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The '''National Association of Realtors''' ('''NAR'''), whose member brokers are known as '''realtors''' (member agents are known as realtor associates), is a North American [[trade association]]<ref>''National Trade and Professional Associations'' (2008), 43rd ed., {{ISBN|978-1-880873-56-4}}</ref> for those who work in the [[real estate]] industry. It has over 1.1 million members,<ref>[http://www.realtor.org/membership/historic-report NAR Historic Membership Report]</ref> including NAR's institutes, societies, and councils, involved in all aspects of the residential and commercial [[real estate]] industries. NAR also functions as a [[self-regulatory organization]] for real estate brokerage. The organization is headquartered in [[Chicago]].
==Overview==
[[File:National Association of Realtors building (Washington DC).JPG|thumb|right|200px|National Association of Realtors building on New Jersey Ave, NW, Washington DC]]
The National Association of Realtors was founded on May 13, 1908 as the ''National Association of Real Estate Exchanges'' in Chicago, Illinois. In 1916, the National Association of Real Estate Exchanges changed its name to The National Association of Real Estate Boards. The current name was adopted in 1972.
NAR's members are residential and commercial [[real estate broker]]s, real estate salespeople, immovable property managers, appraisers, counselors, and others engaged in all aspects of the real estate (immovable property) industry, where a state license to practice is required. Members belong to one or more of some 1,600 local realtor boards or associations. They are pledged to a [[Ethical code|code of ethics]] and standards of practice, which were adopted in 1913.<ref>[http://www.realtor.org/mempolweb.nsf/pages/code NAR's 2007 code of ethics and standards of practice]</ref>
The National Association of Realtors is also a member of [[The Real Estate Roundtable]], a lobbying group in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?lname=National+Assn+of+Realtors&year=2007|title=Lobbying Spending Database: National Assn of Realtors : 2007|accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref>
==Trademark ==
The use of the term "realtor" was first proposed by Charles N. Chadbourn, in an article in the ''[[National Real Estate Journal]]'' in March 1916.<ref name=OED>{{OED | Realtor }} Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> Chadbourn, then a real estate agent in [[Minneapolis]] and vice-president of the National Association of Real Estate Boards,<ref name=NREJ1918>{{cite journal |title=Charles N. Chadbourn, Originator of the word "Realtor" |journal=National Real Estate Journal |date=January 1918 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9dBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7 |accessdate=April 3, 2015}}</ref> wrote "I propose that the National Association adopt a professional title to be conferred upon its members which they shall use to distinguish them from outsiders. That this title be copyrighted and defended by the National Association against misuse... I therefore, propose that the National Association adopt and confer upon its members, dealers in realty, the title of ''realtor'' (accented on the first syllable)."<ref name=OED/> The association adopted the term the following year, at its national convention in New Orleans in April 1916.<ref name=NREJ1918/>
In 1949, the National Association of Real Estate Boards obtained U.S. registration no. 515,200<ref>Realtors, ser. no. 71/540,015 (filed July 17, 1947), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=515200&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 515,200] (September 13, 1949). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> for "realtors" as a [[collective trademark]] for real estate brokerage services. In 1950, it obtained a second registration, registration no. 519,789,<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 71/540,013 (filed July 17, 1947), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=519789&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 519,789] (January 10, 1950). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> for "realtor", in the same field.
NAR has since obtained registrations for the term in such fields as electronic lock-boxes,<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 78/426,864 (filed May 28, 2004), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=2983269&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 2,983,269] (August 9, 2005). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> clothing,<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 86/074,481 (filed September 25, 2013), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=4583156&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 4,583,156] (August 12, 2014). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> and jewelry.<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 86/074,386 (filed September 25, 2013), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=4583155&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 4,583,155] (August 12, 2014). [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref>
The 515,200 and 519,789 registrations have been subject to a number of cancellation proceedings:
*In June 1998, Arleen Freeman, a real estate agent who had formerly been an NAR member, petitioned the [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) to cancel both registrations.<ref name=cancel92027885>''[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92027885 Arleen Freeman v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors]'', cancellation nos. 27,885, 27,885, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 64 U.S.P.Q.2d 1700 (June 18, 2002)</ref> In June 2002, the USPTO's [[Trademark Trial and Appeal Board]] (TTAB) held that, because Freeman was a former member of NAR and a licensee of the trademarks, she was [[estopped]] from bringing a proceeding to cancel them under the doctrine of [[licensee estoppel]].<ref name=cancel92027885/>
*In November 2001, Jacob Zimmerman, a student who was not a member of NAR, petitioned the USPTO to cancel the registrations, on the ground that "realtor" and "realtors" were [[genericized trademark|generic terms]] rather than a trademark.<ref name=cancel92040141>''[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92040141 Jacob Zimmerman v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors]'', cancellation nos. 92032360, 92040141, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, 70 U.S.P.Q.2d 1425 (March 31, 2004)</ref> On March 31, 2004, the TTAB denied the petition, finding on the evidence before it that the term was not generic.<ref name=cancel92040141/>
*In March 2015, Jeffrey Schermerhorn petitioned to cancel the 519,789 registration.<ref name=cance92061031>''[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92061031 Jeffrey Schermerhorn v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors]'', cancellation no. 92061031, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (filed March 9, 2015; decided March 30, 2016)</ref> Schermerhorn alleged fraud under ''Torres v. Cantine Torresella S.r.l.''<ref>''[http://openjurist.org/808/f2d/46/torres-v-cantine-torresella-s Torres v. Cantine Torresella S.r.l.]'', 808 F.2d 46 (Fed. Cir. 1986)</ref> as well as genericness, arguing that "[[Social Media]] such as [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Linkedin]], [[Instagram]] and [[Google Plus]]" provides additional evidence of generic use that was not available at the time of the ''Zimmerman'' proceeding.<ref name=cance92061031/> On March 30, 2016, the TTAB granted the NAR's motion to dismiss the petition on the ground that Schermerhorn, who had been a NAR member and licensee at the time he submitted his petition to cancel, was also estopped from challenging the mark.<ref name=cance92061031/>
==NAR and Multiple Listing Service (MLS) systems==
The NAR governs the hundreds of local [[Multiple Listing Service]]s (MLSs) which are the information exchanges used across the nation by real estate brokers. (However, there are many MLSs that are independent of NAR, although membership is typically limited to licensed brokers and their agents; MLSPIN<ref>[http://mlspin.com MLSpin website]</ref> is an example of one of the larger independent MLSs in [[North America]].)
