—were highly popular and influential in their day.
Soon after, [[Toll road|turnpikes]] were built: the [[Cambridge and Concord Turnpike]] (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the [[Middlesex Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] (Hampshire St. and [[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Ave.]] northwest of [[Porter Square]]), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets connected various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, the town was connected to the [[Boston & Maine Railroad]],{{sfnp|''EB''|1911|p=96}} leading to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] from the formerly rural parts of [[Charlestown, Boston|Charlestown]].
[[File:1852 Middlesex Canal (Massachusetts) map.jpg|thumb|1852 Map of Boston area showing Cambridge and regional rail lines and highlighting the course of the [[Middlesex Canal]]. Cambridge is toward the bottom of the map and outlined in yellow, and should not be confused with the pink-outlined and partially cropped "West Cambridge", now [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]].]]
Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} despite persistent tensions between East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge stemming from differences in culture, sources of income, and the national origins of the residents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cambridge Considered: A Very Brief History of Cambridge, 1800–1900, Part I. |url=http://cambridgeconsidered.blogspot.com/2011/01/very-brief-history-of-cambridge-1800.html}}</ref> The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the city's downtown around this time. Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present character—[[streetcar suburb]]an development along the turnpikes, with working-class and industrial neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle-class housing on the old Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge estates, and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and [[Alewife Brook]]; the ice-cutting industry launched by [[Frederic Tudor]] on [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]]; and the carving up of the last estates into residential subdivisions to house the thousands of immigrants who arrived to work in the new industries.
For many decades, the city's largest employer was the [[New England Glass Company]], founded in 1818. By the middle of the 19th century it was the world's largest and most modern glassworks. In 1888, [[Edward Libbey|Edward Drummond Libbey]] moved all production to [[Toledo, Ohio]], where it continues today under the name [[Owens-Illinois]]. The company's flint glassware with heavy lead content is prized by antique glass collectors. There is none on public display in Cambridge, but the [[Toledo Museum of Art]] has a large collection. The [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] and the Sandwich Glass Museum on [[Cape Cod]] also have a few pieces.
By 1920, Cambridge was one of [[New England]]'s main industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 residents. Among the largest businesses in Cambridge during the period of industrialization was [[Carter's Ink Company]], whose neon sign long adorned the [[Charles River]] and which was for many years the world's largest ink manufacturer. Next door was the [[Atheneum Press]]. [[Confectionery]] and snack manufacturers in the Cambridgeport-Area 4-Kendall corridor included the Kennedy Biscuit Factory (later part of [[Nabisco]] and originator of the [[Fig Newton]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM55Y9_Kennedy_F_A_Steam_Bakery_Cambridge_MA|title=Kennedy, F. A., Steam Bakery – Cambridge, Massachusetts – U.S. National Register of Historic Places |work=waymarking.com}}</ref> [[Necco]], [[Squirrel Brands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/squirrel.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Squirrel Brand Nuts|work=cambridgehistory.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430114806/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/squirrel.html|archivedate=April 30, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> George Close Company (1861–1930s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/gclose.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – George Close Company|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221161421/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/gclose.html|archive-date=February 21, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Daggett Chocolate (1892–1960s, recipes bought by Necco),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/daggett.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Daggett Chocolate|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221161259/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/daggett.html|archive-date=February 21, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Fox Cross Company (1920–1980, originator of the [[Charleston Chew]], and now part of [[Tootsie Roll Industries]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/foxcross.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – Fox Cross Co.|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027095434/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/foxcross.html|archive-date=October 27, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927–1963, originator of [[Junior Mints]], [[Sugar Daddy (candy)|Sugar Daddies]], [[Sugar Mamas]] and [[Sugar Babies (candy)|Sugar Babies]], now part of Tootsie Roll Industries).<ref name="Welch">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/jwelch.html|title=Candy Land: The History of Candy Making in Cambridge, Massachusetts – James O. Welch|work=cambridgehistory.org|access-date=July 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007093651/http://www.cambridgehistory.org/discover/candy/jwelch.html|archive-date=October 7, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Only the [[Cambridge Brands]] subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries remains in town, still manufacturing Junior Mints in the old Welch factory on Main Street.<ref name="Welch" /> The [[Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District|Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company]] (1886), the [[Kendall Boiler and Tank Company]] (1880, now in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts]]) and the [[New England Glass Company]] (1818–1878) were among the industrial manufacturers in what are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge.
As industry in New England began to decline during the [[Great Depression]] and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to become an intellectual, rather than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important as both a landowner and an institution, but it began to play a more dominant role in the city's life and culture. When [[Radcliffe College]] was established in 1879 the town became a mecca for some of the nation's most academically talented female students. The [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]'s move from Boston in 1916 reinforced Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States.
After the 1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly as families tended to be replaced by single people and young couples. The 1980s brought a wave of high-technology startups, creating software such as [[Visicalc]] and [[Lotus 1-2-3]], and advanced computers, but many of these companies fell into decline with the fall of the [[minicomputer]] and [[DOS]]-based systems. The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square was a major software hub through the [[dot-com boom]] and today hosts offices of such major technology companies as [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Amazon.com|Amazon]], and the headquarters of [[Akamai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.akamai.com/us/en/locations.jsp|title=Locations - Akamai|website=Akamai.com|accessdate=May 25, 2018}}</ref>
In 1976, Harvard's plans to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a citizen review panel. In the end, Cambridge decided to allow such experiments but passed safety regulations in 1977. This led to regulatory certainty and acceptance when [[Biogen]] opened a lab in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (a Harvard spinoff) to abandon Somerville and Boston for Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.betaboston.com/news/2016/03/17/how-cambridge-became-the-life-sciences-capital/|title=How Cambridge became the life sciences capital|publisher=}}</ref> The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since thrived in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and [[Genzyme]]; laboratories for [[Novartis]], [[Teva Pharmaceutical Industries|Teva]], [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company|Takeda]], [[Alnylam Pharmaceuticals|Alnylam]], [[Ironwood Pharmaceuticals|Ironwood]], [[Catabasis Pharmaceuticals|Catabasis]], [[Moderna Therapeutics]], [[Editas Medicine]]; support companies such as [[Cytel]]; and many smaller companies.
By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most expensive housing markets in the Northeastern United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glaeser|first=E. L.|date=April 1, 2005|title=Reinventing Boston: 1630–2003|url=https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh058|journal=Journal of Economic Geography|volume=5|issue=2|pages=119–153|doi=10.1093/jnlecg/lbh058|issn=1468-2702}}</ref> While considerable class, race, and age diversity persisted, it became harder for those who grew up in the city to afford to stay. The end of [[rent control]] in 1994 prompted many Cambridge renters to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns.
Until recently, Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to Boston kept housing prices relatively stable despite the bursting of the [[United States housing bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/article/20150417/NEWS/150417123|title=Housing prices soar after years of stability in Cambridge|last=dmclean@wickedlocal.com|first=Danielle McLean|work=Cambridge Chronicle & Tab|access-date=March 2, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Cambridge has been a [[sanctuary city]] since 1985 and reaffirmed its status as such in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cityClerk/PolicyOrder.cfm?item_id=13247 |publisher=City of Cambridge|title= City Council Policy Order Resolution O-16|date=May 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-boston-bombings-cambridge-20130421,0,2121257.story |work=Los Angeles Times |title=In immigrant-rich Cambridge, arrest baffles locals|first1=Melanie |last1=Mason|first2=Michael J. |last2=Mishak |first3=Ashley |last3=Powers |date=April 21, 2013}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Charles River Cambridge USA.jpg|thumb|upright|A view from Boston of Harvard's [[Weld Boathouse]] and Cambridge in winter. The [[Charles River]] is in the foreground.]]
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Cambridge has a total area of {{convert|7.1|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|6.4|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.7|sqmi|km2}} (9.82%) is water.
===Adjacent municipalities===
Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by:
*the city of [[Boston]] to the south (across the [[Charles River]]) and east
*the city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] to the north
*the town of [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] to the northwest
*the town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] and
*the city of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]] to the west
The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] passes through densely populated neighborhoods which are connected by the [[Red Line (MBTA)|MBTA Red Line]]. Some of the main squares, [[Inman Square|Inman]], [[Porter Square|Porter]], and to a lesser extent, [[Harvard Square|Harvard]] and [[Lechmere Square|Lechmere]], are very close to the city line, as are Somerville's [[Union Square (Somerville)|Union]] and [[Davis Square]]s.
