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{{Infobox university
| name = Columbia University
| image_name = Columbia University shield.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| native_name = Columbia University in the City of New York
| former_names = King's College<br />(1754–1784)<br />Columbia College<br />(1784–1896)<ref name="Moore 1846 53–60">{{cite book|title=A Historical Sketch of Columbia|last=Moore|first=Nathanal Fischer|year=1846|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|pages=53–60|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref>
| latin_name = Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis<ref>[http://calder.med.miami.edu/papper/images/bio/17%20columbia%20college.jpg Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis image] miami.edu</ref>
| motto = ''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = In Thy light shall we see light<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/special/cuglance.html|title=Columbia University at a Glance|author=Columbia University|year=2012|accessdate=April 12, 2012}}</ref> ([[Psalms]] 36:9)
| established = {{start date|1754}}
| type = [[Royal College|Royal]] (1754–1776)<br>[[Private university|Private]] (present)
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]]<br>[[Universities Research Association|URA]]<br>[[568 Group]]<br>[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]
| endowment = [[US$]]10.9 billion<ref>{{As of|2018|6|30|df=US}}. {{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-17/columbia-university-posts-13-7-return-with-ceo-holland-at-helm|title=Columbia University Posts 13.7% Annual Return|year=2018}}</ref> (2018)
| president = [[Lee Bollinger]]
| provost = [[John Henry Coatsworth]]
| students = 27,942 (excluding 1,928 non-degree students; fall 2014)<ref name="columbia1">{{cite web|title=Full-time, part-time headcount and full-time equivalent enrollment by degree status, Fall 2014|publisher=Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_enrollment_degree_level_1.htm|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref>
| undergrad = 8,410 (fall 2014)<ref name="columbia1"/>
| postgrad = 19,532 (fall 2014)<ref name="columbia1"/>
| faculty = 3,999 (fall 2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=Full-time faculty distribution by school/division, Fall 2004-Fall 2014 |publisher=Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_faculty_history_1.htm|date=March 19, 2015}}</ref>
| city = [[New York City]]
| state = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| country = [[United States]]
| coor = {{Coord|40|48|27|N|73|57|43|W|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], total {{convert|299|acre|km2}}
| colors = [[Columbia Blue]] and White<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visualidentity.columbia.edu/content/colors-1|title=Colors {{!}} Identity Guidelines |accessdate=August 9, 2018}}</ref><br>{{color box|#B9D9EB}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Ivy League]], [[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]<br>[[Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association|MAISA]] (sailing)
| nickname = [[Columbia Lions|Lions]]
| mascot = [[Columbia Lions|Roaree the Lion]]
| website = {{URL|columbia.edu}}
| logo = Columbia University logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
}}
'''Columbia University''' ('''Columbia'''; officially '''Columbia University in the City of New York'''), established in 1754, is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] in [[Upper Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in [[New York (state)|New York]] and the fifth-oldest institution of [[higher learning]] in the United States. It is one of nine [[colonial colleges]] founded prior to the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], seven of which belong to the Ivy League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/shaping_the_world/index.html|title=The Course of History|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=November 22, 2004}}</ref>
Columbia was established as King's College by [[royal charter]] of [[George II of Great Britain]] partially in reaction to the founding of [[Princeton University]] in New Jersey<ref name="McCaughey2003" />. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students, [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Jay]]. In 1896, the campus was moved from [[Madison Avenue]] to its location in [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] and renamed Columbia University.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html|title=A Brief History of Columbia|publisher=Columbia University|year=2011|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref><ref name="studentaffairs.columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php|title=Residential Life|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>
Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the [[Association of American Universities]] and was the first school in the United States to grant the [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D. degree]].<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|title=Member Institutions|publisher=Association of American Universities|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> The university administers the [[Pulitzer Prize]] annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/administration|title=Pulitzer Administration|publisher=Pulitzer.org|author=Seymour Topping|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref>
The university has produced numerous [[List of Columbia University people|distinguished alumni]]. In 2018, its undergraduate acceptance rate was 5.51%, making it one of the most selective colleges in the United States and the second most selective in the Ivy League after Harvard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2018/03/28/cc-seas-admit-rate-drops-to-record-low-55-percent/|title=CC, SEAS admit rate drops to record-low 5.5 percent|website=columbiaspectator.com|accessdate=March 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harvard Admits 4.6% of Applicants; Other Ivy League Schools Get Tougher, Too |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/harvard-admits-4-6-of-applicants-other-ivy-league-schools-get-tougher-too-1522335654 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Columbia is ranked as the 3rd best university in the United States by U.S. News & World Report behind only Princeton and Harvard.<ref>https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities</ref>
Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including many undergraduate and graduate schools. It maintains research centers outside of the United States known as [[Columbia Global Centers]]. In athletics, the [[Columbia Lions|Lions]] field varsity teams in 29 sports as a member of the [[NCAA Division I]] Ivy League conference. The university's endowment stood at $10.9 billion in 2018, making it [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|one of the largest]] of any academic institution.
The university has graduated numerous notable alumni, including five [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], an [[Gouverneur Morris|author]] of the United States Constitution and [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|co-author]] of the [[Declaration of Independence]]; [[List of Presidents of the United States by education|three U.S. presidents]]; 29 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state]]; 10 Justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], two of whom currently serve; [[Nobel laureates by university|96 Nobel laureates]], 101 National Academy members,<ref name="Members By Parent Institution"/> 38 living billionaires.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite news|author=Kathleen Elkins|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/22/colleges-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html|title=The 10 colleges that produce the most billionaires|work=CNBC|accessdate=July 5, 2018}}</ref>; 39 Academy Awards and 125 Pulitzer Prizes.
==History==
{{Main|History of Columbia University}}
===Colonial===
[[File:Kings college 1770.gif|thumb|King's College Hall, 1770]]
Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the [[Province of New York]] began as early as 1704, at which time [[Lewis Morris (governor)|Colonel Lewis Morris]] wrote to the [[United Society Partners in the Gospel|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]], the missionary arm of the [[Church of England]], persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college.<ref name="McCaughey2003">{{cite book|title=Stand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-231-13008-2|page=1}}<!--|accessdate=April 11, 2011--></ref> However, it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey (the present [[Princeton University]]) across the [[Hudson River]] in [[New Jersey]] that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.<ref name="McCaughey2003" /> In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the [[Church of England]], to direct the funds accrued by the [[state lottery]] towards the foundation of a college.<ref>{{cite book|title=Columbia|last=Keppel|first=Fredrick Paul|year=1914|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|page=26|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref>
Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, [[Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Dr. Samuel Johnson]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904|last=Matthews|first=Brander|author2=John Pine|author3=Harry Peck|author4=Munroe Smith|year=1904|publisher=Macmillan Company|location=London, England|pages=8–10|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Official Guide to Columbia University|last=Butler|first=Nicholas Murray|year=1912|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|page=3|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]], making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" />
In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by [[Myles Cooper]], a graduate of [[The Queen's College, Oxford]], and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the [[American Revolution]], his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, [[Alexander Hamilton]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Butler|1912|p=3}}</ref> The [[American Revolutionary War]] broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the [[Continental Army]]. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their [[Evacuation Day (New York)|departure]] in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schecter|first=Barnet|title=The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution|publisher=Walker & Company|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8027-1374-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|authorlink=David McCullough|title=[[1776 (book)|1776]]|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4}}</ref> Loyalists were forced to abandon their King's College in New York, which was seized by the rebels and renamed Columbia College. The Loyalists, led by [[Charles Inglis (bishop)|Bishop Charles Inglis]] fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded [[King's-Edgehill School|King's Collegiate School]].<ref name="LP">{{London Gazette |issue=12910 |date=August 7, 1787 |page=373 }}</ref>
===18th century===
[[File:columbia law madison.gif|thumb|upright|The [[Gothic Revival]] Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus]]
After the Revolution, the college turned to the [[New York (state)|State of New York]] in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand.<ref>{{Harvnb|Matthews|1904|p=59}}</ref> The Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College".<ref name="History of Columbia">{{Cite book|last2=|first2=| author2-link=|title=A History of Columbia University, 1754–1904|year=1904|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|id=|isbn=1-4021-3737-0}}</ref> The Act created a [[Board of Regents]] to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]]",<ref name="History of Columbia" /> a reference to [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]], an alternative name for America. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by [[John Jay]] and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a private board of 24 Trustees.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moore|1846|pp=65–70}}</ref>
On May 21, 1787, [[William Samuel Johnson]], the son of [[Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Dr. Samuel Johnson]], was unanimously elected President of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the [[First Continental Congress]] and been chosen as a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]].<ref>{{cite book|title=William Samuel Johnson: A Maker of the Constitution|last=Groce|first=C. G.|year=1937|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]] governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. Both President [[George Washington]] and Vice President [[John Adams]] attended the college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution.<ref>{{Harvnb|Matthews|1904|p=74}}</ref>
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0671).jpg|thumb|left|The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900]]
=== 19th century to present ===
[[File:US-NY(1891) p598 NYC, COLUMBIA COLLEGE.jpg|thumb|1857 building]]
In November 1813, the College agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]].<ref name="Moore 1846 53–60"/> The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily [[Gothic Revival]] campus on 49th Street and [[Madison Avenue]], where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|F.A.P. Barnard]], the president that Barnard College is named after, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|date=December 10, 2003|url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html|title=Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900|work=Stand, Columbia – A History of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University Press|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909114704/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html|archivedate=September 9, 2006}}</ref> By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population.<ref>{{Harvnb| Butler|1912|pp=5–8}}</ref> University president [[Seth Low]] moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights]].<ref>[http://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2008/05/05/columbia-universitys-lunatic-past "Columbia University's Lunatic Past." ''Ephemeral New York'' website. May 5, 2008]</ref> Under the leadership of Low's successor, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" /> Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded [[Teachers College]], as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist [[Grace Hoadley Dodge]].<ref name="stand">{{cite book|last1=McCaughey|first1=Robert|title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University|date=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231503556|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdBXMiac6l0C&pg=PA572&ved=0ahUKEwjQ-NHs4ZXTAhXBXRQKHdzEB1s4ChDoAQgZMAA&q=%22teachers%20college%22%20}}</ref> Teachers College came under the aegis of Columbia University in 1893 and is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html|title=History - Columbia University in the City of New York|website=www.columbia.edu|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref>