Through a complicated arrangement, NAR sets the policies for most of the Multiple Listings Services, and in the late 1990s, with the growth of the Internet, NAR evolved regulations allowing [[Internet Data Exchange]]s (IDX) whereby brokers would allow a portion of their data to be seen on the Internet via brokers' or agents' websites and [[Virtual Office Website]]s (VOW) which required potential buyers to register to obtain information.
These policies allowed participants—whether they were individual one-person brokers or large regional companies—to limit access to some or all of the MLS data by individual brokers (whether they were brokers operating solely on the Internet or local competitors). In 2005, this prompted the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] to file an [[antitrust]] lawsuit against NAR alleging its MLS rules in regard to these types of limitations on the display of data were the product of a conspiracy to restrain trade by excluding brokers who used the Internet to operate differently from traditional [[brick-and-mortar]] brokers. (For a description of the DOJ action, see ''Antitrust Case filings for US v. National Association of Realtors''.<ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/nar.htm ''United States v. National Association of Realtors'']. United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref>) Meanwhile, various [[real estate trends]] such as expanded consumer access and the [[Internet]] are consolidating existing local MLS organizations into larger and more statewide or regional MLS systems, such as in California and Virginia/Maryland/Washington DC's [[Metropolitan Regional Information Systems]].
In response to the case, NAR had proposed setting up a single [[Internet Listing Display]] system which would not allow participants to exclude individual brokers (whether of a bricks-and-mortar type or solely internet-based) but require a blanket opting out of display on ''all other brokers{{'}}'' sites.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} This system became the IDX system. Although IDX allows the public to view MLS listings, it still requires the listing brokerage information to be placed on the listing every place it appears (brokers legally "own" the listings of their brokerage), to prevent misrepresentation of the listing information, and to place accountability for the information on the broker as the law dictates.
The antitrust lawsuit was settled in May 2008.<ref name=retuers>Bartz, Diane. [https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSN2739237620080528 Realtors to open listings to settle lawsuit]. ''Reuters''. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref> The agreement mandates that all Multiple Listing Service systems allow access to Internet-based competitors.<ref name=retuers/><ref name=ap>Jordan, Lara Jakes. [http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_9392912?source=rss Settlement opens listings to online real estate agents]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. ''[[The Mercury News]]'', Silicon Valley. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref> The NAR will be required to treat online brokers the same as traditional brokers and cannot exclude them from membership because they do not have a traditional business model.<ref name=nyt>Lichtblau, Eric. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/business/28realty.html Realtors Agree to Stop Blocking Web Listings]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref> The NAR admitted no wrongdoing, and it paid neither fines nor damages as part of the deal.<ref name=nyt/> The settlement will not be official until a federal judge formally approves it, most likely in 2008.<ref name=nyt/><!-- What happened with the case? It's a year after this section should have been updated. --> While the general counsel of the NAR believes that the settlement will have no effect on the commission paid by the general public, a business professor at Western Michigan University predicted that the increased competition would cause a 25 to 50 percent decrease in commissions.<ref name=nyt/>
Another major anticompetitive practice is supported (indirectly) by various state laws which prohibit the "sharing" of commissions with unlicensed individuals. In broad interpretations, this is deemed to prevent a buyers' agent from providing a credit to his or her buyers from commissions received. Currently, there are 10 states where real estate agents and brokers are barred from offering homebuyers or sellers cash rebates or gifts of any kind with a cash value more than $25. Various realtors in such states have successfully contested this interpretation in states which now allow the practice (notably, Patrick Lea, a realtor in Ohio, and numerous agents in Kentucky). The Kentucky case was ultimately tried with the United States Department of Justice as the plaintiff and the Kentucky Real Estate Commission as the defendant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f210200/210274.htm|title=Competitive Impact Statement: U.S. v. Kentucky Real Estate Commission|date=26 July 2005|publisher=United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky}}</ref>
==Lobbying==
The NAR wields substantial power as a lobbying organization. Since 1999, the NAR has spent more than $99,384,108,<ref>{{cite web|title=Noteworthy Contributor Summary|url=http://www.followthemoney.org/database/topcontributor.phtml?u=1823&y=0&incs=1&ince=0&incf=0|publisher=National Institute on Money in State Politics|accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> and spent $22,355,463 in 2011 alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Assn of Realtors|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000062|publisher=The Center for Responsive Politics|accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> It has consistently ranked among the largest [[Political Action Committees]] in the [[United States]].