Through the City of Cambridge's exclusive municipal water system, the city further controls two [[exclave]] areas, one being Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a [[American and Canadian Water Landmark|2009 listed American Water Landmark]] located roughly one mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the town of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and [[Stony Brook (Middlesex County, Massachusetts)|Stony Brook]] watersheds, which share borders with neighboring towns and cities including [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexingon]], [[Lincoln, Massachusetts|Lincoln]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]], and [[Weston, Massachusetts]].
===Neighborhoods===
{{Refimprove section|date=March 2016}}
====Squares====
Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares",<ref>{{cite web|author=No Writer Attributed |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/9/18/cambridge-a-city-of-squares-pcambridge/ |title="Cambridge: A City of Squares" Harvard Crimson, Sept. 18, 1969 |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=September 18, 1969 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/Cambridge.html |title=Cambridge Journal: Massachusetts City No Longer in Boston's Shadow |publisher=Travelwritersmagazine.com |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417231041/http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/Cambridge.html |archivedate=April 17, 2012}}</ref> as most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as [[Town square|squares]]. Each square acts as a neighborhood center. These include:
* [[Kendall Square]], formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street. It is also known as '''Technology Square''', a name shared with an office and laboratory building cluster in the neighborhood. Just over the [[Longfellow Bridge]] from Boston, at the eastern end of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] campus, it is served by the [[Kendall (MBTA station)|Kendall/MIT]] station on the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] subway. Most of Cambridge's large office towers are here, giving the area something of the feel of an office park. A flourishing [[biotech]] industry has grown up in this area. The [[Cambridge Innovation Center]], a large co-working space, is in Kendall Square at 1 Broadway. The Cambridge Center office complex is in Kendall Square, and not at the actual center of Cambridge. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but confusingly not actually in Kendall Square.
* [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]], formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue. Well known for its wide variety of ethnic restaurants, it was rather rundown as recently as the late 1990s; it underwent a controversial [[gentrification]] in recent years (in conjunction with the development of the nearby [[University Park at MIT]]), and continues to grow more expensive. It is served by the [[Central (MBTA station)|Central Station]] stop on the MBTA Red Line subway. '''Lafayette Square''', formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. [[Cambridgeport]] is south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street.
* [[Harvard Square]], formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the primary site of [[Harvard University]] and a major Cambridge shopping area. It is served by a [[Harvard (MBTA station)|Red Line station]]. Harvard Square was originally the Red Line's northwestern terminus and a major transfer point to streetcars that also operated in a short [[Harvard Bus Tunnel|tunnel]]—which is still a major bus terminal, although the area under the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended. The Harvard Square area includes '''Brattle Square''' and '''Eliot Square'''. A short distance away from the square lies the [[Cambridge Common]], while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz, after the famed scientist [[Louis Agassiz]].
* [[Porter Square]], about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. It includes part of the city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] and is served by the [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square Station]], a complex housing a [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] stop and a [[Fitchburg Line]] [[MBTA commuter rail|commuter rail]] stop. [[Lesley University]]'s University Hall and Porter campus are in Porter Square.
* [[Inman Square]], at the junction of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in Mid-Cambridge. It is home to many diverse restaurants, bars, music venues and boutiques. [[Victorian era|Victorian]] streetlights, benches and bus stops were recently added to the streets, and a new city park was installed.
* [[Lechmere Square]], at the junction of Cambridge and First streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. It is perhaps best known as the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]'s northern terminus, at [[Lechmere (MBTA station)|Lechmere Station]].
=====Gallery=====
{{wide image|Cambridge skyline November 2016 panorama.jpg|900px|Cambridge skyline in November 2016|90%|center|alt=Panorama of Cambridge skyline in November 2016}}
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Areas of Cambridge">
File:Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg|[[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]]
File:Harvard square 2009j.JPG|[[Harvard Square]]
File:Cambridge MA Inman Square.jpg|[[Inman Square]]
</gallery>
====Other neighborhoods====
[[File:Neighborhood Map of Cambridge, MA.png|thumb|right|Neighborhood map of Cambridge]]
Cambridge's residential neighborhoods border but are not defined by the squares.
* [[East Cambridge, Massachusetts|East Cambridge]] (Area 1) is bordered on the north by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the east by the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west by the [[Grand Junction Railroad]] tracks. It includes the [[NorthPoint (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|NorthPoint]] development.
* [[Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT Campus]] ([[MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge|Area 2]]) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
* [[Wellington-Harrington]] (Area 3) is bordered on the north by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south and west by Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Referred to as "Mid-Block".{{clarify|What is? By whom? A full sentence would help. :Residents of Roosevelt Towers would refer to it as Mid-Block, so would residents of East Cambridge or Port. Not sure how to put that into a sentence that isn't too intrusive|date=September 2015}}
* The Port, formerly known as [[Area 4, Cambridge|Area 4]], is bordered on the north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Residents of Area 4 often simply call their neighborhood "The Port" and the area of Cambridgeport and Riverside "The Coast". In October 2015, the Cambridge City Council officially renamed Area 4 "The Port," formalizing the longtime nickname, largely on the initiative of neighborhood native and then-Vice Mayor Dennis Benzan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/article/20151020/NEWS/151029350|title=Area Four in Cambridge renamed 'The Port'|last=Cambridge@wickedlocal.com|first=Natalie Handy|website=Cambridge Chronicle & Tab|access-date=March 20, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Cambridgeport]] (Area 5) is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
* [[Mid-Cambridge]] (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by Prospect Street.
* [[Riverside, Cambridge|Riverside]] (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast," is bordered on the north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on the east by River Street.
* [[Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Agassiz (Harvard North)]] (Area 8) is bordered on the north by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south and east by Kirkland Street, and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue.
* Neighborhood Nine or Radcliffe (formerly called [[Peabody, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Peabody]], until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by that name) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by Massachusetts Avenue.
::The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher elevations within the area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.
* Brattle area/[[West Cambridge (neighborhood)|West Cambridge]] (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, on the south by the Charles River and [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as [[Tory Row]]) and Huron Village.
* [[North Cambridge, Massachusetts|North Cambridge]] (Area 11) is bordered on the north by [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] and [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]], on the south by railroad tracks, on the west by [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]], and on the east by [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]].
* [[Cambridge Highlands]] (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] .
* [[Strawberry Hill, Cambridge|Strawberry Hill]] (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond, on the south by [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]], on the west by [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]], and on the east by railroad tracks.
==== Climate ====
In the [[Köppen climate classification|Koppen-Geiger]] classification Cambridge has a [[Continental climate|warm continental summer climate]] (Dfa) that can appear in the southern end of [[New England]]'s interior. The average January [[temperature]] is 26.6°F (- 3 °C), making Cambridge part of Group D, independent of the isotherm. There are four well-defined [[season]]s and no dry season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/1734/|title=Climate Cambridge: Temperature, Climograph, Climate table for Cambridge - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|align= right
|1790|2115
|1800|2453
|1810|2323
|1820|3295
|1830|6072
|1840|8409
|1850|15215
|1860|26060
|1870|39634
|1880|52669
|1890|70028
|1900|91886
|1910|104839
|1920|109694
|1930|113643
|1940|110879
|1950|120740
|1960|107716
|1970|100361
|1980|95322
|1990|95802
|2000|101355
|2010|105162
|2016|110651
|source=<center>U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=mdy}}</ref></center>
|footnote={{Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities references}}<ref name="1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790">{{cite journal |title=1950 Census of Population|volume=1: Number of Inhabitants|at=Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21–09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920|publisher=Bureau of the Census|accessdate=July 12, 2011|year=1952|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial composition !! 2010<ref name="census"/> !! 1990<ref name="pop"/> !! 1970<ref name="pop"/> !! 1950<ref name="pop"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 66.6% || 75.3% || 91.1% || 95.3%
|-
| —Non-Hispanic || 62.1% || 71.6% || 89.7%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> || n/a
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]] || 11.7% || 13.5% || 6.8% || 4.3%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race) || 7.6% || 6.8% || 1.9%<ref name="fifteen"/> || n/a
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 15.1% || 8.4% || 1.5% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || 4.3% || n/a || n/a || n/a
|}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=January 31, 2008 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=September 11, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density was 16,354.9 people per square mile (6,314.6/km²). There were 47,291 housing units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,840.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.60% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 11.70% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.20% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 15.10% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]] (3.7% [[Chinese American|Chinese]], 1.4% [[Indian American|Asian Indian]], 1.2% [[Korean American|Korean]], 1.0% [[Japanese American|Japanese]]<ref>{{cite web|title=QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table|website=factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=2010 Census|accessdate=June 1, 2014}}</ref>), 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 2.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 4.30% from two or more races. 7.60% of the population were [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race (1.6% [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]], 1.4% [[Mexican American|Mexican]], 0.6% [[Dominican American|Dominican]], 0.5% [[Colombian American|Colombian]], 0.5% [[Salvadoran American|Salvadoran]], 0.4% [[Spanish people|Spaniard]]). [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 62.1% of the population in 2010,<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html |title=Cambridge (city), Massachusetts |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=April 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327160241/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> down from 89.7% in 1970.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|access-date=May 4, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd5KAIE?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html|archive-date=August 6, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> An individual resident of Cambridge is known as a [[Cantabrigian]].