Research into the atom by faculty members [[John R. Dunning]], [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]], [[Enrico Fermi]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]] placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref name="Broad">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html|title=Why They Called It the Manhattan Project|accessdate=October 30, 2007|work=The New York Times|first=William J.|last=Broad|date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> In 1928, [[Seth Low]] Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39SJn66jF0C&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA&q=%22university%20undergraduates%22%20%22columbia%22%20%22seth%20low%22|title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York ... – Robert A. McCaughey – Google Books|publisher=Books.google.com|date=|accessdate=January 5, 2014}}</ref> The college was closed in 1938 due to the adverse effects of the [[Great Depression]] and its students were subsequently absorbed into University Extension.<ref name="spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19280403-01.2.7|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 3 April 1928 — Columbia Spectator|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the [[School of General Studies]] in response to the return of [[GI (military)|GIs]] after World War II.<ref>{{cite web|title=School of General Studies: History|url=http://www.gs.columbia.edu/gs-history|publisher=Columbia School of General Studies|accessdate=June 10, 2011}}</ref> In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/what-makes-gs-different-columbias-traditional-undergraduate-colleges|title=What makes GS different from Columbia's traditional undergraduate colleges?|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> Within the same year, the Division of Special Programs—later the School of Continuing Education, and now the [[Columbia University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]]—was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/archives/resolutions_archives/resolutions/01-02/CEres.htm|title=University Senate|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sps.columbia.edu/about/history|title=History – Columbia University School of Professional Studies|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Almamater.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'']]
In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the University, and in response, the [[Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs]] was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/newcuhome/content/history.html|title=History – Columbia University in the City of New York|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref>
During the 1960s [[Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia experienced large-scale student activism]], which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's President, [[Grayson Kirk]] and the establishment of the University Senate.<ref>{{cite book|title=1968: The Year That Rocked The World|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|year=2005|publisher=Random House|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-345-45582-7|pages=194–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s|last=Bradley|first=Stefan|year=2009|publisher=University of Illinois|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-252-03452-7|pages=5–19, 164–191}}</ref>
Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with [[Barnard College]], the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.<ref>[http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/03/31/reception-honors-anniversary-cc-coeducation Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation | Columbia Daily Spectator]. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia University and Barnard College.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=https://www.barnard.edu/about/partnership-columbia|title=Partnership with Columbia}}</ref>
During the late 20th century, the University underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the University consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310122351/http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|dead-url=yes|archive-date=March 10, 2014|title=GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]], and the [[Columbia University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the [[Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs]], which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|title=History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref>
==Campus==
According to ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'', Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City, after the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/columbia-university/ |title=Columbia University |first=Alina |last=Soler |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |accessdate=July 17, 2017 }}</ref>
===Morningside Heights===
[[File:Columbia College Walk.jpg|thumb|College Walk]]
The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] on [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] principles by architects [[McKim, Mead, and White]]. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or {{convert|32|acres|abbr=on}}, in [[Morningside Heights]], New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive [[Columbia University tunnels|underground tunnel system]] more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duncan|first=Steve|date=March 31, 2006|url=http://www.undercity.org/photos/CriticalSpaceEquip/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074427/http://www.undercity.org/photos/CriticalSpaceEquip/index.htm|archivedate=February 17, 2007|title=Finding History In Radioactive Storage Rooms|work=Undercity.org|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Duncan|first=Steve|date=July 20, 2005|url=http://www.undercity.org/photos/1Gallery/CU_hoppersfront2.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074922/http://www.undercity.org/photos/1Gallery/CU_hoppersfront2.htm|archivedate=February 17, 2007|title=Old Coal Hoppers, Columbia University|work=Undercity.org|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Butler Library - 1000px - AC.jpg|thumb|left|[[Butler Library]]]]
The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as [[Butler Library]], is the largest single library in the [[Columbia University Library System]], and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as "South Hall" by the university's former President [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] as expansion plans for [[Low Memorial Library]] stalled, the new library was funded by [[Edward Harkness]], benefactor of Yale's [[residential college]] system, and designed by his favorite architect, [[James Gamble Rogers]]. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The library design is [[neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] in style. Its facade features a row of columns in the [[Ionic order]] above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the [[Core Curriculum (Columbia College)|Core Curriculum]] of [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/5295/SelfGuided.pdf|title=Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, [[Columbia University Library System|Columbia's library system]] includes over 11.9 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.columbia.edu/about/facts.html|publisher=Columbia University|title=Libraries and Collections: Fast Facts|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|publisher=American Library Association|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Teachers College today.JPG|thumb|[[Teachers College]]]]
Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[Low Memorial Library]], a [[National Historic Landmark]] and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. [[Philosophy Hall]] is listed as the site of the invention of [[FM radio]]. Also listed is [[Pupin Hall]], another [[National Historic Landmark]], which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by [[Enrico Fermi]]. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in [[Copenhagen, Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=87002599}} |author=Carolyn Pitts |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia |year=1987 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=66000550|photos=y}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University--Accompanying photos |year=1983 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall}}, National Park Service and {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=''Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922-2001''|photos=y}}</ref>
[[File:Union Theological Seminary NYC 001 002 combined.jpg|thumb|left|[[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]]]]
A statue by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]] called ''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'' is centered on the front steps of [[Low Memorial Library]]. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing [[List of Latin phrases (S)|sapientia and doctrina]]. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a Royalist institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968]] a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|title=Alma Mater (sculpture)|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a [[women's college]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|title=The Myth of the College Sweetheart|author=Meredith Foster|date=February 11, 2011|work=The Eye|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=April 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091227/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|archivedate=March 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|title=What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons|publisher=Columbia University Record|date=May 19, 1999|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the [[City Beautiful movement]], the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2QpgTWH?url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf |archivedate=April 18, 2011 |publisher=Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc. |title=The Steps at Low Library |author=Richard P. Dober |accessdate=April 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> On warm days when the weather is favorable, the Low Steps often become a popular gathering place for students to sunbathe, eat lunch, or play frisbee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=923&type_id=17 |publisher=Project for Public Spaces |title=Columbia University Steps |accessdate=April 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706105309/http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces//one?public_place_id=923&type_id=17 |archivedate=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{wide image| Columbia pano.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library}}
===Other campuses===
[[File:LDEO Entrance.jpg|thumb|Lamont Campus entrance in [[Palisades, New York|Palisades]], New York]]
[[File:ColumbiaMedicalCenter.jpeg|thumb|Medical Center in [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]]]]
In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a {{convert|17|acre}} site for a new campus in [[Manhattanville]], an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] to 133rd Street, the new campus will house buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|title=Manhattanville in West Harlem|accessdate=April 1, 2007}}</ref> The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings will be {{convert|6800000|sqft|m2}} of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|title=In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents|work=The New York Times|date=November 20, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/nyregion/21gas.html|work=The New York Times|title=2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion Plan|first=Timothy|last=Williams|date=September 21, 2008|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref> Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. {{As of|2008|12}}, the State of New York's [[Empire State Development Corporation]] approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2008/12/18/mville-expansion-clears-last-major-hurdle-state-approves-eminent-domain|title=M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent Domain|date=December 18, 2008|work=Columbia Spectator|first=Maggie|last=Astor|author2=Kim Kirschenbaum|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref> On May 20, 2009, the [[New York State Public Authorities Control Board]] approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan and the first buildings are under construction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia/|title=Columbia Manhattanville Project|work=Press Release|date=May 20, 2009|accessdate=August 12, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506034150/http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia|archivedate=May 6, 2010|df=}}</ref>
[[New York-Presbyterian Hospital]] is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and [[Cornell University]]. According to ''U.S. News & World Report''{{'}}s "America's Best Hospitals 2009", it is ranked sixth overall and third among university hospitals. Columbia's [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|medical school]] has a strategic partnership with [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals overseas. Health-related schools are located at the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], a {{convert|20|acre}} campus located in the neighborhood of [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the New York-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html |title=NYP: Weschster |publisher=New York-Presbyterian Hospital |accessdate=April 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044827/http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html |archivedate=October 4, 2011 }}</ref> On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]]), Columbia owns {{convert|26|acre|adj=on}} Baker Field, which includes the [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the [[Hudson River]], the {{convert|157|acre|adj=on}} [[Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] and Earth Institute in [[Palisades, New York|Palisades]], New York. A fourth is the {{convert|60|acre|adj=on}} [[Nevis Laboratories]] in [[Irvington, New York|Irvington]], New York for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris, France holds classes at [[Reid Hall]].<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" />
===Sustainability===
[[File:Avery Building at Columbia University IMG 0944.JPG|left|thumb|[[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]]]]
In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. The plan commits to incorporating smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals |title=Manhattanville in West Harlem |publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=April 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212021255/http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals |archivedate=December 12, 2014 }}</ref> Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30% within the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The University requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels. This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use; however, the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|publisher=Columbia Environmental Stewardship|title=Projects: Green Buildings|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508230555/http://www.environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|archivedate=May 8, 2014}}</ref>
Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a [[Farmers' market|greenmarket]] where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city. In addition, from April to November Hodgson's farm, a local New York gardening center, joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers. The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non-profit group GrowNYC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grownyc.org/columbiagreenmarket|publisher=GrowNYC|title=Columbia Greenmarket|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products, in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university|title=Columbia University Green Report Card|publisher=The College Sustainability Report Card|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university|title=Columbia University Green Report Card|publisher=College Sustainability Report Card|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref>
==Academics==
===Undergraduate admissions and financial aid===
[[File:Vanamquad.JPEG|thumb|Van Am Quad]]
[[File:ColumbiaUndergraduateLogos.jpg|thumb|College (left), SEAS (right)]]