In its 2016 figures, the Center for Responsive Politics ranked the National Association of Realtors as the 2nd largest top spender in lobbying after the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. The NAR spent $64,821,111 in 2016. <ref>{{cite web|title=National Assn of Realtors|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000062|publisher=The Center for Responsive Politics|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref> {{cn|date=April 2017}}
On the total spending, the largest share—46%—has gone to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], and 30.8% has gone to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]. Key political issues for the group revolve around federal de-regulation of the [[financial services]] industry. {{cn|date=April 2017}}
==Enabling the subprime mortgage crisis==
[[File:U.S. Housing Price Measures - Index and Dollar Price Value.png|thumb|350px|U.S. Median Price of Homes Sold]]
Some experts<ref>{{cite web
| title=The Subprime Blame Game: Where Were the Realtors?
| date=October 17, 2007
| series=Knowledge@Wharton
| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1824
| accessdate=December 3, 2012
| publisher=[[Wharton University of Pennsylvania]]
}}
</ref> believe that brokers and realtors bear the at least partial responsibility for the [[subprime mortgage crisis]], purposefully inflating the perceived market values of homes, and subsequently encouraging buyers to take out larger mortgages than needed. The theory is that [[collusion]] with mortgage lenders enabled realtors to earn high volumes of [[Commission (remuneration)|commission]] on borrowed money for inflated house values with no risk to the realtors. Many victims feel that home buyers were tricked into taking out larger loans to buy more expensive homes, and the higher sales prices paid the realtors higher commissions. This practice is not considered "unethical" by the NAR which claims to be a [[Self-regulatory organization]]; however, obvious implications show extensive and substantial harm rendered to the public. Many victims are encouraging the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] to begin aggressively regulating<ref>{{cite web
| title=Is it time to regulate real estate agents?
| date=January 12, 2009
| url=http://www.dailyfinance.com/2009/01/12/is-it-time-to-regulate-real-estate-agents/
}}
</ref> agents and refunding overpayments to homebuyers.
==Antitrust lawsuits==
In 2005, the [[United States Department of Justice]] filed a formal complaint against the National Association of Realtors for violating Section 4 of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]].<ref name=DOJ>{{cite web|title=United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f211000/211009.htm|publisher=US Justice Department|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=ATR>{{cite web|title=Justice Department Sues National Association of Realtors for Limiting Competition Among Real Estate Brokers|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2005/211008.htm|publisher=US Department of Justice|accessdate=19 April 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114092421/http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2005/211008.htm|archivedate=14 January 2013|df=}}</ref> The complaint sought to enjoin the National Association of Realtors "from maintaining or enforcing a policy that restrains competition from brokers who use the Internet to more efficiently and cost effectively serve home sellers and buyers, and from adopting other related [[Competition law|anticompetitive rules]].<ref name=DOJ/>
The DOJ challenged NAR's MLS rules that inhibited competition from Internet-based brokers.<ref name=DOJ/><ref name=CF>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/cmls.htm|title=United States v. Consolidated Multiple Listing Service, Inc.|publisher=US Department of Justice|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> On November 18, 2008 the Court entered a Final Judgment approving a settlement against NAR.<ref name=CF/>
Under the Final Judgment, the NAR agreed to the policies challenged by the United States and replaced those policies with rules that do not discriminate against brokers who use the Internet to provide low-priced brokerage services to consumers.<ref name=DOJ/><ref name=CF/><ref name=FJ>{{cite web|title=United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f239600/239655.htm|publisher=US Department of Justice|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>
In 2012, American Home Realty Network, Inc. the operator of [[NeighborCity]] filed antitrust counterclaims in response to a pair of [[Copyright law of the United States|copyright lawsuits]], alleging that the "copyright lawsuits filed against it by two multiple listing services with financial backing from the National Association of Realtors are part of a concerted effort by NAR to drive the company out of business and eliminate it as a provider of services to real estate brokers."<ref name=INM>{{cite web|last=Brambila|first=Andrea|title=NAR, MRIS hit with antitrust suit|url=http://www.inman.com/news/2012/09/26/nar-mris-hit-with-antitrust-suit|publisher=Inman|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> The counter-claims also allege that the copyrights asserted were never properly registered.<ref name=INM/><ref name=TD>{{cite web|title=Fight Over Real Estate Listings Escalates As NeighborCity Counters Copyright Claims With Antitrust Accusations|url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121004/18581320614/fight-over-real-estate-listings-escalates-as-neighborcity-counters-copyright-claims-with-antitrust-accusations.shtml|publisher=Techdirt|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> In the Minnesota case, which recites claims against the NAR but does not directly name the NAR as a counter-defendant, AHRN filed a second amended counterclaim adding Edina Realty and Home Services of America as Counter-Defendants in the antitrust and unfair competition claims.<ref name=AAS>{{cite web|title=In the United States District Court for the District of Maryland Greenbelt Division|url=http://cache.inman.com/files/stories/Answerandcounterclaim_Doc46_092412.pdf|publisher=Inman|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> [[Edina Realty]] is a subsidiary of [[HomeServices of America, Inc.]], a [[Berkshire Hathaway]] company, which owns real estate brokerage firms in states across the country, including [[Minnesota]], [[Maryland]], [[North Carolina]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Arizona]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Connecticut]], [[Iowa]], [[Nebraska]], [[Ohio]], [[Illinois]], [[Kansas]], [[South Carolina]], [[Missouri]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Alabama]], and [[California]].<ref name=INM/><ref name=AAS/><ref name=IGB>{{cite web|last=Fuller|first=Matt|title=Neighborcity.com alleges NAR, MRIS, NorthstarMLS violate anti-trust laws: op/ed|url=http://agbeat.com/editorials/neighborcity-com-alleges-nar-mris-northstarmls-violat-anti-trust-laws-oped/|publisher=AG Beat|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=AIM/><ref name="HS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bhhsgeorgia.com/default.asp?p=pressreleases.asp&location=item&itemid=84788|title=HomeServices of America, Inc. Announces Acquisition of Prudential Georgia Realty|last=|first=|date=March 19, 2013|website=BHHS Georgia|publisher=Home Services|access-date=|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> Earlier in 2012, the mid-Atlantic multiple listing service [[Metropolitan Regional Information Systems, Inc. (MRIS)]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN-based Regional Multiple Listing Service of Minnesota Inc. (NorthstarMLS) filed copyright claims against NeighborCity.<ref name=INM/><ref name=TD/> The National Association of Realtors said it would provide financial support for NorthstarMLS and MRIS legal expenses.<ref name=AIM>{{cite web|title=MLS says no thanks to NAR funds for MRIS v. NeighborCity|url=http://aimgroup.com/2012/10/08/mls-says-no-thanks-to-nar-funds-for-mris-v-neighborcity/|publisher=Aim Group|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=INM2>{{cite web|last=Brambila|first=Andrea|title=NAR helping MLSs cover costs of NeighborCity copyright suits|url=http://www.inman.com/news/2012/05/22/nar-helping-mlss-cover-costs-neighborcity-copyright-suits|publisher=Inman|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>
==Specializations==
===NAR educational requirements and recognized designations===
Realtors, as members of NAR, also have the option of studying for additional certifications in a variety of specialties, several of which are backed by NAR with offerings of certification and update courses available nationwide.<ref>[http://www.realtor.org/runivers.nsf/pages/designation?OpenDocument NAR Accredited Designations & Courses]. ''National Association of Realtors''.</ref>
The most well known NAR sponsored designations are the following:
*'''Accredited Buyer Representative''' (ABR). The Real Estate Buyers Agent Council has over 40,000 members and is the largest association of real estate professionals focusing on all aspects of buyer representation. Of the REBAC members, over 30,000 have completed REBAC's two-day course and provided documentation of buyer agency experience. Linked to the ABR is the ABRM, Accredited Buyer Representative Manager (ABRM) for managers.