In 2010, there were 44,032 households out of which 16.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76.
In the city, the population was spread out with 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.
The [[median income]] for a household in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was $59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively {{as of|2007|alt=as of a 2007 estimate}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US2418750&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2418750&_street=&_county=cambridge&_cityTown=cambridge&_state=04000US25&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= |title=U.S. Census, 2000 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus $38,489 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.
Cambridge has been ranked as one of the most liberal cities in America.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.govpro.com/News/Article/31439/ |title=Study Ranks America's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities |publisher=Govpro.com |date=August 16, 2005 |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905215646/http://www.govpro.com/News/Article/31439/ |archivedate=September 5, 2008}}</ref> Locals living in and near the city jokingly refer to it as "The People's Republic of Cambridge."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalhub.com/glossary/peoples_republic_the.html |publisher = The Hub|title=People's Republic, the}}</ref> For 2016, the residential property tax rate in Cambridge was $6.99 per $1,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/finance/propertytaxinformation/fy16propertytaxinformation.aspx |title=FY16 Property Tax Information – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge |accessdate=January 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129080825/http://www.cambridgema.gov/finance/propertytaxinformation/fy16propertytaxinformation.aspx |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Cambridge enjoys the highest possible [[bond credit rating]], AAA, with all three Wall Street rating agencies.<ref>{{cite web|title= Cambridge Earns Three Triple A Ratings for Fiscal Management for 15th Consecutive Year – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts
|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2013/03/cityofcambridgeearnsthreetriplearatingsforfiscalmanagement.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217051050/http://www.cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2013/03/cityofcambridgeearnsthreetriplearatingsforfiscalmanagement.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=February 17, 2015|publisher=City of Cambridge|accessdate=February 17, 2015}}</ref>
In 2000, 11.0% of city residents were of [[Irish American|Irish]] ancestry; 7.2% were of [[English American|English]], 6.9% [[Italian American|Italian]], 5.5% [[West Indian]] and 5.3% [[German Americans|German]] ancestry. 69.4% spoke only [[English language|English]] at home, while 6.9% spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]], 3.2% [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] or [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], 3.0% [[portuguese language|Portuguese]], 2.9% [[French-based creole languages|French Creole]], 2.3% [[French language|French]], 1.5% [[korean language|Korean]], and 1.0% [[Italian language|Italian]].
===Income===
{{See also|List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income}}
Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP03&prodType=table|title=Selected Economic Characteristics 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP05&prodType=table|title=ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_S1101&prodType=table|title=Households and Families 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=January 12, 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=bottom
! Rank
! ZIP Code (ZCTA)
! Per capita<br />income
! Median<br />household<br />income
! Median<br />family<br />income
! Population
! Number of<br />households
|-
| 1
| 02142
| $67,525
| $100,114
| $150,774
| 2,838
| 1,385
|-
| 2
| 02138
| $52,592
| $75,446
| $120,564
| 35,554
| 13,868
|-
| 3
| 02140
| $50,856
| $75,446
| $120,564
| 18,164
| 8,460
|-
|
| ''Cambridge''
| $47,448
| $72,529
| $93,460
| 105,737
| 44,345
|-
|
| ''[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]]''
| $42,861
| $82,090
| $104,032
| 1,522,533
| 581,120
|-
| 4
| 02139
| $42,235
| $71,745
| $93,220
| 36,015
| 14,474
|-
| 5
| 02141
| $39,241
| $64,326
| $76,276
| 13,126
| 6,182
|-
|
| ''[[Massachusetts]]''
| $35,763
| $66,866
| $84,900
| 6,605,058
| 2,530,147
|-
|
| ''[[United States]]''
| $28,155
| $53,046
| $64,719
| 311,536,594
| 115,610,216
|}
==Economy==
[[File:Cambridge Skyline.jpg|thumb|Buildings of [[Kendall Square]], center of Cambridge's [[biotech]] economy, seen from the [[Charles River]]]]
Manufacturing was an important part of Cambridge's economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but educational institutions are its biggest employers today. Harvard and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] together employ about 20,000.<ref name="2008top25">{{cite web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/data/labor/top25/top25_2008.html|title= Top 25 Cambridge Employers: 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320003737/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/data/labor/top25/top25_2008.html|archivedate=March 20, 2012|publisher= City of Cambridge}}</ref><ref name="2015top25" /> As a cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms [[Analog Devices]], [[Akamai Technologies|Akamai]], [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN Technologies)]] (now part of Raytheon), [[General Radio|General Radio (later GenRad)]], [[Lotus Development Corporation]] (now part of [[IBM]]), [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Symbolics]], and [[Thinking Machines]].