Columbia University received 40,203 applications for the class of 2022 (entering 2018) and a total of 2,214 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 5.5%, making Columbia the third most selective college in the United States behind [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] as well as the second most selective college in the [[Ivy League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2018/03/28/cc-seas-admit-rate-drops-to-record-low-55-percent/|title=CC, SEAS admit rate drops to record-low 5.5 percent - Columbia Daily Spectator|website=www.columbiaspectator.com|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref> According to the 2012 college selectivity ranking by [[U.S. News & World Report]], which factors admission and yield rates among other criteria, Columbia was tied with [[Yale]], [[Caltech]] and [[MIT]] as the most selective colleges in the country.<ref>U.S. News & World Report, Americas Best Rankings 2012, National University Rankings, Selectivity Ranking (the former is available only in the print edition and—for purchase—in the online premium edition)</ref> Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516.<ref name=stat>{{cite web|title=Financial Aid Statistics|publisher=Columbia University|url=http://cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu/eligibility/facts}}</ref> In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Tuition And Costs|url=http://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/college_pg03_tmpl.jhtml?schoolId=399|accessdate=November 22, 2016}}</ref>
On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire alumnus [[John Kluge]] to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death; however, the generous donation has helped change financial aid policy at Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sally |last=Beatty |date=April 11, 2007 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB117624800578765660.html |title=Columbia to Get Huge Bequest from John Kluge
|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |accessdate=March 14, 2018}}</ref> Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. {{As of|2008}}, undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university, including room, board, and academic fees, fully paid for by the university. That same year, the university ended loans for incoming and then-current students who were on financial aid, replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/education/11columbia.html|work=The New York Times|title=Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students|date=March 11, 2008|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref> In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]] and the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the [[Common Application]]. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last [[Ivy League]] university to switch to the Common Application.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thechoice.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/common-2/|work=The New York Times|title=Columbia, Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application|date=March 23, 2010|accessdate=April 11, 2011|first=Jacques|last=Steinberg}}</ref>
Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/scholars/named|title=The Named Scholars|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>
In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by [[The New York Times]] as "the first modern college application." The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gross, Jessica|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/magazine/who-made-that-college-application.html|title=Who Made That College Application?|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=November 10, 2013|accessdate=August 31, 2018}}</ref>
===Organization===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Columbia Graduate/Professional Schools<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/schools.html|title=Schools of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| '''College/school''' || '''Year founded'''
|-
| [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeons]] || 1767
|-
| [[Columbia University College of Dental Medicine|College of Dental Medicine]] || 1852
|-
| [[Columbia Law School]] || 1858
|-
| [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] || 1864
|-
| [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] || 1880
|-
| [[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] || 1881
|-
| [[Teachers College, Columbia University]] || 1889
|-
| [[Columbia University School of Nursing]] || 1892
|-
| [[Columbia University School of Social Work]] || 1898
|-
| [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] || 1912
|-
| [[Columbia Business School]] || 1916
|-
| [[Columbia Mailman School of Public Health|Mailman School of Public Health]] || 1922
|-
| [[School of International and Public Affairs]] || 1946
|-
| [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]] || 1948
|-
| [[Columbia University's School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] || 1995
|}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Columbia Undergraduate Schools<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/schools.html|title=Schools of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| '''College/school''' || '''Year founded'''
|-
| [[Columbia College, Columbia University]] || 1754
|-
| [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] || 1864
|-
| [[Barnard College| Barnard College, Columbia University]] || 1889
|-
| [[Columbia University School of General Studies]] || 1947
|}
[[File:Scholars Lion.JPG|thumb|left|''Scholars' Lion'', Greg Wyatt (2004)]]
Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York." The university's first Charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern Charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 Trustees, customarily including the President, who serves [[Ex officio member|ex officio]]. The Trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the Board in consultation with the Executive Committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the President, are nominated by the Trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for Trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The Trustees appoint the President and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.<ref name="Columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/board-trustees.html|title=Board of Trustees|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
The University Senate was established by the Trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the Provost, the Deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all who serve ex officio, and five additional representatives, appointed by the President, from the university's administration. The President serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|title=Columbia University Senate|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref><ref name="senate.columbia.edu">{{cite web|url= |title=Election packet |date=2017 |website=senate.columbia.edu |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|title=Elections|website=senate.columbia.edu}}</ref>
[[List of Presidents of Columbia University|The President of Columbia University]], who is selected by the Trustees in consultation with the Executive Committee of the University Senate and who serves at the Trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the President in administering the University are the Provost, the Senior Executive Vice President, the Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences, several other vice presidents, the General Counsel, the Secretary of the University, and the deans of the Faculties, all of whom are appointed by the Trustees on the nomination of the President and serve at their pleasure.<ref name="Columbia.edu"/> [[Lee C. Bollinger]] became the 19th President of Columbia University on June 1, 2002. A prominent advocate of affirmative action, he played a leading role in the twin Supreme Court cases—[[Grutter v Bollinger]] and [[Gratz v Bollinger]]—that upheld and clarified the importance of diversity as a compelling justification for affirmative action in higher education. A leading First Amendment scholar, he is widely published on freedom of speech and press, and {{when|date=April 2012}} serves on the faculty of Columbia Law School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/president/docs/bio/index.html|title=Office of the President: Lee Bollinger|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref>
Columbia has three official undergraduate colleges: [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College (CC)]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree, the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) is the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree, and [[Columbia University School of General Studies|The School of General Studies (GS)]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|title=Schools of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
Joint degree programs are available through [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]], the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/jts-joint-program|title=JTS Joint Program|website=gs.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref> as well as through the [[Juilliard School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/apply/first-year/juilliard-program|title=Columbia-Juilliard Program {{!}} Columbia Undergraduate Admissions|website=undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wrti.org/post/crossing-boundaries-past-future-pianist-conrad-tao-crossover|title=Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future: Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover|last=Patti|first=Jill Pasternak, Joe|access-date=January 19, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Teachers College]] and [[Barnard College]] are faculties of the university; both colleges’ presidents are deans under the University governance structure.<ref name="columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf |title=Charters and Statutes |website=secretary.columbia.edu |format=PDF}}</ref> The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire University.<ref name="senate.columbia.edu"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Both Barnard and Teachers College graduates are conferred Columbia diplomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barnard.edu/pressroom/fact-sheet|title=Fact Sheet - Barnard College|website=barnard.edu}}</ref><ref name="columbia.edu"/>
Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through [[University College London]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laws.ucl.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/llb-degrees/joint-llb-jd/|title=Joint LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York|accessdate=July 29, 2016|publisher=University College London}}</ref> [[Sciences Po]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/sciences-po/|title=Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> [[City University of Hong Kong]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/cityu-hk|title=Joint Bachelor's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University|publisher=|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> [[Trinity College, Dublin|Trinity College Dublin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/tcd/dual-ba-program|title=Dual BA Program {{!}} Trinity College Dublin|website=gs.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> and the [[Juilliard School]].<ref name="college.columbia">{{cite web|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/apply/first-year/juilliard-exchange|title=Columbia-Juilliard Exchange|publisher=}}</ref>
The university also has several [[Columbia Global Centers]]. in [[Amman]], [[Beijing]], [[Istanbul]], [[Paris]], [[Mumbai]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Santiago]], [[Asunción]] and [[Nairobi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-global-centers|title=Columbia University Global Centers|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=May 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028002315/http://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-global-centers|archivedate=October 28, 2011}}</ref>
===Rankings===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Infobox US university ranking
<!-- U.S. rankings -->
| USNWR_NU = 3
| ARWU_NU = 6
| THE_WSJ = 2
| Forbes = 14
| ARWU_W = 8
| QS_W = 16
| THES_W = 12
| USNWR_W = 8
}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Columbia Lions|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=Columbia University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=September 10, 2018|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Biological Sciences || 14
|-
| Business || 9
|-
| Chemistry || 10
|-
| Computer Science || 15
|-
| Earth Sciences || 5
|-
| Economics || 9
|-
| Education || 7
|-
| Engineering || 13
|-
| English || 3
|-
| Fine Arts || 6
|-
| Health Care Management || 22
|-
| History || 6
|-
| Law || 5
|-
| Mathematics || 9
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care || 51
|-
| Medicine: Research || 6
|-
| Nursing: Doctorate || 5
|-
| Nursing: Master's || 8
|-
| Nursing–Anesthesia || 22
|-
| Nursing–Midwifery || 12
|-
| Occupational Therapy || 11
|-
| Physical Therapy || 36
|-
| Physics || 11
|-
| Political Science || 7
|-
| Psychology || 17
|-
| Public Affairs || 19
|-
| Public Health || 5
|-
| Social Work || 6
|-
| Sociology || 11
|-
| {{tooltip|Statistics|Biostatistics programs are not considered in the No. 14 ranking. Columbia is No. 20 when Biostatistics programs are considered.}} || 14
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Columbia Lions|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=Columbia University - U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=July 20, 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/columbia-university-190150/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Arts & Humanities || 16
|-
| Biology & Biochemistry || 11
|-
| Chemistry || 85
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 10
|-
| Computer Science || 44
|-
| Economics & Business || 7
|-
| Engineering || 68
|-
| Environment/Ecology || 29
|-
| Geosciences || 4
|-
| Immunology || 15
|-
| Materials Science || 66
|-
| Mathematics || 14
|-
| Microbiology || 22
|-
| Molecular Biology & Genetics || 18
|-
| Neuroscience & Behavior || 8
|-
| Pharmacology & Toxicology || 63
|-
| Physics || 14
|-
| Plant & Animal Science || 210
|-
| Psychiatry/Psychology || 6
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 8
|-
| Social Work || 7
|-
| Space Science || 32
|}
{{col-end}}
[[File:Paul Chapel Columbia jeh.JPG|left|thumb|[[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)|St. Paul's Chapel]]]]
Columbia University was ranked 2nd among U.S. colleges for 2017 by ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' and 2nd among Ivy League schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/united-states/2018#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings|publisher=''Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education''|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> It was ranked 3rd overall among U.S. national universities for 2018 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|title=National University Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=November 3, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|archivedate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by ''U.S. News & World Report'' for its 2016 edition. [[Columbia Law School]] was ranked tied for 4th, the [[Mailman School of Public Health]] 5th, the [[Columbia University School of Social Work|School of Social Work]] 5th, [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]] 7th, [[Columbia Business School]] 8th, the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeons]] tied for 6th for research (and tied for 51st for primary care), the [[Columbia University School of the Arts|Graduate School of Arts]] 6th, the [[Columbia University School of Nursing|School of Nursing]] tied for 8th, and the [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (graduate) was ranked 13th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-190150/overall-rankings|title=National University Rankings: Columbia University|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}</ref>
In 2017, Columbia was ranked 8th in the world by ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'', 18th in the world by ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', 14th globally by ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'', and 8th in the world by ''U.S. News and World Report''.