*'''Accredited Land Consultant''' (ALC). ALC's are specialists in land brokerage transactions, including farms and ranches, raw land sales and development.
*'''[[Certified Commercial Investment Member]]''' (CCIM). CCIMs are specialists in commercial real estate brokerage, leasing, valuation and investment analysis. There are more than 7,500 designees and an equal number of candidates principally in North America, but also in Asia and Europe.
*'''[[Certified Property Manager]]''' (CPM). Geared to real estate property management specialists, designees handle all forms of management from residential to commercial to industrial.
*'''Certified Real Estate Brokerage Manager''' (CRB). The designation is awarded to realtors who have completed the Council's advanced educational and professional requirements.
*'''Certified Residential Specialist''' (CRS). CRS Designees earn a median income of $85,000 annually, nearly 3 times the $29,400 median income of realtors serving as sales associates.<ref name="crs.com">Membership Stats & Surveys http://www.crs.com/About_CRS/55</ref> They also average a total of 21 transactions per year with gross sales of $3.2 million.<ref name="crs.com"/> Requirements for this designation include a total of at least 25 transactions (or specific volume of sales) over a specific time period, and significant experience, as well as educational requirements.
*'''Certification for Internet Professionalism''' ([[e-Pro (certification)|e-Pro]]). An e-Pro is a realtor who has undergone a new training program presented entirely online to be certified as Internet Professionals. NAR is the first major trade group to offer certification for online professionalism which involves all aspects of doing business on the internet. This is not a designation but rather a certification sponsored by NAR.
*'''Certified International Property Specialist''' (CIPS). Realtors with the CIPS designation have training and hands-on experience in international real estate transactions, Whether traveling abroad to put transactions together, assisting foreign investors, helping local buyers invest abroad, or serving an immigrant niche in local markets. CIPS designees have also completed a program of study focusing on critical aspects of transnational transactions, including currency and exchange rate issues and cross-cultural relationships, regional market conditions, investment performance, tax issues and more. The CIPS network consists of 1,500 real estate professionals from 50 countries.
*'''Counselor of Real Estate''' (CRE). A CRE designee is one of only 1,100 by-invitation-only members of an international group of professionals who provide seasoned, objective advice on real property and land-related matters.
*'''Graduate of the Realtor's Institute''' (GRI). The GRI designation is held by 19% of realtors and courses are offered through state realtor associations with 90 hours of coursework on marketing and servicing listed properties to real estate law. In a 2003 survey, NAR has determined that GRIs earned over $33,200 more annually than non-designees.
*'''Real Estate Professional Assistant''' (REPA). Designed for administrative assistants or employees of realtors (who may or may not hold a real estate license), a two-day certificate course provides an intensive introduction to the real estate business and to the specific ways support staff can become valuable assets to their employers.
*'''[[Seniors Real Estate Specialist]]''' (SRES). The SRES is a designation for realtors to address the needs of home buyers age 50-plus, the largest and wealthiest buyer's group in the country. SRES is a council of REBAC, a wholly owned subsidiary of The National Association of Realtors.
==Consumer outreach==
The NAR launched HouseLogic.com<ref>http://www.houselogic.com/</ref> in February 2010 in an attempt to reach consumers directly for the first time.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/ct-home-0226-local-scene-chomes-20100226,0,7154893.column | work=Chicago Tribune | title=Realtors looking for special bond with consumers | first=Local | last=Scene | date=2010-02-26}}</ref> Beyond establishing that bond with consumers, the goal of the site is to provide education—with much commercial interests—to consumers about investing in their homes.
NAR produces the radio show ''Real Estate Today'', which is distributed by [[Westwood One (current)|Westwood One]].<ref>[http://retradio.com/ Real Estate Today]</ref><ref>[http://www.westwoodone.com/PROGRAMMING/Talk-Radio/Weekend-Talk/Real-Estate-Today Real Estate Today - Westwood One]</ref>
==Other national real estate associations==
*[[Canadian Association of Accredited Mortgage Professionals]]
*[[Canadian Real Estate Association]]
*[[National Association of Estate Agents]]
*[[National Association of Real Estate Brokers]]
==See also==
*[[Real estate broker]]
*[[Real estate trends]]
*[[Estate agent]]
*[[List of real estate topics]]
*[[United States housing bubble]]
*[[Housing Affordability Index]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
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{{Wiktionary|Realtor}}
*{{Official website|http://www.realtor.org/}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Association Of Realtors}}
[[Category:Real estate industry trade groups]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Real estate in the United States]]
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The '''National Association of Realtors''' ('''NAR'''), whose member brokers are known as '''realtors''' (member agents are known as realtor associates), is a North American [[trade association]]<ref>''National Trade and Professional Associations'' (2008), 43rd ed., {{ISBN|978-1-880873-56-4}}</ref> for those who work in the [[real estate]] industry. It has over 1.1 million members,<ref>[http://www.realtor.org/membership/historic-report NAR Historic Membership Report]</ref> including NAR's institutes, societies, and councils, involved in all aspects of the residential and commercial [[real estate]] industries. NAR also functions as a [[self-regulatory organization]] for real estate brokerage. The organization is headquartered in [[Chicago]].