In 1996, [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Arthur D. Little]], and [[Lotus Development Corporation|Lotus]] were Cambridge's top employers, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded out a few years later. Health care and biotechnology firms such as [[Genzyme]], [[Biogen Idec]], [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], [[Sanofi]], [[Pfizer]] and [[Novartis]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Novartis doubles plan for Cambridge |author1=Casey Ross |author2=Robert Weisman |url=http://articles.boston.com/2010-10-27/business/29323650_1_french-drug-maker-astrazeneca-plc-research-operations |agency= |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher= |isbn= |issn= |pmid= |pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |date=October 27, 2010 |page= |pages= |accessdate=April 12, 2011|quote=Already Cambridge's largest corporate employer, the Swiss firm expects to hire an additional 200 to 300 employees over the next five years, bringing its total workforce in the city to around 2,300. Novartis's global research operations are headquartered in Cambridge, across Massachusetts Avenue from the site of the new four-acre campus. |ref= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205245/http://articles.boston.com/2010-10-27/business/29323650_1_french-drug-maker-astrazeneca-plc-research-operations |archivedate=August 10, 2011}}</ref> have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge. Other major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge include [[GlaxoSmithKline]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Shire plc|Shire]], and [[Pfizer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Novartis Doubles Plan for Cambridge|url=http://www.boston.com/business/healthcare/articles/2010/10/27/novartis_doubles_plan_for_cambridge/|accessdate=February 23, 2012 | work=The Boston Globe|first1=Casey|last1=Ross|first2=Robert|last2=Weisman|date=October 27, 2010}}</ref> Most of Cambridge's biotech firms are in [[Kendall Square]] and [[East Cambridge, Massachusetts|East Cambridge]], which decades ago were the city's center of manufacturing. Some others are in [[University Park at MIT]], a new development in another former manufacturing area.<ref name="NPR – Bayesian Ventures">{{cite news|last=Arnold|first=Chris|title=What Happens When The Pace of Startups Slows Down|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/10/31/241842739/what-happens-when-the-pace-of-startups-slows-down|accessdate=November 6, 2013|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=October 31, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Globe – Founding">{{cite news|last=Kirsner|first=Scott|title=LabCentral, a new hatchery for science-oriented startups, is seeking space in Kendall Square|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2012/09/labcentral_a_new_hatchery_for.html|accessdate=August 16, 2013|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=September 20, 2012}}</ref>
None of the high-technology firms that once dominated the economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 [[Akamai Technologies|Akamai]] and [[ITA Software]] were.<ref name="2008top25" /> [[Google]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/corporate/address.html |title=Google Offices |publisher=Google.com |accessdate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> [[IBM Research]], [[Microsoft Research]], and [[Philips Research]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/05/19/philips-rd-mit/ |title=Philips Research North American Headquarter Moves to Cambridge |publisher=fortune.com |accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January 2012—less than a year after acquiring [[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]]-based analytic database management company, [[Vertica]]—[[Hewlett-Packard]] announced it would also be opening its first offices in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huang|first=Gregory|title=Hewlett-Packard Expands to Cambridge via Vertica's "Big Data" Center|url=http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/23/hewlett-packard-expands-to-cambridge-via-verticas-big-data-center/?single_page=true}}</ref> Also around that time, e-commerce giants [[Staples Inc.|Staples]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Staples to bring e-commerce office to Cambridge's Kendall Square|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square#axzz1kg3no7Zg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624170218/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square|dead-url=yes|archive-date=June 24, 2012}}</ref> and [[Amazon.com]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Seeks Brick-And-Mortar Presence in Boston Area|url=http://www.wbur.org/2011/12/22/amazon-boston}}</ref> said they would be opening research and innovation centers in Kendall Square. And [[LabCentral]] provides a shared laboratory facility for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
The proximity of Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]], the [[Lincoln Institute of Land Policy]], [[Cultural Survival]], and [[One Laptop per Child]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}
In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "[[Entrepreneur Walk of Fame]]" initiative. It seeks to recognize people who have made contributions to innovation in global business.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stars of invention|first=Kathleen|last=Pierce|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-16/business/30165912_1_gates-and-jobs-microsoft-granite-stars|agency=|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=September 16, 2011|page=|pages=|at=|accessdate=October 1, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524035019/http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-16/business/30165912_1_gates-and-jobs-microsoft-granite-stars|archivedate=May 24, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
===Top employers===
{{as of|2015}}, the city's ten largest employers are:<ref name="2015top25">{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/factsandmaps/economicdata/top25employers/top25employers2011topresent/2015 |title=2015 Top 25 Employers |publisher=City of Cambridge |date=January 6, 2015 |accessdate=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/News/2016/1/top25employerlistfor2015|title=Top 25 Employer List for 2015|date=January 6, 2015|publisher=City of Cambridge}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
| 1
|[[Harvard University]]
|11,997
|-
|2
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|8,763
|-
|3
|City of Cambridge
|2,950
|-
|4
|[[Biogen Idec]]
|2,700
|-
|5
|[[Novartis]] Institutes for BioMedical Research
|2,457
|-
|6
|[[Mount Auburn Hospital]]
|2,115
|-
|7
|[[Cambridge Health Alliance]]
|1,713
|-
|8
|[[Cambridge Innovation Center]]
|1,678
|-
|9
|[[Genzyme]]
|1,600
|-
|10
|[[Akamai Technologies]]
|1,544
|}
==Arts and culture==
[[File:Fogg.jpg|thumb|[[Fogg Museum]], Harvard]]
===Museums===
* [[Harvard Art Museum]], including the [[Busch-Reisinger Museum]], a collection of Germanic art the [[Fogg Art Museum]], a comprehensive collection of Western art, and the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]], a collection of Middle East and Asian art
* [[Harvard Museum of Natural History]], including the [[Glass Flowers]] collection
* [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]], Harvard
*[[Semitic Museum]], Harvard
* [[MIT Museum]]
* [[List Visual Arts Center]], MIT
===Public art===
Cambridge has a large and varied collection of permanent public art, on both city property (managed by the Cambridge Arts Council)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CAC/Public/overview.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516191034/http://www.cambridgema.gov/CAC/Public/overview.cfm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 16, 2009 |title=CAC Public Art Program |publisher=City of Cambridge |date=March 13, 2007 |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and the Harvard<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/visualarts/pubart.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828231050/http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/visualarts/pubart.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 28, 2009 |title=Office for the Arts at Harvard: Public Art |publisher=Ofa.fas.harvard.edu |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and MIT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listart.mit.edu/map|title=MIT Public Art Collection Map|publisher=Listart.mit.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312181322/http://listart.mit.edu/map|archive-date=March 12, 2008|dead-url=yes|accessdate=April 28, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> campuses. Temporary public artworks are displayed as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River, during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares, and at university campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression include the Central Square World's Fair, the annual Somerville-based Honk! Festival,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://honkfest.org/ |title= Honk Fest|website=Honkfest.org}}</ref> and [[If This House Could Talk]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/ifthishousecouldtalk/index.html|title=The Cambridge Historical Society|website=Canbridgehistory.org|access-date=July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014816/http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/ifthishousecouldtalk/index.html|archive-date=May 30, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> a neighborhood art and history event. Street musicians and other performers entertain tourists and locals in Harvard Square during the warmer months. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by the performers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buskersadvocates.org/ | title= Street Arts & Buskers Advocates|website=Buskersadvocates.org}}</ref> city administrators, private organizations and business groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harvardsquare.com/Home/Arts-and-Entertainment/Street-Arts-and-Buskers-Advocates.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005063731/http://www.harvardsquare.com/Home/Arts-and-Entertainment/Street-Arts-and-Buskers-Advocates.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 5, 2007 |title=Street Arts and Buskers Advocates |publisher=Harvardsquare.com |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> The Cambridge public library contains four [[Works Progress Administration]] murals completed in 1935 by [[Tracy Montminy|Elizabeth Tracy Montminy]]: ''Religion'', ''Fine Arts'', ''History of Books and Paper'', and ''The Development of the Printing Press''.<ref>{{cite web|ref=harv|last1=Heggemeyer|first1=Amy|title=Elizabeth Tracy|url=http://www.wpamurals.com/TracyEl.htm|website=WPA Murals|publisher=General Services Administration|accessdate=April 28, 2016|date=2006}}</ref>
[[File:Longfellow National Historic Site, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|[[Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site]]]]
[[File:Wfm stata center.jpg|thumb|[[Stata Center]], MIT]]
[[File:Simmons Hall, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|[[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories|Simmons Hall]], MIT]]
===Architecture===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
Despite intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and the 20th century, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT.
'''Notable historic buildings in the city include''':
* The [[Asa Gray House]] (1810)
* [[Austin Hall, Harvard University]] (1882–84)
* [[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]] (1888–89)
* [[Cambridge Public Library]] (1888)
* [[Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Christ Church, Cambridge]] (1761)
* [[Cooper-Frost-Austin House]] (1689–1817)
* [[Elmwood (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Elmwood House]] (1767), residence of the [[president of Harvard University]]
* [[First Church of Christ, Scientist (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|First Church of Christ, Scientist]] (1924–30)
* [[The First Parish in Cambridge]] (1833)
* [[Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church]] (1891–93)
* [[Harvard Lampoon Building]] (1909)
* The [[Hooper-Lee-Nichols House]] (1685–1850)
* [[Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site]] (1759), former home of poet [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] and headquarters of [[George Washington]]
* [[The Memorial Church of Harvard University]] (1932)
* [[Memorial Hall, Harvard University]] (1870–77)
* [[Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts)|Middlesex County Courthouse]] (1814–48)
* [[Urban_Rowhouse_(40-48_Pearl_Street,_Cambridge,_Massachusetts)|Urban Rowhouse]] (1875)
* [[spite house|O'Reilly Spite House]] (1908), built to spite a neighbor who would not sell his adjacent land<ref name="existing">{{cite web|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan|date=February 2, 2003|work=[[The Boston Globe]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7763789.html |title=Existing by the Thinnest of Margins. A Concord Avenue Landmark Gives New Meaning to Cozy|via=[[HighBeam]]|subscription=yes}}</ref>
{{See also|List of Registered Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
'''Contemporary architecture''':
* [[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Baker House|Baker House]] dormitory, MIT, by Finnish architect [[Alvar Aalto]], one of only two Aalto buildings in the US
* Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons, by [[The Architects Collaborative]] (TAC, with [[Walter Gropius]])
* [[Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts]], Harvard, the only [[Le Corbusier]] building in North America
* [[Harvard University|Harvard]]'s [[Harvard Science Center|Science Center]], [[Holyoke Center]] and [[Peabody Terrace]], by [[Catalonia|Catalan]] architect and [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]] Dean [[Josep Lluís Sert]]
* [[Kresge Auditorium]], [[MIT]], by [[Eero Saarinen]]
* [[MIT Chapel]], by [[Eero Saarinen]]
* [[Design Research Building]], by [[Benjamin Thompson and Associates]]
* [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], by [[Kallmann McKinnell and Wood]], also architects of [[Boston City Hall]]
* [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]], Harvard, one of the few buildings in the US by [[Pritzker Prize]] winner [[James Stirling (architect)|James Stirling]]
* [[Harvard Art Museums]], renovation and major expansion of [[Fogg Museum]] building, completed in 2014 by [[Renzo Piano]]
* [[Stata Center]], MIT, by [[Frank Gehry]]
* [[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Simmons Hall|Simmons Hall]], MIT, by [[Steven Holl]]
===Music===
<!-- Made section generic. Needs more work. -->
The city has an active music scene, from classical performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including [[The Middle East (nightclub)|The Middle East]], [[Club Passim]], [[The Plough and Stars]], and the [[Nameless Coffeehouse]].