Rankings by other organizations include the [[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] #2,<ref>[http://archinect.com/news/article/60523655/di-releases-design-school-rankings-for-2013 DI releases Design School Rankings for 2013], Archinect News, Reporting rankings from DesignIntelligence for best Architecture and Design Schools. By James P. Cramer of DI. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</ref> and its [[Columbia Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] #1.<ref>Education Portalhttp://education-portal.com/top_journalism_colleges.html{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://education-portal.com/top_10_journalism_schools.html|title=Top 10 Journalism Schools in the U.S|publisher=Education-portal.com|accessdate=October 30, 2010}}</ref>
Between 1996 and 2008, 18 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of whom nine are faculty members while one is an adjunct senior research scientist ([[Daniel Tsui]]) and the other a Global Fellow ([[Kofi Annan]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php|title=Faculty | Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions|publisher=Studentaffairs.columbia.edu|accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize include [[Richard Axel]], [[Martin Chalfie]], [[Eric Kandel]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Robert Mundell]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Edmund S. Phelps]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], and [[Horst L. Stormer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php|title=Nobel Prize Winners: Current Faculty|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Other awards and honors won by faculty include 30 [[MacArthur Foundation]] Award winners,<ref name=awards>{{cite web|year=2005|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php|title=Faculty|publisher=Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> 4 [[National Medal of Science]] recipients,<ref name=awards /> 43 [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] Award winners,<ref name=awards /> 20 [[National Academy of Engineering]] Award winners,<ref name="Members By Parent Institution" /> 38 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Award recipients<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951/16476.aspx?ps=50&sb=LastName&sd=ASC&cp=5&filterby=C&browseby=Institution&scroll=2#ResultScroll2 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235528/http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951/16476.aspx?ps=50&sb=LastName&sd=ASC&cp=5&filterby=C&browseby=Institution&scroll=2 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = September 26, 2007|title=Membership Directory|work=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and 143 [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] Award winners.<ref name=awards />
In 2015, Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithacajournal.com/story/news/local/2015/04/13/new-york-professor-pay/25683261/|title=Half of N.Y. colleges pay profs less than $100K|author=BRIAN TUMULTY|date=April 13, 2015|work=Ithaca Journal|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities]] ranked Columbia 3rd best university for forming [[CEOs]] in the US and 12th worldwide.
===Research===
[[File:Columbia University Court Yard 01.jpg|left|thumb|Dodge Hall]]
Columbia was the first North American site where the [[uranium]] atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of ''[[Principles of Neural Science]]'', described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible'".<ref>{{cite book|first=Katja|last=Guenther|title=Localization and Its Discontents: A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-226-28820-8|page=155}}</ref> The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner [[Eric Kandel]], [[James H. Schwartz (neurobiologist)|James H. Schwartz]], and [[Thomas Jessell]]. Columbia was the birthplace of [[FM radio]] and the [[laser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf |title=Columbia To Go |publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=April 29, 2007 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605140310/http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2007 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> The [[MPEG-2]] algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by [[Dimitris Anastassiou]], a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist [[Martin Chalfie]] was the first to introduce the use of [[Green Fluorescent Protein]] (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html|title=Biotech's Glowing Breakthrough|first=Matthew|last=Herper|work=Forbes|date=July 26, 2001|accessdate=February 27, 2008}}</ref> Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), [[Session Initiation Protocol]] (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), [[pharmacopeia]], Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue [[LED]]s, and Beamprop (used in photonics).<ref name="inventions_nind">{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV's%20Success%20Stories.pdf|title=New Inventions / New Discoveries|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures|accessdate=April 29, 2007|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170734/http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV%27s%20Success%20Stories.pdf|archivedate=June 13, 2007|df=}}</ref>
Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.<ref name="inventions_nind" /> More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include [[Remicade]] (for arthritis), [[Reopro]] (for blood clot complications), [[Xalatan]] (for glaucoma), [[Benefix]], [[Latanoprost]] (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, [[homocysteine]] (testing for cardiovascular disease), and [[Zolinza]] (for cancer therapy).<ref name="inventions_stvss">{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2 |title=Science and Technology Ventures – Success Stories |publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures |accessdate=February 27, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061844/http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34 |archivedate=February 21, 2008 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), {{as of|2008|lc=yes}}, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.<ref name="inventions_stvss" /> Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.<ref name="inventions_pbitctc">{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/2006/11/28/patents-bring-cash-columbia|title=Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia|first=Katie|last=Reedy|date=November 28, 2006|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the [[Columbia Institute for Tele-Information]] dedicated to [[telecommunication]]s and the [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], which is an [[Astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] affiliated with [[NASA]].
==Student life==
===Students===
{| style="float:RIGHT; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Demographics of student body – 2014''<ref name="Head count">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_enrollment_ethnicity_1.htm|title=Headcount enrollment by school, race/ethnicity, and citizenship, Fall 2014|publisher=Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research|date=September 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">See [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.</ref>
! !! Undergraduate !! Postgraduate
|-
! Asian/Pacific Islander
| 17.1% || 10.9%
|-
! Black
| 7.2% || 4.1%
|-
! Hispanic
| 12.8% || 5.7%
|-
! American Indian/Alaskan Native
| 0.5% || 0.1%
|-
! Two or more races
| 4.7% || 1.7%
|-
! White
| 38.1% || 32.6%
|-
! Non-residents
| 13.4% || 34.3%
|-
!Unknown
| 6.2% || 10.5%
|}
[[File:Walking Through Columbia University (5892973734).jpg|thumb|Earl Hall]]
In 2017, Columbia University's student population was 32,429 (8,868 students in undergraduate programs and 23,561 in postgraduate programs), with 42% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority and 28% born outside of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_enrollment_history_1.htm|title=Office of Planning and Institutional Research - Office of the Provost|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_degrees_awarded_1.htm|title=Office of Planning and Institutional Research - Office of the Provost|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref> Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000, making it one of the most socioeconomically diverse top-tier colleges.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Sixteen percent of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Fifteen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]] and the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: [[Hartley Hall]], [[Wallach Hall]] (originally Livingston Hall), [[John Jay Hall]], Furnald Hall or Carman Hall. Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The [[Columbia University School of General Studies]], [[Barnard College]] and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php|title=Housing and Dining|publisher=Columbia University Office of Student Affairs|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
Columbia University is home to many [[Fraternities and sororities in North America|fraternities, sororities]], and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life]. Retrieved September 12, 2007.</ref> Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta Chapter of [[Alpha Delta Phi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|title=The Alpha Delta Phi Society: About Us|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207180508/http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|archivedate=February 7, 2011}}</ref> The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/resprograms/fraternity_sorority/council/|title=Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
====Publications====
[[File:Columbia University Press logo (from Gloria D'Amor).jpg|thumb|left|One of the earliest logos of [[Columbia University Press]]]]
The ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' is the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com|title=Columbia Daily Spectator|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and ''[[The Blue and White]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theblueandwhite.org/|title=Blue & White|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> a monthly literary magazine established in 1890, discusses campus life and local politics in print and on its daily blog, dubbed the ''Bwog''. ''[[The Morningside Post]]'' is a student-run multimedia news publication. Its content: student-written investigative news, international affairs analysis, opinion, and satire.
Political publications include ''[[The Current (Columbia University journal)|The Current]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia-current.org|title=The Columbia Current}}</ref> a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; the ''[[Columbia Political Review]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpreview.org|title=Columbia Political Review|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; and ''AdHoc'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adhocmag.com|title=AdHoc|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.
''Columbia Magazine'' is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include ''The Columbia Review'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review|title=The Columbia Review|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804021747/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review/|archivedate=August 4, 2006}}</ref> the nation's oldest college literary magazine; ''Columbia'', a nationally regarded [[literary journal]]; the ''Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/|title=Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism|accessdate=December 7, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009182446/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/|archivedate=October 9, 2006}}</ref> and ''The Mobius Strip'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobiusmag.com|title=The Mobius Strip|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> an online arts and literary magazine. ''[[Inside New York]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidenewyork.com/about |title=Inside New York |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703021020/http://insidenewyork.com/about/ |archivedate=July 3, 2011 }}</ref> is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with [[Columbia University Press]], the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.