==Overview==
[[File:National Association of Realtors building (Washington DC).JPG|thumb|right|200px|National Association of Realtors building on New Jersey Ave, NW, Washington DC]]
The National Association of Realtors was founded on May 13, 1908 as the ''National Association of Real Estate Exchanges'' in Chicago, Illinois. In 1916, the National Association of Real Estate Exchanges changed its name to The National Association of Real Estate Boards. The current name was adopted in 1972.
NAR's members are residential and commercial [[real estate broker]]s, real estate salespeople, immovable property managers, appraisers, counselors, and others engaged in all aspects of the real estate (immovable property) industry, where a state license to practice is required. Members belong to one or more of some 1,600 local realtor boards or associations. They are pledged to a [[Ethical code|code of ethics]] and standards of practice, which were adopted in 1913.<ref>[http://www.realtor.org/mempolweb.nsf/pages/code NAR's 2007 code of ethics and standards of practice]</ref>
The National Association of Realtors is also a member of [[The Real Estate Roundtable]], a lobbying group in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?lname=National+Assn+of+Realtors&year=2007|title=Lobbying Spending Database: National Assn of Realtors : 2007|accessdate=2008-10-25}}</ref>
==Trademark ==
The use of the term "realtor" was first proposed by Charles N. Chadbourn, in an article in the ''[[National Real Estate Journal]]'' in March 1916.<ref name=OED>{{OED | Realtor }} Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> Chadbourn, then a real estate agent in [[Minneapolis]] and vice-president of the National Association of Real Estate Boards,<ref name=NREJ1918>{{cite journal |title=Charles N. Chadbourn, Originator of the word "Realtor" |journal=National Real Estate Journal |date=January 1918 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9dBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7 |accessdate=April 3, 2015}}</ref> wrote "I propose that the National Association adopt a professional title to be conferred upon its members which they shall use to distinguish them from outsiders. That this title be copyrighted and defended by the National Association against misuse... I therefore, propose that the National Association adopt and confer upon its members, dealers in realty, the title of ''realtor'' (accented on the first syllable)."<ref name=OED/> The association adopted the term the following year, at its national convention in New Orleans in April 1916.<ref name=NREJ1918/>
In 1949, the National Association of Real Estate Boards obtained U.S. registration no. 515,200<ref>Realtors, ser. no. 71/540,015 (filed July 17, 1947), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=515200&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 515,200] (September 13, 1949). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> for "realtors" as a [[collective trademark]] for real estate brokerage services. In 1950, it obtained a second registration, registration no. 519,789,<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 71/540,013 (filed July 17, 1947), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=519789&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 519,789] (January 10, 1950). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> for "realtor", in the same field.
NAR has since obtained registrations for the term in such fields as electronic lock-boxes,<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 78/426,864 (filed May 28, 2004), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=2983269&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 2,983,269] (August 9, 2005). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> clothing,<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 86/074,481 (filed September 25, 2013), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=4583156&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 4,583,156] (August 12, 2014). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref> and jewelry.<ref>Realtor, ser. no. 86/074,386 (filed September 25, 2013), reg. no. [http://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=4583155&caseType=US_REGISTRATION_NO&searchType=statusSearch 4,583,155] (August 12, 2014). [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]. Accessed April 3, 2015.</ref>
The 515,200 and 519,789 registrations have been subject to a number of cancellation proceedings:
*In June 1998, Arleen Freeman, a real estate agent who had formerly been an NAR member, petitioned the [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) to cancel both registrations.<ref name=cancel92027885>''[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92027885 Arleen Freeman v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors]'', cancellation nos. 27,885, 27,885, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 64 U.S.P.Q.2d 1700 (June 18, 2002)</ref> In June 2002, the USPTO's [[Trademark Trial and Appeal Board]] (TTAB) held that, because Freeman was a former member of NAR and a licensee of the trademarks, she was [[estopped]] from bringing a proceeding to cancel them under the doctrine of [[licensee estoppel]].<ref name=cancel92027885/>
*In November 2001, Jacob Zimmerman, a student who was not a member of NAR, petitioned the USPTO to cancel the registrations, on the ground that "realtor" and "realtors" were [[genericized trademark|generic terms]] rather than a trademark.<ref name=cancel92040141>''[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92040141 Jacob Zimmerman v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors]'', cancellation nos. 92032360, 92040141, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, 70 U.S.P.Q.2d 1425 (March 31, 2004)</ref> On March 31, 2004, the TTAB denied the petition, finding on the evidence before it that the term was not generic.<ref name=cancel92040141/>
*In March 2015, Jeffrey Schermerhorn petitioned to cancel the 519,789 registration.<ref name=cance92061031>''[http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92061031 Jeffrey Schermerhorn v. Nat'l Ass'n of Realtors]'', cancellation no. 92061031, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (filed March 9, 2015; decided March 30, 2016)</ref> Schermerhorn alleged fraud under ''Torres v. Cantine Torresella S.r.l.''<ref>''[http://openjurist.org/808/f2d/46/torres-v-cantine-torresella-s Torres v. Cantine Torresella S.r.l.]'', 808 F.2d 46 (Fed. Cir. 1986)</ref> as well as genericness, arguing that "[[Social Media]] such as [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Linkedin]], [[Instagram]] and [[Google Plus]]" provides additional evidence of generic use that was not available at the time of the ''Zimmerman'' proceeding.<ref name=cance92061031/> On March 30, 2016, the TTAB granted the NAR's motion to dismiss the petition on the ground that Schermerhorn, who had been a NAR member and licensee at the time he submitted his petition to cancel, was also estopped from challenging the mark.<ref name=cance92061031/>
==NAR and Multiple Listing Service (MLS) systems==
The NAR governs the hundreds of local [[Multiple Listing Service]]s (MLSs) which are the information exchanges used across the nation by real estate brokers. (However, there are many MLSs that are independent of NAR, although membership is typically limited to licensed brokers and their agents; MLSPIN<ref>[http://mlspin.com MLSpin website]</ref> is an example of one of the larger independent MLSs in [[North America]].)