<!--
==Notable people==
{{See also|List of Harvard University people}}
---- NOTE: Please create an article named "List of people from Cambridge, Massachusetts", ...
---- then put {{Main|List of people from Cambridge, Massachusetts}} in this section!
---- For examples, see [[List of people from Chicago]], [[List of people from Wichita, Kansas]], and others.
---- NOTE: Since there are numerous notable people from Cambridge, please put those people in the list articles!
-->
===Parks and recreation===
[[File:Alewife Brook Reservation.jpg|thumb|Alewife Brook Reservation]]
Consisting largely of densely built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland. Easily accessible open space on the university campuses, including [[Harvard Yard]], the Radcliffe Yard, and MIT's Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]], partly compensates for this. At Cambridge's western edge, the cemetery is well known as the first garden cemetery, for its distinguished inhabitants, for its superb landscaping (the oldest planned landscape in the country), and as a first-rate [[arboretum]]. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within Watertown.<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Cambridge map|publisher=City of Cambridge |date=2007|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/CambridgeStreetMap18x24_032007.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> It is also an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) in the Greater Boston area.
Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River, which mirrors its [[Charles River Esplanade|Boston counterpart]]; [[Cambridge Common]], a busy and historic public park adjacent to Harvard's campus; and the [[Alewife Brook Reservation]] and [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]] in western Cambridge.
==Government==
===Federal and state representation===
{| class=wikitable
! colspan = 6 | Voter registration and party enrollment {{as of|lc=y|df=US|2015|02|1}}<ref>{{cite web|title = Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of February 1, 2015 | publisher = Massachusetts Elections Division | format = PDF | accessdate = November 4, 2015 | url = http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/enrollment_counts_20150201.pdf}}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Number of voters
! Percentage
|-
{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 34,500
| style="text-align:center;"| 56.80%
|-
{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,517
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.14%
|-
{{party color|Independent Party (United States)}}
| Unaffiliated
| style="text-align:center;"| 23,256
| style="text-align:center;"| 38.20%
|-
{{party color|Libertarian Party (United States)}}
| Minor Parties
| style="text-align:center;"| 262
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.43%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! style="text-align:center;"| 60,740
! style="text-align:center;"| 100%
|}
Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's [[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district|5th]] and [[Massachusetts's 7th congressional district|7th]] U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat [[Katherine Clark]], who replaced now Senator [[Ed Markey]] in a [[Massachusetts's 5th congressional district special election, 2013|2013 special election]]; the 7th is represented by Democrat [[Mike Capuano]], elected in 1998. The state's senior [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] is Democrat [[Elizabeth Warren]], elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Republican [[Charlie Baker]], elected in 2014.
Cambridge is represented in six districts in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]: the 24th Middlesex (which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex (the latter of which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both including parts of the City of Boston).<ref name=cambridgeGIS>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/gis/gisdatadictionary/elections/elections_staterepdistricts.aspx |publisher=City of Cambridge |title= State Rep Districts |work=Geographic Information System |accessdate=July 1, 2014 }}</ref> The city is represented in the [[Massachusetts Senate]] as a part of the First Suffolk and Middlesex district, which contains parts of Boston, Revere and Winthrop in Suffolk County; the Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex district, which includes Everett and Somerville, with Boston, Chelsea, and Revere of Suffolk, and Saugus in Essex; and the Second Suffolk and Middlesex district, containing parts of the City of Boston in Suffolk County, and Cambridge, Belmont and Watertown in Middlesex County.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malegislature.gov/ |title=Index of Legislative Representation by City and Town, from |publisher=Mass.gov |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:95%;"
|+ Presidential election results<ref>{{cite web|title = Massachusetts Election Statistics | accessdate = September 26, 2018 | url = http://electionstats.state.ma.us/}}</ref>
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Year
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2016|2016]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''87.9%''' ''46,563''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|6.3% ''3,323''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2012|2012]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''86.0%''' ''43,515''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|10.8% ''5,476''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2008|2008]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''87.8%''' ''40,876''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|10.1% ''4,697''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''84.8%''' ''35,886''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|12.6% ''5,338''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''72.1%''' ''28,846''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|12.9% ''5,166''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''78.9%''' ''30,043''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|13.1% ''4,990''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''74.7%''' ''30,737''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|14.2% ''5,847''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1988|1988]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''77.0%''' ''32,027''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|21.1% ''8,770''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1984|1984]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''76.2%''' ''32,582''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|23.4% ''10,007''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980]]
| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|'''60.8%''' ''24,337''
| style="background:#fff3f3;"|19.9% ''7,952''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}
==={{anchor|City government|City Council|City council}}City government===
{{see also|Cambridge, Massachusetts municipal election, 2013}}
[[File:CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]] in the 1980s]]
{{anchor|govt}}Cambridge has a city government led by a [[List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts|mayor]] and a nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that functions alongside the superintendent of public schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two years using the [[single transferable vote]] (STV) system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/Departments/electioncommission/cambridgemunicipalelections |title=Cambridge Municipal Elections |publisher=City of Cambridge |accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> Cambridge is the only unit of government in the country that elects its council by this method, which uses [[Ranked-choice|ranked-choice voting]] in an at-large, multi-member district to obtain proportional representation ([[Minneapolis]] uses it for at-large boards).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationofchange.org/2018/03/19/the-two-party-system-is-facing-its-biggest-challenge-in-70-years/|title=The two-party system is facing its biggest challenge in 70 years - NationofChange|last=Anderson|first=Theo|date=2018-03-19|work=Nation of Change|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/rcv/what-is-rcv|title=What is Ranked-Choice Voting? - Minneapolis Elections & Voter Services|website=vote.minneapolismn.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-21}}</ref>
The mayor is elected by the city councilors from among themselves, and serves as the chair of city council meetings. The mayor also sits on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Rather, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity.