[[File:Riverside Church from Columbia University.jpg|thumb|[[Pupin Hall]] (right), [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]] (center) [[Riverside Church]] (left)]]
Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The ''[[Journal of Politics & Society]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helvidius.org|title=Journal of Politics & Society|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published and distributed nationally by the [[Helvidius Group]]; ''Publius'' is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publiuscu.org/about-publius/|title=Publius: About|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191716/http://www.publiuscu.org/about-publius/|archivedate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> the ''Columbia East Asia Review'' allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the [[Weatherhead East Asian Institute]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastasiareview.org/about/index.shtml|title=East Asia Review: About Us|publisher=East Asia Review|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420091255/http://www.eastasiareview.org/about/index.shtml|archivedate=April 20, 2011}}</ref> and ''[[The Birch]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebirchonline.org|title=The Birch|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind; the ''Columbia Political Review'', the undergraduate magazine on politics operated by the Columbia Political Union; the ''Columbia Economics Review'', the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the ''Columbia Science Review'' is a science magazine that prints general interest articles, faculty profiles, and student research papers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/csr/about.html|title=History and Vision|publisher=Columbia Science Review|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
''[[The Fed (Columbia newspaper)|The Fed]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed|title=The Fed|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804020230/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed/|archivedate=August 4, 2006}}</ref> a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the ''[[Jester of Columbia]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com|title=Jester of Columbia|accessdate=August 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713103115/http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com/|archive-date=July 13, 2011|dead-url=yes}}</ref> the newly (and frequently) revived campus humor magazine both inject humor into local life. Other publications include ''The Columbian'', the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/gradzone/guests/gifts|title=The Columbian|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> the ''Gadfly'', a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gadflymagazine.com/about/|title=The Gadfly: About|publisher=The Gadlfy|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509035515/http://www.gadflymagazine.com/about/|archivedate=May 9, 2011}}</ref> and ''Rhapsody in Blue'', an undergraduate urban studies magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/rhapsody/|title=The Rhapsody|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624020241/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/rhapsody/|archivedate=June 24, 2010}}</ref> Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include ''Current Musicology''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.columbia.edu/%7Ecurmus/|title=Current Musicology|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and ''[[The Journal of Philosophy]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journalofphilosophy.org/|title=The Journal of Philosophy|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish ''The Bronx Beat'', a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx. Teachers College publishes the ''Teachers College Record'', a journal of research, analysis, and commentary in the field of education, published continuously since 1900.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Rennick|url=http://www.tcrecord.org/About.asp|title=About the Journal|publisher=TCRecord|date=January 14, 2008|accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref>
Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year, and offers a reporting, analysis, criticism, and commentary. CJR.org, its web site, delivers real-time criticism and reporting, giving CJR a presence in the ongoing conversation about the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cjr.org/index.php|publisher=Columbia Journalism Review|title=About Us: Mission Statement|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
====Broadcasting====
[[File:Earl Hall Columbia University NYC.jpg|thumb|Earl Hall]]
Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate [[campus radio]] broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, WBAR. [[WKCR]], the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-State area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Major Edwin Armstrong]]. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the very first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR wasn't a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/wkcr/history|title="The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio Club|publisher=Columbia University|year=2009|accessdate=January 12, 2013}}</ref> The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at [[4 Times Square]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest [[Student television station]] and home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnewsonline.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104113018/http://www.ctvnewsonline.com/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 4, 2006 |title=CTV News |accessdate=August 10, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv|title=CTV|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820181902/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv/|archivedate=August 20, 2006}}</ref>
====Debate and Model UN====
The [[Philolexian Society]] is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philo/history/|title=History|publisher=Philolexian Society|date=February 1, 2010|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> The society annually administers the [[Joyce Kilmer]] Bad Poetry Contest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/nyregion/about-new-york-no-not-a-curse-but-a-jersey-prize-for-worst-verse.html|title=No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse|author=Jaynes, Gregory|date=December 5, 1987|accessdate=April 16, 2011|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]], and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate|title=Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref>
The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's [[Model United Nations]] activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN and oversees a competitive team, which travels to colleges around the country and to an international conference every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/7|title=CIRCA – About|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182951/http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/7|archivedate=July 25, 2011}}</ref> The competitive team consistently wins best and outstanding delegation awards and is considered one of the top teams in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/19|title=CIRCA – Traveling team awards|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725183345/http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/19|archivedate=July 25, 2011}}</ref>
===Technology and entrepreneurship===
[[File:Pupin Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Pupin Hall]], the physics building, showing the rooftop observatory]]
[[File:CUMathematics11.16.08ByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|Mathematics Hall]]
The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include [[Peter Thiel]], [[Jack Dorsey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/09/17/jack-dorsey-square-twitter-paypal-intuit/2777621/|title=Square's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC|author=Jon Swartz, USA TODAY|date=September 17, 2013|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> [[Alexis Ohanian]], [[Drew Houston]], and [[Mark Cuban]]. By 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital.
CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called [[Campus Network]] that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. [[Mark Zuckerberg]] later asked Goldberg to join him in [[Palo Alto]] to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cormier, Amanda|date=October 7, 2010|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2010/10/07/columbias-web-30|title=Columbia's Web 3.0|publisher=The Eye|accessdate=October 30, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102155611/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2010/10/07/columbias-web-30|archivedate=November 2, 2010}}</ref> The [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide, made possible through partners such as [[Microsoft Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctice.columbia.edu/content/engaged-entrepreneurship|title=Engaged Entrepreneurship|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210084331/http://ctice.columbia.edu/content/engaged-entrepreneurship|archivedate=December 10, 2010}}</ref>
Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kathleen|first=Mary|url=http://www.thedeal.com/newsweekly/2010/june-7-2010/vc-mecca-on-the-hudson.php#bottom|title=Mecca on the Hudson?|work=The Deal|date=June 7, 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908162123/http://www.thedeal.com/newsweekly/2010/june-7-2010/vc-mecca-on-the-hudson.php|archivedate=September 8, 2010}}</ref> Mayor Bloomberg has provided over $6.7 million towards entrepreneurial programs that partner with Columbia and other universities in New York. Professor Chris Wiggins of the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] is working in conjunction with Professors Evan Korth of [[New York University]] and Hilary Mason, chief scientist at [[bit.ly]] to facilitate the growth of student tech-startups in an effort to transform a traditionally financially centered New York City into the next [[Silicon Valley]]. Their website, hackny.org, is a gathering ground of ideas and discussions for New York's young entrepreneurial community, the [[Silicon Alley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/technology/07reboot.html|work=The New York Times|title=New York Isn't Silicon Valley, and That's Why They Like It|first=Jenna|last=Wortham|date=March 6, 2010}}</ref>
On June 14, 2010, Mayor [[Michael R. Bloomberg]] launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry.<ref name="NYC20100614">{{cite press release|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2010a/pr268-10.html|title=Mayor Bloomberg launches NYC Media Lab|publisher=The City of New York|date=June 14, 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2010}}</ref> Situated at the [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering]], the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, [[New York University]], and [[New York City Economic Development Corporation]] acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research. The Lab is modeled after similar ones at [[MIT]] and [[Stanford]]. A $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation was used to establish the NYC Media Lab. Each year, the lab will host a range of roundtable discussions between the private sector and academic institutions. It will support research projects on topics of content format, next-generation search technologies, computer animation for film and gaming, emerging marketing techniques, and new devices development. The lab will also create a media research and development database. Columbia University will coordinate the long-term direction of the media lab as well as the involvement of its faculty and those of other universities.<ref name="NYC20100614" />
===Athletics===
[[File:Bigredmarchingband.jpg|thumb|[[Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium|Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]]]]
{{Main|Columbia Lions}}
{{See also|Harlem River#Recreational uses|l1=C-Rock}}
A member institution of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) in [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] [[Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the [[Ivy League]]. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat [[Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]]. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/athletics.php|title=Athletics|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:GehrigCU.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Lou Gehrig]]]]
Former students include [[Baseball Hall of Famers]] [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Eddie Collins]], [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|football Hall of Famer]] [[Sid Luckman]], [[Marcellus Wiley]], and world champion women's weightlifter [[Karyn Marshall]].<ref name=tws02oct01>{{Cite news|author=Carft, Julie|title=Image is Heavy Burden – Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project 'Femininity, Intelligence'|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 29, 1989|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-07-29/sports/sp-145_1_karyn-marshall|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name=SI>{{Cite news|url=http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1067134/index.htm|title=A Lift For Wall Street|last=Lidz|first=Franz|date=March 21, 1988|work=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=June 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011090230/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1067134/index.htm|archivedate=October 11, 2011}}</ref> On May 17, 1939, fledgling [[NBC]] broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the [[Princeton Tigers]] at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007095924/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html |date=October 7, 2008 }}. Columbia University.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletes_bios.html|title=20th-Century Greats|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref>
Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against [[Rutgers University]] in the second football game in the history of the sport. Eight years later, Columbia crew won the famed [[Henley Royal Regatta]] in the first-ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters. In 1900, Olympian and Columbia College student [[Maxie Long]] set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds. In 1983, Columbia men's soccer went 18-0 and was ranked first in the nation, but lost to Indiana 1-0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game; nevertheless, the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletics_timeline.html|title=Columbia Athletics Highlight|publisher=Columbia University|year=2004|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still the record for the NCAA [[Football Championship Subdivision]]. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16-13 victory over archrival [[Princeton University]]. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.<ref>[http://www.wikicu.com/Losing_streak Losing streak]. Wikicu.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City. The tradition began in 2002, a year after the Fordham-Columbia game was postponed due to the September 11 attacks.