Through a complicated arrangement, NAR sets the policies for most of the Multiple Listings Services, and in the late 1990s, with the growth of the Internet, NAR evolved regulations allowing [[Internet Data Exchange]]s (IDX) whereby brokers would allow a portion of their data to be seen on the Internet via brokers' or agents' websites and [[Virtual Office Website]]s (VOW) which required potential buyers to register to obtain information.
These policies allowed participants—whether they were individual one-person brokers or large regional companies—to limit access to some or all of the MLS data by individual brokers (whether they were brokers operating solely on the Internet or local competitors). In 2005, this prompted the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] to file an [[antitrust]] lawsuit against NAR alleging its MLS rules in regard to these types of limitations on the display of data were the product of a conspiracy to restrain trade by excluding brokers who used the Internet to operate differently from traditional [[brick-and-mortar]] brokers. (For a description of the DOJ action, see ''Antitrust Case filings for US v. National Association of Realtors''.<ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/nar.htm ''United States v. National Association of Realtors'']. United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref>) Meanwhile, various [[real estate trends]] such as expanded consumer access and the [[Internet]] are consolidating existing local MLS organizations into larger and more statewide or regional MLS systems, such as in California and Virginia/Maryland/Washington DC's [[Metropolitan Regional Information Systems]].
In response to the case, NAR had proposed setting up a single [[Internet Listing Display]] system which would not allow participants to exclude individual brokers (whether of a bricks-and-mortar type or solely internet-based) but require a blanket opting out of display on ''all other brokers{{'}}'' sites.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} This system became the IDX system. Although IDX allows the public to view MLS listings, it still requires the listing brokerage information to be placed on the listing every place it appears (brokers legally "own" the listings of their brokerage), to prevent misrepresentation of the listing information, and to place accountability for the information on the broker as the law dictates.
The antitrust lawsuit was settled in May 2008.<ref name=retuers>Bartz, Diane. [https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSN2739237620080528 Realtors to open listings to settle lawsuit]. ''Reuters''. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref> The agreement mandates that all Multiple Listing Service systems allow access to Internet-based competitors.<ref name=retuers/><ref name=ap>Jordan, Lara Jakes. [http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_9392912?source=rss Settlement opens listings to online real estate agents]. ''[[Associated Press]]''. ''[[The Mercury News]]'', Silicon Valley. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref> The NAR will be required to treat online brokers the same as traditional brokers and cannot exclude them from membership because they do not have a traditional business model.<ref name=nyt>Lichtblau, Eric. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/business/28realty.html Realtors Agree to Stop Blocking Web Listings]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-27.</ref> The NAR admitted no wrongdoing, and it paid neither fines nor damages as part of the deal.<ref name=nyt/> The settlement will not be official until a federal judge formally approves it, most likely in 2008.<ref name=nyt/><!-- What happened with the case? It's a year after this section should have been updated. --> While the general counsel of the NAR believes that the settlement will have no effect on the commission paid by the general public, a business professor at Western Michigan University predicted that the increased competition would cause a 25 to 50 percent decrease in commissions.<ref name=nyt/>
Another major anticompetitive practice is supported (indirectly) by various state laws which prohibit the "sharing" of commissions with unlicensed individuals. In broad interpretations, this is deemed to prevent a buyers' agent from providing a credit to his or her buyers from commissions received. Currently, there are 10 states where real estate agents and brokers are barred from offering homebuyers or sellers cash rebates or gifts of any kind with a cash value more than $25. Various realtors in such states have successfully contested this interpretation in states which now allow the practice (notably, Patrick Lea, a realtor in Ohio, and numerous agents in Kentucky). The Kentucky case was ultimately tried with the United States Department of Justice as the plaintiff and the Kentucky Real Estate Commission as the defendant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f210200/210274.htm|title=Competitive Impact Statement: U.S. v. Kentucky Real Estate Commission|date=26 July 2005|publisher=United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky}}</ref>
==Lobbying==
The NAR wields substantial power as a lobbying organization. Since 1999, the NAR has spent more than $99,384,108,<ref>{{cite web|title=Noteworthy Contributor Summary|url=http://www.followthemoney.org/database/topcontributor.phtml?u=1823&y=0&incs=1&ince=0&incf=0|publisher=National Institute on Money in State Politics|accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> and spent $22,355,463 in 2011 alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Assn of Realtors|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000062|publisher=The Center for Responsive Politics|accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> It has consistently ranked among the largest [[Political Action Committees]] in the [[United States]].