Under the city's Plan E form of government, the city council does not have the power to appoint or remove city officials who are under direction of the city manager. The city council and its individual members are also forbidden from giving orders to any subordinate of the city manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/planE.pdf|publisher=City of Cambridge|format=PDF|title=Plan E}}</ref>
Louis DePasquale is the City Manager, having succeeded Lisa C. Peterson, the Acting City Manager and Cambridge's first woman City Manager, on November 14, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeday.com/2016/11/07/depasquale-era-begins-with-councillor-vote-affirming-multi-year-city-manager-contract/|title=DePasquale era begins with councillor vote affirming multi-year city manager contract {{!}} Cambridge Day|access-date=November 22, 2016}}</ref> Peterson became Acting City Manager on September 30, 2016, after Richard C. Rossi announced that he would opt out of his contract renewal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cambridge.wickedlocal.com/news/20160311/breaking-rossi-to-retire-as-cambridge-city-manager-in-june|title=BREAKING: Rossi to retire as Cambridge city manager in June|last=Saltzman|first=Amy|website=Cambridge Chronicle & Tab|access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Rossi succeeded [[Robert W. Healy]], who retired in June 2013 after 32 years in the position. In recent history, the media has highlighted the salary of the city manager as one of the highest for a Massachusetts civic employee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cambridge city manager's salary almost as much as Obama's pay |url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/features/x1837730973/Cambridge-city-managers-salary-almost-as-much-as-Obamas |agency= |newspaper=Wicked Local: Cambridge |publisher= |date=August 11, 2011 |accessdate=December 30, 2011 |quote= |ref= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230203839/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/features/x1837730973/Cambridge-city-managers-salary-almost-as-much-as-Obamas |archivedate=December 30, 2011 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District
! Councillor
! In office since
|-
| At-large
| Dennis J. Carlone
| Jan. 2014–present
|-
| At-large
| Jan Devereux
| Jan. 2016–present
|-
| At-large
| Craig A. Kelley
| Jan. 2006–present
|-
| At-large
| Alanna M. Mallon
| Jan. 2018–present
|-
| At-large
| Marc C. McGovern*
| Jan. 2014–present
|-
| At-large
| Sumbul Siddiqui
| Jan. 2018–present
|-
| At-large
| [[E. Denise Simmons]]**
| Jan. 2002–present
|-
| At-large
| [[Timothy J. Toomey, Jr.]]
| Jan. 1990–present
|-
| At-large
| Quinton Y. Zondervan
| Jan. 2018–present
|-
|}
''* = current mayor''<br>
''** = former mayor''
===County government===
Cambridge was a [[county seat]] of [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], along with [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], until the abolition of county government. Though the county government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts, jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state. The county's registrars of [[Deed]]s and Probate remain in Cambridge, but the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their operations transferred to [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]]. Third District court has shifted operations to [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]], and the county Sheriff's office awaits near-term relocation.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/14/court_move_a_hassle_for_commuters/ |title=Court move a hassle for commuters |accessdate=July 25, 2009 |first=Eric |last=Moskowitz |date=February 14, 2008 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |pages= |quote=In a little more than a month, Middlesex Superior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J. Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge. With it, the court will bring the roughly 500 people who pass through its doors each day – the clerical staff, lawyers, judges, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, and others who use or work in the system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good |title=Cambridge's Middlesex Jail, courts may be shuttered for good |accessdate=July 25, 2009 |first=Charlie |last=Breitrose |date=July 7, 2009 |work=Wicked Local News: Cambridge |pages= |quote=The courts moved out of the building to allow workers to remove asbestos. Superior Court moved to Woburn in March 2008, and in February, the Third District Court moved to Medford. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513192408/http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good#axzz3b53SkwbD |archivedate=May 13, 2011}}</ref>
==Education==
[[File:MIT Main Campus Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of part of [[MIT]]'s main campus]]
[[File:Dunster House.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dunster House]], Harvard]]
===Higher education===
Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Its colleges and universities include:
*[[Cambridge School of Culinary Arts]]
*[[Harvard University]]
*[[Hult International Business School]]
*[[Lesley University]]
*[[Longy School of Music of Bard College]]
*[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
*[[Radcliffe College]] (now merged with Harvard College)
[[Nobel laureates by university affiliation|At least 129]] of the world's total 780 [[Nobel Prize]] winners have at some point in their careers been affiliated with universities in Cambridge.
The [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] is also based in Cambridge.
===Primary and secondary public education===
*[[Amigos School]]
*Baldwin School (formerly the Agassiz School)
*Cambridgeport School
*Fletcher-Maynard Academy
*Graham and Parks Alternative School
*Haggerty School
*Kennedy-Longfellow School
*King Open School
*Martin Luther King, Jr. School
*Morse School (a [[Core Knowledge Foundation|Core Knowledge]] school)
*Peabody School
*Tobin School (a [[Montessori school]])
Five upper schools offer grades 6–8 in some of the same buildings as the elementary schools:<ref name=SchoolList>{{cite web|title=Schools|url=http://www3.cpsd.us/Schools/Schools|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713224232/http://www3.cpsd.us/Schools/Schools|dead-url=yes|archive-date=July 13, 2011|accessdate=January 6, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*[[Amigos School]]
*[[Cambridge Street Upper School]]
*[[Putnam Avenue Upper School]]
*[[Rindge Avenue Upper School]]
*[[Vassal Lane Upper School]]
Cambridge has three district public high school programs, the principal one being [[Cambridge Rindge and Latin School]] (CRLS).<ref name=SchoolsataGlance>{{cite web|title=Cambridge Public Schools at a Glance 2012–2013|format=PDF|url=http://www3.cpsd.us/media/theme/Pro-Cambridge/network/10516/media/CPS%20Redesign/documents/Schools_at_a_glance_2012_13.pdf?rev=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115441/http://www3.cpsd.us/media/theme/Pro-Cambridge/network/10516/media/CPS%20Redesign/documents/Schools_at_a_glance_2012_13.pdf?rev=1|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 2, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Other public charter schools include [[Benjamin Banneker Charter School]], which serves grades K–6;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banneker.org/ |title=The Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School |publisher=Banneker.org |date=March 1, 2012 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> [[Community Charter School of Cambridge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccscambridge.org/ |title=Community Charter School of Cambridge |publisher=Ccscambridge.org |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> in Kendall Square, which serves grades 7–12; and [[Prospect Hill Academy]], a [[charter school]] whose upper school is in [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]] though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public School District.
===Primary and secondary private education===
[[File:Cambridge Public Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|The 1888 part of the [[Cambridge Public Library]]]]
Cambridge also has several private schools, including:
<!-- please keep alphabetical -->
*[[Boston Archdiocesan Choir School]]
*[[Buckingham Browne & Nichols]]
*[[Cambridge Montessori school]]
*Cambridge [[Religious Society of Friends|Friends]] School
*Fayerweather Street School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fayerweather.org/|title=Fayerweather Street School – Prek to 8th grade in Cambridge MA|publisher=}}</ref>
*[[International School of Boston]] (formerly École Bilingue)
*[[Matignon High School]]
*[[Shady Hill School]]
*St. Peter School
==Media==
===Newspapers===
Cambridge is served by the ''[[Cambridge Chronicle]]'', the oldest surviving weekly paper in the United States. Another popular online newspaper is [http://www.cambridgeday.com Cambridge Day].
===Radio===
Cambridge is home to the following commercially licensed and student-run radio stations:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! [[Callsign]] !! Frequency !! City/town !! Licensee !! Format
|-
| [[WHRB]] || align=right | 95.3 FM || Cambridge (Harvard) || Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co., Inc. || [[Variety (US radio)|Musical variety]]
|-
| [[WJIB]] || align=right | 740 AM/101.3 FM || Cambridge || Bob Bittner Broadcasting || [[Adult Standards]]/Pop
|-
| [[WMBR]] || align=right | 88.1 FM || Cambridge (MIT) || Technology Broadcasting Corporation || [[College radio]]
|}
===Television and broadband===
Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television facility and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the Cambridge cable system (Comcast). The city has invited tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains its only fixed television and broadband utility,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/consumercouncil/cambridgecableinformation.aspx |title=Cable Television in the City of Cambridge |author=Staff writer |year=2013 |work=Cambridge Consumers' Council |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508210917/http://www.cambridgema.gov/consumercouncil/cambridgecableinformation.aspx|archivedate=May 8, 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=April 3, 2013 |quote=Comcast is currently the only cable operator that has sought a license with Cambridge. The City of Cambridge has approached other operators, more than once, about seeking a license to operate a cable TV system in Cambridge, but they have informed us that Cambridge is not part of their business plan; however, City officials stand ready to negotiate with any willing operator.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dtc-lp/competition-division/cable-tv-division/municipal-info/cable-television-licenses.html |title=Cable TV franchise agreements in Massachusetts |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs & Business Regulation (OCABR)}}</ref> though services from American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed a citizen Broadband Task Force to "examine options to increase competition, reduce pricing, and improve speed, reliability and customer service for both residents and businesses."<ref>{{cite web|title = Broadband Task Force – City Manager's Office – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|url = http://www.cambridgema.gov/cmanager/broadbandtaskforce|website = www.cambridgema.gov|accessdate = October 30, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030041545/http://www.cambridgema.gov/cmanager/broadbandtaskforce|archive-date = October 30, 2015|dead-url = yes|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{See also|Boston transportation}}
====Road====
[[File:Harvard Square at Peabody Street and Mass Avenue.jpg|thumb|[[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]] in [[Harvard Square]]]]
Several major roads lead to Cambridge, including [[Massachusetts State Highway 2|Route 2]], [[Massachusetts State Highway 16|Route 16]] and the [[Massachusetts State Highway 28|McGrath Highway (Route 28)]]. The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] does not pass through Cambridge, but provides access by an exit in nearby [[Allston, Massachusetts|Allston]]. Both [[U.S. Route 1]] and [[I-93 (MA)|Interstate 93]] also provide additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in [[Boston]]. [[Massachusetts State Highway 2A|Route 2A]] runs the length of the city, chiefly along [[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]]. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, including the [[Longfellow Bridge]] and the [[Harvard Bridge]], eight of which are open to motorized road traffic.