===World Leaders Forum===
[[File:Uniwersytet Columbia.jpg|thumb|left|World Leaders Forum at [[Low Memorial Library]]]]
Established in 2003 by university president [[Lee C. Bollinger]], the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about problems and progress around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/president-lee-c-bollingers-statement-about-world-leaders-forum|title=About the World Leaders Forum|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828133419/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/president-lee-c-bollingers-statement-about-world-leaders-forum|archive-date=August 28, 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
All Columbia undergraduates and graduates as well as students of [[Barnard College]] and other Columbia affiliated schools can register to participate in the World Leaders Forum using their student IDs. Even for individuals who do not have the privilege to attend the event live, they can watch the forum via online videos on Columbia University's website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/faq|title=World Leaders Forum: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Worldleaders.columbia.edu|accessdate=April 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181823/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/faq|archive-date=July 19, 2011|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Past forum speakers include former President of the United States [[Bill Clinton]], the Prime Minister of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Former President of Ghana [[John Agyekum Kufuor]], President of Afghanistan [[Hamid Karzai]], Prime Minister of Russia [[Vladimir Putin]], President of the Republic of Mozambique [[Joaquim Alberto Chissano]], President of the Republic of Bolivia [[Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert]], President of the Republic of Romania [[Ion Iliescu]], President of the Republic of Latvia [[Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga]], the first female President of Finland [[Tarja Halonen]], President [[Yudhoyono]] of Indonesia, President [[Pervez Musharraf]] of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President [[Jalal Talabani]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]], President of the Islamic Republic of Iran [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], financier [[George Soros]], Mayor of New York City [[Michael R. Bloomberg]], President [[Václav Klaus]] of the Czech Republic, President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations [[Kofi Annan]], and [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants|title=Participants | Columbia University World Leaders Forum|publisher=Worldleaders.columbia.edu|accessdate=October 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917111318/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants|archive-date=September 17, 2010|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
===Other===
[[File:116th Street Columbia University Station.JPG|thumb|Access to Columbia is enhanced by the [[116th Street–Columbia University (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|116th Street–Columbia University]] subway station ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}) on the [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]].]]
The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/|title=Columbia University Orchestra|work=Columbia University Orchestra|accessdate=August 3, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624152440/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/|archivedate=June 24, 2015}}</ref>
There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cupal/#members|title=CUPAL: Member Organizations|publisher=Columbia University of Performing Arts|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> The [[Columbia University Marching Band]] tells jokes during the campus tradition of Orgo Night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumb.org/orgo-night-a-columbia-university-marching-band-tradition/|title=Orgo Night! A Columbia University Marching Band Tradition|publisher=Columbia University Marching Band|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622012640/http://www.cumb.org/orgo-night-a-columbia-university-marching-band-tradition/|archivedate=June 22, 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Le Penseur at Columbia University (6435262909).jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur'') at Columbia University]]
The [[Columbia Queer Alliance]] is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student [[Homophile]] League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist [[Stephen Donaldson (activist)|Stephen Donaldson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cqanyc.com/|publisher=Columbia Queer Alliance|title=About Us|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Queer Man on Campus: A History of Non-heterosexual College Men, 1945–2000|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|isbn=0-415-93336-6|page=167}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of [[Alexander Hamilton]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia/hamilton.html|title=Columbia University Hamilton Society: About|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref>
The university also houses an independent nonprofit organization, Community Impact, which strives to serve disadvantaged people in the Harlem, Washington Heights, and Morningside Heights communities. From its earliest inception as a single service initiative formed in 1981 by Columbia University undergraduates, Community Impact has grown into Columbia University's largest student service organization. CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of a dedicated corps of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8,000 people each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ci/index.html|title=Community Impact|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=December 29, 2010}}</ref>
==Student activism==
===Protests of 1968===
[[File:Hamilton statue at Columbia University IMG 0958.JPG|thumb|[[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] was occupied by protesting students in 1968]]
{{Main|Columbia University protests of 1968}}
Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two main issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring [[Morningside Park (New York City)|Morningside Park]]; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring [[Harlem]]. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in [[the Pentagon]]'s weapons research think-tank, the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside [[Low Memorial Library|Low Library]], [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]], and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/nyregion/28columbia.html "Columbia's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. April 28, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/1968.html#notes|title=Columbia University – 1968|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>
The protests achieved two of their stated goals. Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym, building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead. A popular myth states that the gym's plans were eventually used by [[Princeton University]] for the expansion of its athletic facilities, but as [[Jadwin Gymnasium]] was already 50% complete by 1966 (when the Columbia gym was announced) this was clearly not correct.<ref>Hevesi, Dennis. [http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19660920-01.2.16&e=-------en-20--10062--txt-IN-Columbia----l "Gym Groundbreaking Will Be Held Next Month"], ''[[Columbia Spectator]]'', September 29, 1966.</ref> At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests. Many of the Class of '68 walked out of their graduation and held a countercommencement on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park, the place where the protests began.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/sites/cct/files/cct_spring_1968.pdf|title=Columbia College Today|author=George Keller|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614084125/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/sites/cct/files/cct_spring_1968.pdf|archivedate=June 14, 2011}}</ref> The protests hurt Columbia financially as many potential students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to the school. [[Allan Bloom]], a professor of philosophy at the [[University of Chicago]],
believed that the protest efforts at Columbia were responsible for pushing higher education further toward the liberal left. As a result of the protests, Bloom stated, "American universities were no longer places of intellectual and academic debate, but rather places of 'political correctness' and liberalism."<ref>{{cite book|title=Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s|last=Bradley|first=Stefan|year=2009|publisher=University of Illinois|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-252-03452-7|pages=5–19, 164–191, 174}}<!--| accessdate=April 18, 2011--></ref> {{when|date=January 2013}}
===Protests against racism and apartheid===
[[File:Columbia University by Rangilo.JPG|thumb|left|School of Arts]]
Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] and the Business School<ref>"[[Disinvestment from South Africa#University campuses]]"</ref> during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]] regime in South Africa. A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978, when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968, students marched and rallied in protest of university investments in South Africa. The Committee Against Investment in South Africa (CAISA) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. university.
The initial (and partial) Columbia divestment,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 7, 1978|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/07/archives/columbia-senate-supports-selling-south-african-stocks-selectively.html}}</ref>
focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government|publisher=Columbia Spectator|date=June 8, 1978}}</ref> It followed a year-long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] to an endowed chair at the university in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|title=400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post|publisher=Columbia Spectator|date=March 3, 1977}}</ref>
Broadly backed by student groups and many faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held teach-ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa. Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Demonstration at Columbia|work=New York Daily News|date=May 2, 1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Student Sit-in at Columbia|work=New York Post|date=May 2, 1978}}</ref>
===Ahmadinejad speech controversy===
[[File:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 13 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Students protest Ahmadinejad's invitation to speak at Columbia University]]
The [[School of International and Public Affairs]] extends invitations to heads of state and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United Nations General Assembly. In 2007, [[Iran]]ian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] was one of those invited to speak on campus. Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24, 2007, as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/ahmadinejad2.html|title=President Bollinger's Statement About President Ahmadinejad's Scheduled Appearance|date=September 19, 2007|publisher=Columbia News}}</ref> The invitation proved to be highly controversial. Hundreds of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech itself was televised worldwide. University President [[Lee C. Bollinger]] tried to allay the controversy by letting Ahmadenijad speak, but with a negative introduction (given personally by Bollinger). This did not mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the campus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/24/politics/main3292477.shtml|title=Candidates Speak Out On Ahmadinejad Visit|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Columbia students, though, turned out en masse to listen to the speech on the South Lawn. An estimated 2,500 undergraduates and graduates came out for the historic occasion.