In its 2016 figures, the Center for Responsive Politics ranked the National Association of Realtors as the 2nd largest top spender in lobbying after the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. The NAR spent $64,821,111 in 2016. <ref>{{cite web|title=National Assn of Realtors|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000062|publisher=The Center for Responsive Politics|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref> {{cn|date=April 2017}}
On the total spending, the largest share—46%—has gone to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]], and 30.8% has gone to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]. Key political issues for the group revolve around federal de-regulation of the [[financial services]] industry. {{cn|date=April 2017}}
==Enabling the subprime mortgage crisis==
[[File:U.S. Housing Price Measures - Index and Dollar Price Value.png|thumb|350px|U.S. Median Price of Homes Sold]]
Some experts<ref>{{cite web
| title=The Subprime Blame Game: Where Were the Realtors?
| date=October 17, 2007
| series=Knowledge@Wharton
| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1824
| accessdate=December 3, 2012
| publisher=[[Wharton University of Pennsylvania]]
}}
</ref> believe that brokers and realtors bear the at least partial responsibility for the [[subprime mortgage crisis]], purposefully inflating the perceived market values of homes, and subsequently encouraging buyers to take out larger mortgages than needed. The theory is that [[collusion]] with mortgage lenders enabled realtors to earn high volumes of [[Commission (remuneration)|commission]] on borrowed money for inflated house values with no risk to the realtors. Many victims feel that home buyers were tricked into taking out larger loans to buy more expensive homes, and the higher sales prices paid the realtors higher commissions. This practice is not considered "unethical" by the NAR which claims to be a [[Self-regulatory organization]]; however, obvious implications show extensive and substantial harm rendered to the public. Many victims are encouraging the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] to begin aggressively regulating<ref>{{cite web
| title=Is it time to regulate real estate agents?
| date=January 12, 2009
| url=http://www.dailyfinance.com/2009/01/12/is-it-time-to-regulate-real-estate-agents/
}}
</ref> agents and refunding overpayments to homebuyers.
==Antitrust lawsuits==
In 2005, the [[United States Department of Justice]] filed a formal complaint against the National Association of Realtors for violating Section 4 of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]].<ref name=DOJ>{{cite web|title=United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f211000/211009.htm|publisher=US Justice Department|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=ATR>{{cite web|title=Justice Department Sues National Association of Realtors for Limiting Competition Among Real Estate Brokers|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2005/211008.htm|publisher=US Department of Justice|accessdate=19 April 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114092421/http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2005/211008.htm|archivedate=14 January 2013|df=}}</ref> The complaint sought to enjoin the National Association of Realtors "from maintaining or enforcing a policy that restrains competition from brokers who use the Internet to more efficiently and cost effectively serve home sellers and buyers, and from adopting other related [[Competition law|anticompetitive rules]].<ref name=DOJ/>
The DOJ challenged NAR's MLS rules that inhibited competition from Internet-based brokers.<ref name=DOJ/><ref name=CF>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/cmls.htm|title=United States v. Consolidated Multiple Listing Service, Inc.|publisher=US Department of Justice|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> On November 18, 2008 the Court entered a Final Judgment approving a settlement against NAR.<ref name=CF/>
Under the Final Judgment, the NAR agreed to the policies challenged by the United States and replaced those policies with rules that do not discriminate against brokers who use the Internet to provide low-priced brokerage services to consumers.<ref name=DOJ/><ref name=CF/><ref name=FJ>{{cite web|title=United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f239600/239655.htm|publisher=US Department of Justice|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>
In 2012, American Home Realty Network, Inc. the operator of [[NeighborCity]] filed antitrust counterclaims in response to a pair of [[Copyright law of the United States|copyright lawsuits]], alleging that the "copyright lawsuits filed against it by two multiple listing services with financial backing from the National Association of Realtors are part of a concerted effort by NAR to drive the company out of business and eliminate it as a provider of services to real estate brokers."<ref name=INM>{{cite web|last=Brambila|first=Andrea|title=NAR, MRIS hit with antitrust suit|url=http://www.inman.com/news/2012/09/26/nar-mris-hit-with-antitrust-suit|publisher=Inman|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> The counter-claims also allege that the copyrights asserted were never properly registered.<ref name=INM/><ref name=TD>{{cite web|title=Fight Over Real Estate Listings Escalates As NeighborCity Counters Copyright Claims With Antitrust Accusations|url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20121004/18581320614/fight-over-real-estate-listings-escalates-as-neighborcity-counters-copyright-claims-with-antitrust-accusations.shtml|publisher=Techdirt|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> In the Minnesota case, which recites claims against the NAR but does not directly name the NAR as a counter-defendant, AHRN filed a second amended counterclaim adding Edina Realty and Home Services of America as Counter-Defendants in the antitrust and unfair competition claims.<ref name=AAS>{{cite web|title=In the United States District Court for the District of Maryland Greenbelt Division|url=http://cache.inman.com/files/stories/Answerandcounterclaim_Doc46_092412.pdf|publisher=Inman|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> [[Edina Realty]] is a subsidiary of [[HomeServices of America, Inc.]], a [[Berkshire Hathaway]] company, which owns real estate brokerage firms in states across the country, including [[Minnesota]], [[Maryland]], [[North Carolina]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Arizona]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Connecticut]], [[Iowa]], [[Nebraska]], [[Ohio]], [[Illinois]], [[Kansas]], [[South Carolina]], [[Missouri]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], [[Alabama]], and [[California]].<ref name=INM/><ref name=AAS/><ref name=IGB>{{cite web|last=Fuller|first=Matt|title=Neighborcity.com alleges NAR, MRIS, NorthstarMLS violate anti-trust laws: op/ed|url=http://agbeat.com/editorials/neighborcity-com-alleges-nar-mris-northstarmls-violat-anti-trust-laws-oped/|publisher=AG Beat|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=AIM/><ref name="HS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bhhsgeorgia.com/default.asp?p=pressreleases.asp&location=item&itemid=84788|title=HomeServices of America, Inc. Announces Acquisition of Prudential Georgia Realty|last=|first=|date=March 19, 2013|website=BHHS Georgia|publisher=Home Services|access-date=|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> Earlier in 2012, the mid-Atlantic multiple listing service [[Metropolitan Regional Information Systems, Inc. (MRIS)]] and [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]], MN-based Regional Multiple Listing Service of Minnesota Inc. (NorthstarMLS) filed copyright claims against NeighborCity.<ref name=INM/><ref name=TD/> The National Association of Realtors said it would provide financial support for NorthstarMLS and MRIS legal expenses.<ref name=AIM>{{cite web|title=MLS says no thanks to NAR funds for MRIS v. NeighborCity|url=http://aimgroup.com/2012/10/08/mls-says-no-thanks-to-nar-funds-for-mris-v-neighborcity/|publisher=Aim Group|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=INM2>{{cite web|last=Brambila|first=Andrea|title=NAR helping MLSs cover costs of NeighborCity copyright suits|url=http://www.inman.com/news/2012/05/22/nar-helping-mlss-cover-costs-neighborcity-copyright-suits|publisher=Inman|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>
==Specializations==
===NAR educational requirements and recognized designations===
Realtors, as members of NAR, also have the option of studying for additional certifications in a variety of specialties, several of which are backed by NAR with offerings of certification and update courses available nationwide.<ref>[http://www.realtor.org/runivers.nsf/pages/designation?OpenDocument NAR Accredited Designations & Courses]. ''National Association of Realtors''.</ref>
The most well known NAR sponsored designations are the following:
*'''Accredited Buyer Representative''' (ABR). The Real Estate Buyers Agent Council has over 40,000 members and is the largest association of real estate professionals focusing on all aspects of buyer representation. Of the REBAC members, over 30,000 have completed REBAC's two-day course and provided documentation of buyer agency experience. Linked to the ABR is the ABRM, Accredited Buyer Representative Manager (ABRM) for managers.