Cambridge has an irregular street network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to popular belief, the road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected various village settlements with each other and nearby towns, and were shaped by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. Today, the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads, such as Massachusetts Avenue between [[Harvard Square]] and [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]], or Hampshire Street between [[Kendall Square]] and [[Inman Square]].
====Mass transit====
[[File:Central MBTA station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central (MBTA)|Central Station]] on the [[MBTA Red Line]]]]
Cambridge is well served by the [[MBTA]], including the [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square Station]] on the regional [[MBTA Commuter Rail|Commuter Rail]]; the [[Lechmere (MBTA station)|Lechmere Station]] on the [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]]; and the [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] at [[Alewife Station (MBTA)|Alewife]], [[Porter (MBTA)|Porter Square]], [[Harvard (MBTA station)|Harvard Square]], [[Central (MBTA station)|Central Square]], and [[Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)|Kendall Square/MIT]] Stations. Alewife Station, the terminus of the Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage (at a rate of $7 per day {{as of|lc=y|2015}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/subway/lines/stations/?stopId=10029 |title=> Schedules & Maps > Subway > Alewife Station |publisher=MBTA |accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref> The [[Harvard Bus Tunnel]], under Harvard Square, reduces traffic congestion on the surface, and connects to the Red Line underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912, and served trackless trolleys ([[trolleybus]]es) and buses as the routes were converted; four lines of the [[Trolleybuses in Greater Boston|MBTA trolleybus system]] continue to use it. The tunnel was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s.
Besides the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which are supported by some of the largest companies operating in city, in addition to the municipal government itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlesrivertma.org/members.htm |title=Charles River TMA Members |author=Staff writer |date=January 1, 2013 |work=CRTMA |publisher= |trans-title= |accessdate=January 1, 2013 |quote= |ref= |separator= |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127055722/http://charlesrivertma.org/members.htm |archivedate=November 27, 2012 }}</ref>
====Cycling====
Cambridge has several [[bike path]]s, including one along the Charles River,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/bikepaths_dudley.gif |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117145514/http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/bikepaths_dudley.gif |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 17, 2004 |title=Dr. Paul Dudley White Bikepath |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> and the [[Cambridge Linear Park|Linear Park]] connecting the [[Minuteman Bikeway]] at Alewife with the [[Somerville Community Path]]. Bike parking is common and there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central MIT streets, bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk. Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian traffic is heavy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_ban.html |title=Sidewalk Bicycling Banned Areas – Cambridge Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419060953/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_ban.html |archivedate=April 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_reg.html |title=Traffic Regulations for Cyclists – Cambridge Massachusetts |publisher=City of Cambridge |date=May 1, 1997 |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521205927/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_reg.html |archivedate=May 21, 2012}}</ref>
While ''[[Bicycling Magazine]]'' in 2006 rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for bicycling,<ref>{{cite journal|author=MacLaughlin, Nina |year=2006 |title=Boston Can Be Bike City...If You Fix These Five Big Problems |journal=The Phoenix – Bicycle Bible 2006 |url=http://thephoenix.com/supplements/2006/bicyclebible/article.aspx?ID=Boston |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811055614/http://thephoenix.com/supplements/2006/bicyclebible/article.aspx?ID=Boston |archivedate=August 11, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> it has given Cambridge honorable mention as one of the best<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bicycling.com/article/1,6610,s1-2-16-14593-9,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023835/http://www.bicycling.com/article/1%2C6610%2Cs1-2-16-14593-9%2C00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |title=Urban Treasures |last=Fiske |first=Brian |publisher=Bicycling Magazine |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and was called by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope". Boston has since then followed the example of Cambridge, and made considerable efforts to improve bicycling safety and convenience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/us/09bike.html |title=Boston Tries to Shed Longtime Reputation as Cyclists' Minefield |accessdate=August 16, 2009|author=Katie Zezima|work=The New York Times | date=August 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bicycling.com/article/0,6610,s1-2-13-17078-1,00.html|title=A Future Best City: Boston|accessdate=August 16, 2009|publisher=Rodale Inc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211195827/http://www.bicycling.com/article/0%2C6610%2Cs1-2-13-17078-1%2C00.html|archivedate=February 11, 2010|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/07/13/boston_gear_up_for_influx_of_new_bicycle_riders/ |title=Boston gear up for influx of new bicycle riders|work=The Boston Globe|date=July 13, 2011|accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2011/07/15/make_boston_bicycle_free/ |title=Make Boston bicycle-free|work=The Boston Globe | author=McGrory Brian | date=July 15, 2011|accessdate=July 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/05/11/bicycle.wars/index.html|title=Drivers, bicyclists clash on road sharing|accessdate=July 15, 2011|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System |date=October 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2009/07/29/hub_to_beckon_bikers_with_sharing_program|title=Hub's bike routes beckon, white knuckles and all|accessdate=July 15, 2011|work=The Boston Globe |first=David|last=Filipov|date=July 29, 2009}}</ref>
Cambridge has an official bicycle committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/boardsandcommissionsdirectory/boardsandcommissionsdirectory/bicyclecommittee|title=Bicycle Committee – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|last=Cambridge|first=City of|publisher=City of Cambridge|access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref> The [[LivableStreets Alliance]], headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for bicyclists, pedestrians, and [[walkability|walkable neighborhoods]].<ref name=LSA>{{cite web|title=LivableStreets: Rethinking Urban Transportation|url=http://www.livablestreets.info|publisher=LivableStreets Alliance|accessdate=March 7, 2013}}</ref>
====Walking====
[[File:Weeks Footbridge Cambridge, MA.jpg|thumb|The [[John W. Weeks Bridge|Weeks Bridge]] provides a pedestrian-only connection between Boston's Allston-Brighton neighborhood and Cambridge over the Charles River]]
Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, of US cities with more than 100,000 residents, Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters who walked to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=ALL_STATES&lower_pop=100000&upper_pop=99999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0 |title=The Carfree Census Database: Result of search for communities in any state with population over 100,000, sorted in descending order by % Pedestrian Commuters |publisher=Bikesatwork.com |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> Cambridge's major historic squares have changed into modern walking neighborhoods, including [[traffic calming]] features based on the needs of pedestrians rather than of motorists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/Transportation/programs/currentprograms/pedestrianplan |title=City of Cambridge Pedestrian Plan |publisher=CambridgeMA.gov |accessdate=January 22, 2017}}</ref>
====Intercity====
The Boston intercity bus and train stations at [[South Station]], Boston, and [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East Boston]], are accessible by [[Red Line (MBTA)|subway]]. The [[Fitchburg Line]] rail service from [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square]] connects to some western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service between [[Alewife (MBTA station)|Alewife Station]] (Cambridge) and [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Sarah |url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/10/warren_mbta_welcome_world_wide.html |title=NYC-bound buses will roll from Newton, Cambridge |publisher=Boston.com |date=October 19, 2010 |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
===Police department===
{{Main|Cambridge Police Department (Massachusetts)}}
In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the [[Massachusetts State Police]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5&csid=Eeops|title=Station H-5, SP Brighton|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093603/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5&csid=Eeops|archivedate=December 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Due, however, to close proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth (Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops|title=Station H-4, SP Boston|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093602/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+&+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops|archivedate=December 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The campuses of Harvard and MIT are patrolled by the [[Harvard University Police Department]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology Police Department|MIT Police Department]], respectively.