During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized [[Israel]]'s policies towards the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]; called for research on the historical accuracy of [[the Holocaust]]; raised questions as to who initiated the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]]; defended Iran's [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear power program]], criticizing the UN's policy of sanctions on his country; and attacked [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's [[Human rights in Iran|treatment]] of [[Women's rights in Iran|women]] and [[LGBT rights in Iran|homosexuals]], he asserted that women are respected in Iran and that "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country... In Iran, we do not have this phenomenon. I don't know who told you this."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7010962.stm|title=Iran president in NY campus row|date=September 25, 2007|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=March 11, 2010}}</ref> The latter statement drew laughter from the audience. The Manhattan District Attorney's Office accused Columbia of accepting grant money from the [[Alavi Foundation]] to support faculty "sympathetic" to Iran's Islamic republic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Schools' Iran $ pipeline|first=Isabel|last=Vincent|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/columbia_rutgers_on_spy_group_gift_JOTKcEIJ5qgzRWPVeBxxNN|newspaper=New York Post|date=November 22, 2009|accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref>
===ROTC controversy===
Beginning in 1969, during the Vietnam War, the university did not allow the U.S. military to have [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC) programs on campus,<ref>Feith, David J., "[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MGQ2Y2YyYTAxOTliMzQ3NjE2MmY1YzE3ZTI2YzIwMjQ= Duty, Honor, Country… and Columbia]", ''National Review'', September 15, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917214649/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MGQ2Y2YyYTAxOTliMzQ3NjE2MmY1YzE3ZTI2YzIwMjQ%3D |date=September 17, 2008 }}</ref> though Columbia students could participate in ROTC programs at other local colleges and universities.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/academics/special_programs/army_rotc_ram_battal/affiliated_instituti_29928.asp Army ROTC at Fordham University] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032509/http://www.fordham.edu/academics/special_programs/army_rotc_ram_battal/affiliated_instituti_29928.asp |date=November 29, 2014 }} Accessed September 9, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrotc.com/college-life/college/?recruiter_id=860|title=U.S. Air Force ROTC – College Life – College|publisher=Afrotc.com|accessdate=February 22, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205131845/http://www.afrotc.com/college-life/college/?recruiter_id=860|archivedate=December 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="home.manhattan.edu">{{cite web|url=http://home.manhattan.edu/~afrotc/CROSSTOWNS.htm|accessdate=January 14, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427060511/http://home.manhattan.edu/~afrotc/CROSSTOWNS.htm|archivedate=April 27, 2014|title=AFROTC Detachment 560, "The Bronx Bombers", CROSS-TOWN SCHOOLS.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sunymaritime.edu/NROTC/Command%20Information/Command.aspx/ NAVY ROTC IN NEW YORK CITY] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618044804/http://www.sunymaritime.edu/NROTC/Command%20Information/Command.aspx/ |date=June 18, 2013 }}</ref> At a forum at the university during the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election campaign]], both [[John McCain]] and [[Barack Obama]] said that the university should consider reinstating ROTC on campus.<ref name="home.manhattan.edu" /><ref>McGurn, William, "[http://s.wsj.net/article/SB122273091416788171.html A Columbia Marine To Obama: Help!]", ''Wall Street Journal'', September 30, 2008, Page 17.</ref><ref>[https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/colleges-univers.cfm Colleges and Universities with NROTC Units] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802104405/https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/colleges-univers.cfm |date=August 2, 2007 }}</ref> After the debate, the President of the University, [[Lee C. Bollinger]], stated that he did not favor reinstating Columbia's ROTC program, because of the military's anti-gay policies. In November 2008, Columbia's undergraduate student body held a referendum on the question of whether or not to invite ROTC back to campus, and the students who voted were almost evenly divided on the issue. ROTC lost the vote (which would not have been binding on the administration, and did not include graduate students, faculty, or alumni) by a fraction of a percentage point.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
In April 2010 during [[Admiral]] [[Mike Mullen]]'s address at Columbia, President [[Lee C. Bollinger]] stated that the ROTC would be readmitted to campus if the admiral's plans for revoking the [[don't ask, don't tell]] policy were successful. In February 2011 during one of three town-hall meetings on the ROTC ban, former Army staff sergeant Anthony Maschek, a [[Purple Heart]] recipient for injuries sustained during his service in Iraq, was booed and hissed at by some students during his speech promoting the idea of allowing the ROTC on campus.<ref>Karni, Annie, "[http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/hero_unwelcome_Zi3u1fwtRpo87vXAiAQfSN]", ''New York Post'', February 20, 2011.</ref> In April 2011 the Columbia University Senate voted to welcome the ROTC program back on campus.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/02/columbia-rotc_n_843992.html], "Huff Post College", April 2, 2011.</ref> Secretary of the Navy [[Ray Mabus]] and Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger signed an agreement to reinstate [[Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps]] (NROTC) program at Columbia for the first time in more than 40 years on May 26, 2011. The agreement was signed at a ceremony on board the {{USS|Iwo Jima|LHD-7|6}}, docked in New York for the Navy's annual Fleet Week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/2438|title=Archived copy|accessdate=August 20, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014849/http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/2438|archivedate=October 8, 2011}} "Navy and Columbia Sign NROTC Agreement," May 26, 2011</ref>
=== Divestment from private prisons ===
In February 2014, after learning that the university had over $10 million invested in the private prison industry, a group of students delivered a letter President Bollinger's office requesting a meeting and officially launching the Columbia Prison Divest (CPD) campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/columbia-students-lee-bollinger-divest-prisons-now/|title=Columbia Students to Lee Bollinger: Divest From Prisons Now!|last=Sestanovich|first=Clare|date=March 20, 2015|work=The Nation|access-date=November 14, 2017|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> {{As of|2013|6|30|df=US}}, Columbia held investments in [[CoreCivic|Corrections Corporation of America]], the largest private prison company in the United States, as well as [[G4S|G4s]], the largest multinational security firm in the world. Students demanded that the university divest these holdings from the industry and instate a ban on future investments in the private prison industry.<ref name="The New Divestment Movement">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/mass-incarceration-college-corrections-corporation/|title=The New Divestment Movement|access-date=November 14, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Aligning themselves with the growing [[Black lives|Movement for Black Lives]] and in conversation with the heightened attention on race and the system of [[mass incarceration]], CPD student activists hosted events to raise awareness of the issue and worked to involve large numbers of members of the Columbia and West Harlem community in campaign activities.<ref name="The New Divestment Movement"/> After eighteen months of student driven organizing, the Board of Trustees of Columbia University voted to support the petition for divestment from private prison companies, which was confirmed to student leaders on June 22, 2015.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/23/us/columbia-university-prison-divest/index.html|title=Columbia is first U.S. university to divest from prisons - CNN|last=CNN|first=Wilfred Chan|work=CNN|access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> The Columbia Prison Divest campaign was the first campaign to successfully get a U.S. university to divest from the private prison industry.<ref name="auto"/>
==Traditions==
{{details|Columbia traditions}}
===Orgo Night===
In one of the school's longest-lasting traditions, begun in 1975,<ref>{{cite news | website=The New York Times | date=December 20, 1975 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/20/archives/columbia-cram-session-can-be-fun-too.html|title=Columbia Cram Session Can Be Fun, Too | access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam—often the first day of final exams—the [[Columbia University Marching Band]] invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in [[Butler Library]] to distract and entertain studying students with some forty-five minutes of raucous jokes and music, beginning and ending with the singing of the school's fight song, "[[Roar, Lion, Roar]]". After the main show before a crowd that routinely began filling the room well before the announced midnight start time, the Band led a procession to several campus locations, including the residential quadrangle of [[Barnard College]] for more music and temporary relief from the stress of last-minute studying.
In December 2016, following several years of sporadic complaints by students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters left them "triggered" and "traumatized" and called for the show to be canceled,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2014/12/11/if-you-go-orgo-night-youre-part-problem/| title=If you go to Orgo Night, you're part of the problem | work=Columbia Daily Spectator |access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> as well as a ''New York Times'' article on the Band's treatment of sexual assault on campus,<ref>{{cite news | last=Taylor | first=Kate | title=This Year, Columbia Event Finds Joke Fodder in Sexual Assault Debate | website=The New York Times | date=May 9, 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/09/nyregion/columbia-bands-traditional-show-includes-jokes-about-sexual-assault-debate.html | access-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref>
University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in the traditional Butler Library location. Protests and accusations of censorship<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2016/12/13/marching-band-denied-access-butler-library-orgo-night|title=University denies marching band access to Butler Library for Orgo Night – Columbia Daily Spectator|last=|first=|date=|website=columbiaspectator.com|publisher=|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> followed, but University President [[Lee Bollinger]] maintained that complaints and publicity about the shows had "nothing to do with" the prohibition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2016/12/15/bollinger-defends-universitys-decision-ban-orgo-night-butler|title=Bollinger defends University's decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler – Columbia Daily Spectator|website=columbiaspectator.com|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> In subfreezing weather, the Band instead performed—at midnight, as usual—outside the main entrance of Butler Library.
The Band's official alumni organization, the Columbia University Band Alumni Association, registered protests with the administration,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiabandalumni.org/orgo-night/ | title=Orgo Night! |website=columbiabandalumni.org |access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name "A. Hamiltonius" published a series of pamphlets exhaustively addressing the issue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaorgonight.blogspot.com/|title=In Defense of Orgo Night|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> but at the end of the spring 2017 semester the University administration held firm,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/04/25/university-stands-by-decision-to-ban-orgo-night-from-butler-as-alumni-pressure-mounts/#.WP64g_uI60w.email|title=University stands by decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler as alumni pressure mounts - Columbia Daily Spectator|website=columbiaspectator.com|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref> prompting the Marching Band to again stage its show outside the building. For Orgo Night December 2017, Band members quietly infiltrated the Library with their musical instruments during the evening and popped up at midnight to perform the show inside despite the ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecollegefix.com/post/40269/|title=How Columbia’s politically incorrect marching band outwitted the administration’s censorship attempt|last=Piper|first=Greg|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=December 22, 2017|work=The College Fix}}</ref> Prior to the spring 2018 exam period, the administration warned the group's leaders against a repeat and restated the injunction, warning of sanctions; the Band again staged its Orgo Night show in front of the library.<ref>{{cite web|author=May 03, 201811:06 pm 1 Comments |url=http://bwog.com/2018/05/03/orgo-night-spring-2018-liveblog/ |title=Orgo Night Spring 2018 Liveblog – Bwog |publisher=Bwog.com |date=2018-05-03 |accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref>
===Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies===
[[File:Collegewalk2.jpg|thumb|Tree-Lighting at College Walk]]
The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by ''a cappella'' groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html|title=Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony|author=Jason Hollander|publisher=Columbia University News|accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the [[American Revolutionary War]], but lapsed before being revived by University President [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] in the early 20th century. A troop of students dressed as [[Continental Army]] soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of ''[[A Visit From St. Nicholas]]'' by [[Clement Clarke Moore]] and ''[[Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus]]'' by [[Francis Pharcellus Church]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hollander|first=Jason|date=December 3, 1999|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html|title=Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony|work=Columbia News|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref>
===The Varsity Show===
[[The Varsity Show]] is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894, making it one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians [[Richard Rodgers]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Oscar Hammerstein]], [[Lorenz Hart]], [[I.A.L. Diamond]], and [[Herman Wouk]]. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 10, 2005|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/04/04/varsity_show.html|title=The Varsity Show, April 15–18|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=December 3, 2006}}</ref>