*'''Accredited Land Consultant''' (ALC). ALC's are specialists in land brokerage transactions, including farms and ranches, raw land sales and development.
*'''[[Certified Commercial Investment Member]]''' (CCIM). CCIMs are specialists in commercial real estate brokerage, leasing, valuation and investment analysis. There are more than 7,500 designees and an equal number of candidates principally in North America, but also in Asia and Europe.
*'''[[Certified Property Manager]]''' (CPM). Geared to real estate property management specialists, designees handle all forms of management from residential to commercial to industrial.
*'''Certified Real Estate Brokerage Manager''' (CRB). The designation is awarded to realtors who have completed the Council's advanced educational and professional requirements.
*'''Certified Residential Specialist''' (CRS). CRS Designees earn a median income of $85,000 annually, nearly 3 times the $29,400 median income of realtors serving as sales associates.<ref name="crs.com">Membership Stats & Surveys http://www.crs.com/About_CRS/55</ref> They also average a total of 21 transactions per year with gross sales of $3.2 million.<ref name="crs.com"/> Requirements for this designation include a total of at least 25 transactions (or specific volume of sales) over a specific time period, and significant experience, as well as educational requirements.
*'''Certification for Internet Professionalism''' ([[e-Pro (certification)|e-Pro]]). An e-Pro is a realtor who has undergone a new training program presented entirely online to be certified as Internet Professionals. NAR is the first major trade group to offer certification for online professionalism which involves all aspects of doing business on the internet. This is not a designation but rather a certification sponsored by NAR.
*'''Certified International Property Specialist''' (CIPS). Realtors with the CIPS designation have training and hands-on experience in international real estate transactions, Whether traveling abroad to put transactions together, assisting foreign investors, helping local buyers invest abroad, or serving an immigrant niche in local markets. CIPS designees have also completed a program of study focusing on critical aspects of transnational transactions, including currency and exchange rate issues and cross-cultural relationships, regional market conditions, investment performance, tax issues and more. The CIPS network consists of 1,500 real estate professionals from 50 countries.
*'''Counselor of Real Estate''' (CRE). A CRE designee is one of only 1,100 by-invitation-only members of an international group of professionals who provide seasoned, objective advice on real property and land-related matters.
*'''Graduate of the Realtor's Institute''' (GRI). The GRI designation is held by 19% of realtors and courses are offered through state realtor associations with 90 hours of coursework on marketing and servicing listed properties to real estate law. In a 2003 survey, NAR has determined that GRIs earned over $33,200 more annually than non-designees.
*'''Real Estate Professional Assistant''' (REPA). Designed for administrative assistants or employees of realtors (who may or may not hold a real estate license), a two-day certificate course provides an intensive introduction to the real estate business and to the specific ways support staff can become valuable assets to their employers.
*'''[[Seniors Real Estate Specialist]]''' (SRES). The SRES is a designation for realtors to address the needs of home buyers age 50-plus, the largest and wealthiest buyer's group in the country. SRES is a council of REBAC, a wholly owned subsidiary of The National Association of Realtors.
==Consumer outreach==
The NAR launched HouseLogic.com<ref>http://www.houselogic.com/</ref> in February 2010 in an attempt to reach consumers directly for the first time.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/ct-home-0226-local-scene-chomes-20100226,0,7154893.column | work=Chicago Tribune | title=Realtors looking for special bond with consumers | first=Local | last=Scene | date=2010-02-26}}</ref> Beyond establishing that bond with consumers, the goal of the site is to provide education—with much commercial interests—to consumers about investing in their homes.
NAR produces the radio show ''Real Estate Today'', which is distributed by [[Westwood One (current)|Westwood One]].<ref>[http://retradio.com/ Real Estate Today]</ref><ref>[http://www.westwoodone.com/PROGRAMMING/Talk-Radio/Weekend-Talk/Real-Estate-Today Real Estate Today - Westwood One]</ref>
==Other national real estate associations==
*[[Canadian Association of Accredited Mortgage Professionals]]
*[[Canadian Real Estate Association]]
*[[National Association of Estate Agents]]
*[[National Association of Real Estate Brokers]]
==See also==
*[[Real estate broker]]
*[[Real estate trends]]
*[[Estate agent]]
*[[List of real estate topics]]
*[[United States housing bubble]]
*[[Housing Affordability Index]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
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{{Wiktionary|Realtor}}
*{{Official website|http://www.realtor.org/}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Association Of Realtors}}
[[Category:Real estate industry trade groups]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Real estate in the United States]]