===Fire department===
The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Established in 1832, the CFD operates eight engine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedic squad companies from eight fire stations located throughout the city. The Chief is Gerald R. Reardon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cfd/aboutus.aspx |title=City of Cambridge Fire Department: About Us |publisher= cambridgema.gov |date= |accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref>
===Water department===
Cambridge is unusual among cities inside Route 128 in having a non-[[MWRA]] water supply. City water is obtained from [[Hobbs Brook]] (in [[Lincoln, Massachusetts|Lincoln]] and [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]) and [[Stony Brook (Boston)|Stony Brook]] (Waltham and [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]]). The city owns over {{convert|1200|acres|0|abbr=on}} of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of their watershed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/wat_lands.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531100327/http://www.cambridgema.gov/CWD/wat_lands.cfm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 31, 2004 |title=Cambridge Watershed Lands & Facilities |publisher=.cambridgema.gov |accessdate=April 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Water from these reservoirs flows by gravity through an aqueduct to [[Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Fresh Pond]] in Cambridge. It is then treated in an adjacent plant and pumped uphill to an elevation of {{convert|176|ft|m}} [[above sea level]] at the Payson Park Reservoir ([[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]]); From there, the water is redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/CWD_March_2010.pdf|title=Water supply system |format=PDF |accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CWD/fpfaqs.cfm |title=Is Fresh Pond really used for drinking water?|publisher=Cambridge Water Department|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302040328/http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/fpfaqs.cfm|archivedate=March 2, 2013}}</ref> A new water treatment plant opened in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/Water/wateroperationsdivision/watertreatment|title=Water Treatment|last=|first=|date=|website=City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref> The city used MWRA water during the old plant's demolition and the new plant's construction.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} In October 2016, the City of Cambridge announced that, due to drought conditions, they would begin buying water from the MWRA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/10/17/cambridge-begin-buying-water-from-mwra/6RhEx8I8ggrrj54njzwteI/story.html|title=Cambridge to begin buying water from MWRA – The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref> On January 3, 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continued rainfall each month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water. We have not purchased any MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if 'average' rainfall continues this could continue for several months."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/link.aspx?_id=68DCA993566D4B90A695CB129313F620&_z=z|title=Cambridge Continues Temporary MWRA Water Usage – Water – City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|website=Cambridgema.gov|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2017}}</ref>
===Public library services===
{{Main|Cambridge Public Library}}
Further educational services are provided at the [[Cambridge Public Library]]. The large modern main building was built in 2009, and connects to the restored 1888 Richardson Romanesque building. It was founded as the private Cambridge Athenaeum in 1849 and was acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The 1888 building was a donation of [[Frederick H. Rindge]].
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the United States}}
Cambridge has six official [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities]] with active relationships:<ref name="sister cities">{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities.aspx|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister Cities|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232916/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities.aspx|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|PRT}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal (est. June 1982)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Gaeta]], [[Lazio]], Italy (est. December 1982)
*{{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba Science City]], [[Ibaraki Prefecture|Ibaraki]], Japan (est. October 1983)
*{{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San José Las Flores, Chalatenango|San José Las Flores]], [[Chalatenango Department|Chalatenango]], El Salvador (est. March 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/sanjoselasfloreselsalvador|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City San José Las Flores, El Salvador|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232913/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/sanjoselasfloreselsalvador|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (est. April 1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/yerevanarmenia|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City Yerevan, Armenia|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232919/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/yerevanarmenia|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/|title=Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities|accessdate=November 4, 2013|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|year=2013}}</ref><ref name="Yerevan twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|script-title=hy:ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ|publisher=yerevan.am|accessdate=August 5, 2013|trans-title=Yerevan expanding its international relations|language=Armenian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|archivedate=May 12, 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|IRL}} [[Galway]], [[County Galway]], Ireland (est. March 1997)
Since the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] Cambridge has been in the process of developing a relationship with [[Les Cayes]], Haiti, but the damage wrought then and by [[Hurricane Matthew]] in 2015 have delayed the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/lescayeshaiti|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: the Cambridge-Haiti Sister City Committee|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232909/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/lescayeshaiti|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Cambridge has ten additional official sister cities that are not active:<ref name="sister cities" /><ref name="peacom">{{cite web |title=A message from the Peace Commission |url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2fsitecore%2fcontent%2fhome%2fpeace%2fnewsandpublications%2fnews%2f2008%2f02%2finformationoncambridgessistercities |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202232905/http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2Fsitecore%2Fcontent%2Fhome%2Fpeace%2Fnewsandpublications%2Fnews%2F2008%2F02%2Finformationoncambridgessistercities |archivedate=February 2, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|IRL}} [[Dublin]], Ireland (October 1983)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Ischia]], [[Campania]], Italy (June 1984)
*{{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Catania]], [[Sicily]], Italy (February 1987)
*{{flagdeco|POL}} [[Kraków]], [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]], Poland (October 1989)
*{{flagdeco|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo Oeste]], Dominican Republic (May 2003)
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]], [[Greater London]], UK (June 2004)
*{{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Yuseong District]], [[Daejeon]], Korea (February 2005)
*{{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Haidian District]], [[Beijing]], China (March 2005)
*{{flagdeco|CUB}} [[Cienfuegos]], Cuba (May 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/cienfuegoscuba|title=Cambridge Peace Commission :: Sister City Cienfuegos, Cuba|publisher=City of Cambridge|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605232819/https://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/sistercities/cienfuegoscuba|archivedate=June 5, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Boston}}
* [[Hezekiah Usher]], first bookseller in the thirteen colonies.
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{See also | Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts#Bibliography |l1 = Bibliography of the history of Cambridge, Massachusetts }}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite EB9 |mode = cs2 |wstitle = Cambridge (3.) |volume = 4 |ref = {{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |page = 732 }}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode = cs2 |wstitle = Cambridge (Massachusetts) |volume = 5 |ref ={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |pages = 95–96 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last = Drake |editor-first = Samuel Adams |title = History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts: Containing Carefully Prepared Histories of Every City and Town in the County |volume = Volume 2 (L-W) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&pg=PA506 |year = 1879 |publisher = Estes and Lauriat }}
** [https://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&printsec=titlepage#PPA305,M1 Cambridge article] by Rev. Edward Abbott in Volume 1, pages 305–358.
* Eliot, Samuel Atkins. ''A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630–1913''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[The Cambridge Tribune]], 1913.
* {{cite journal |last = Hiestand |first = Emily |title = Watershed: An Excursion in Four Parts |journal = [[The Georgia Review]] |issue = Spring 1998 |pages = 7–28 |location = [[Athens, Georgia]] |publisher = [[University of Georgia]] }}
* [[Lucius Robinson Paige|Paige, Lucius]]. ''History of Cambridge, Massachusettse: 1630–1877''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[The Riverside Press]], 1877.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Cambridge Historical Commission]], 1967. {{ISBN|0-262-53012-0}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Cambridgeport''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1971. {{ISBN|0-262-53013-9}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1973. {{ISBN|0-262-53014-7}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1977. {{ISBN|0-262-53032-5}}.
* ''Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge'' (revised edition). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge Historical Commission, 1988. {{ISBN|0-262-53078-3}}
* {{cite book |last = Sinclair |first = Jill |title = Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge Landscape |publisher = MIT Press |location = Cambridge, Massachusetts |date = April 2009 |ISBN = 978-0-262-19591-1 }}
* {{cite book |last = Seaburg |first = Alan |title = Cambridge on the Charles |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c7_oCS782-8C |publisher=Anne Miniver Press |location=[[Billerica, Massachusetts]] |year = 2001 |ISBN = 978-0-9625794-9-3 }}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Cambridge (Massachusetts)}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Cambridge, (Massachusetts)|Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
* {{Official website|http://www.cambridgema.gov/}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Massachusetts/Localities/C/Cambridge}}
{{-}}
{{Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Greater Boston}}
{{Middlesex County, Massachusetts}}
{{Massachusetts}}
{{New England}}
{{Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Northeast Megalopolis}}
{{Northeast US}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cambridge, Massachusetts| ]]
[[Category:1630 establishments in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Charles River]]
[[Category:Cities in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:County seats in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Greater Boston]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1630]]
[[Category:University towns in the United States]]
[[Category:Cities in Massachusetts]]