==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Columbia University people}}
{{Cleanup gallery|date=October 2018}}
The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], including an [[Gouverneur Morris|author]] of the United States Constitution and [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|a member]] of the [[Committee of Five]];{{refn|Founding Fathers include: [[Alexander Hamilton]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Alexander Hamilton|last=Chernow|first=Ron|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-1-59420-009-0|page=51}}<!--|accessdate=April 14, 2011--></ref> [[John Jay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html|title=A Brief Biography of John Jay|publisher=Columbia University|year=2002|work=The Papers of John Jay}}</ref> [[Robert Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dangerfield|first=George|title=Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co|location=New York, New York|year=1960|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Egbert Benson]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000388|title=Egbert Benson|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Gouverneur Morris]].<ref>{{cite book|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm|chapter=Gouverneur Morris|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/ss-fm.htm|title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution|first=Robert K|last=Wright Jr.|year=1987|accessdate=April 13, 2011|id=CMH Pub 71-25}}</ref>|group="n"}} {{As of|2011}}, there were 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners,<ref name="Columbia Arts Alumni">{{cite web|url=http://www.cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|publisher=Columbia University|title=Columbia Arts Alumni|accessdate=June 28, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123215722/http://cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|archivedate=January 23, 2011}}</ref> as well as three United States presidents.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|publisher=US National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/presidents/bio.htm|title=The Presidents of the United States – Biographical Sketches|accessdate=April 13, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630010841/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/bio.htm|archivedate=June 30, 2007|df=}}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.<ref name="Members By Parent Institution">{{cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30|title=Members By Parent Institution|work=National Academy of Engineering|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615200340/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30|archivedate=June 15, 2006}}</ref>
In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613|work=Forbes|title=The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires|date=November 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Marie Thibault">{{cite news|author=Marie Thibault|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|title=In Pictures: Billionaire University|work=Forbes|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref>
Former U.S. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S President [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|title=Columbia News Announcement|publisher=Columbia.edu|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|title=Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=March 7, 2006|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Madam Secretary: A Memoir|last=Albright|first=Madeleine|year=2003|publisher=Miramax|isbn=0-7868-6843-0|page=71}}<!--| accessdate=April 16, 2011--></ref> former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank [[Alan Greenspan]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Justin|title=Greenspan: The Man behind Money|publisher=Basic Books|date=October 15, 2009|isbn=0-7382-0275-4|pages=27–31|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], and U.S. Solicitor General [[Donald Verrilli Jr.]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Tucker-Hamilton|first=Racine|author2=Hickey, Matthew|title=Interview with Eric H. Holder, Jr.|work=Oral history project|format=Interview|publisher=The History Makers|date=December 17, 2004|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|accessdate=November 18, 2008}}</ref> [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] served as the thirteenth president of Columbia University from 1948 to 1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/dwight_d_eisenhower.html|title=Columbia 250: Dwight Eisenhower|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> The university has also educated 26 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state]], including President of Georgia [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], President of East Timor [[Jose Ramos Horta]], President of Estonia [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]] and other historical figures such as [[Wellington Koo]], [[Radovan Karadžić]], [[Gaston Eyskens]], and [[T. V. Soong]].{{refn| Foreign heads of state include: [[Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/Fadhel.html|title=Experiences In Arab Affairs|author=Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Giuliano Amato]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=2716|title=An Interview with Giuliano Amato|publisher=The Florentine|date=November 29, 2007|author=Daniel Peterson|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Hafizullah Amin]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Amstutz|first=Bruce|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|year=1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=0-7881-1111-6|page=303}}<!--| accessdate=April 18, 2011--></ref> [[Nahas Angula]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,109045.html|title=Namibia PM is Nahas Angula...Educated in the US|work=Newsday|date=October 13, 2009|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Marek Belka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205183638/http://www.un.org/sg/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=3|archivedate=February 5, 2009|title=The Biography of Marek Belka|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.org/node/152|title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso|publisher=Fulbright Association|accessdate=April 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316234404/http://www.fulbright.org/node/152|archivedate=March 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Gaston Eyskens]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/Honorary_Degree_Recipients_1945-2010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913142024/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/Honorary_Degree_Recipients_1945-2010.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 13, 2011|title=Honorary Degree Recipients|page=8|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Mark Eyskens]], [[Jose Ramos Horta]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiacommunique.org/?p=829|title=State Building Challenges in Timor Leste|author=Alyssa Smith|date=October 7, 2010|publisher=Columbia Communique|accessdate=April 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813205422/http://columbiacommunique.org/?p=829|archivedate=August 13, 2011}}</ref> [[Lee Huan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/12/lee-huan-obituary|title=Lee Huan obituary|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=December 12, 2010|author=Kerry Brown|accessdate=April 18, 2010}}</ref> [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.ee/en/media/interviews/3304-qfrom-estonia-to-leoniaq-the-record-23-april-2008/index.html|title=From Estonia to Leonia|author=Herb Jackson|publisher=Estonian Office of the President|accessdate=April 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110653/http://www.president.ee/en/media/interviews/3304-qfrom-estonia-to-leoniaq-the-record-23-april-2008/index.html|archivedate=May 14, 2011}}</ref> [[Wellington Koo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/v_k_wellington_koo.html|publisher=Columbia University|title=Columbia 250: Wellington Koo|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Benjamin Mkapa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_W._Mkapa.aspx|title=Benjamin Mkapa|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Mikhail Saakashvili]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3231852.stm|title=Profile: Mikhail Saakashvili|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=April 18, 2011|date=January 25, 2004}}</ref> [[Mohammad Musa Shafiq]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afghanistanjusticeproject.org/UNMappingReportAfghanistan-3.pdf|title=Historical Note on Afghanistan|publisher=United Nations|page=15|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010024/http://afghanistanjusticeproject.org/UNMappingReportAfghanistan-3.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011}}</ref> [[Salim Ahmed Salim]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/salim-salim-bio.htm|publisher=United Nations|title=Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Ernesto Samper]],<ref name="usinfo.org">{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.org/usia/exchanges.state.gov/education/educationusa/leaders.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of Education|title=U.S. Students yesterday, world leaders tomorrow|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125112223/http://usinfo.org/usia/exchanges.state.gov/education/educationusa/leaders.htm|archivedate=November 25, 2005}}</ref> [[Tang Shaoyi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Reilly|first=Taylor|title=Science and Football III|page=348|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1997|isbn=0-419-22160-3}}<!--| accessdate=April 18, 2011--></ref> [[Abdul Zahir (Afghan Prime Minister)|Abdul Zahir]],<ref name="usinfo.org" /> [[Zhou Ziqi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gerth|first=Karl|title=China made: Consumer Culture and the creation of the nation|publisher=Harvard University|year=2004|page=224|isbn=0-674-01654-8}}<!--| accessdate= April 18, 2011--></ref> [[Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/842406?story_id=E1_RQNQDG|title=Charlemagne: Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz|publisher=The Economist|date=November 1, 2001|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> [[Sun Fo]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical dictionary of Republican China|last=Boorman|first=Howard|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1970|accessdate=June 17, 2011|pages=163–165}}</ref> [[Chen Gongbo]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Science and Football III|last=Reilly|first=Thomas|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=0-419-22160-3|pages=46–47}}<!--| accessdate= June 17, 2011--></ref> [[Nwafor Orizu]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Education: Prince with a Purpose|publisher=Time Magazine|date=January 1, 1945|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791871,00.html|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> [[Juan Bautista Sacasa]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Juan Bautista Sacasa|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515180/Juan-Bautista-Sacasa|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> and [[T. V. Soong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.cultural-china.com/en/50History7158.html|title=T. V. Soong (Song Ziwen) – A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of China|publisher=Cultural China|accessdate=June 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204854/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/50History7158.html|archivedate=October 5, 2011}}</ref> |group="n"}} The author of India's constitution and [[Dalit]] leader Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] was also an alumnus of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss9/record2109.21.html|title=Alumnus, Author of Indian Constitution Honored.}}</ref>
Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the [[Astor family]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 24, 1890|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Cuyler|publisher=Lewis Historical Pub. Co.|year=1914|title=Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley|accessdate=April 16, 2011|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iNIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1263&lpg=PA1263&q=William%20Waldorf%20Astor%20columbia%20law%20school|page=1263}}</ref> attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor [[Warren Buffett]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett|title=World's Billionaires: Warren Buffett|date=March 1, 2011|work=Forbes Magazine|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman,<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Television News|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1999|isbn=1-57356-108-8}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> chairman of [[Wal-Mart]] [[S. Robson Walton]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Waltons: Inside America's Richest Family|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/11/15/8191093/index.htm|work=Fortune|first=Andy|last=Serwer|date=November 15, 2004|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> and [[Bain Capital]] Co-Managing Partner, [[Jonathan Lavine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-15/bain-to-manage-harvard-endowment-s-3-4-billion-of-real-estate|title=Bain to Manage Harvard Endowment’s $3.4 Billion of Real Estate|date=December 15, 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=January 26, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/11/17/columbia-college-awards-highest-honor-to-jonathan-s-lavine-cc-88/|title=Columbia College awards highest honor to Jonathan S. Lavine, CC ’88 - Columbia Daily Spectator|website=www.columbiaspectator.com|access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> CEO's of top Fortune 500 companies include [[James P. Gorman]] of [[Morgan Stanley]],<ref>The Age (2009). [http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourneraised-gorman-new-chief-of-morgan-stanley-20090911-fkw8.html Melbourne-raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley]. Retrieved September 13, 2009.</ref> [[Robert J. Stevens]] of [[Lockheed Martin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/leadership/bios/stevens.html|title=Robert J. Stevens|publisher=Lockheed Martin|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503062237/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/leadership/bios/stevens.html|archivedate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Philippe Dauman]] of [[Viacom]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=312188&ticker=VIA:US|title=Business Profile: Philippe P. Dauman|publisher=Bloomberg Business|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Ursula Burns]] of [[Xerox]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/05/22/xeroxs-next-ceo-ursula-burns/|title=Xerox's next CEO: Ursula Burns|publisher=Fortune Magazine|date=May 22, 2009|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Vikram Pandit]] of [[Citigroup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/pandit/index.html|title=Office of the Secretary of The University|accessdate=April 15, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029053249/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/pandit/index.html|archivedate=October 29, 2010}}</ref> Notable labor organizer and women's educator [[Louise Leonard McLaren]] received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sicherman|first1=Barbara|last2=Green|first2=Carol Hurd|title=Notable American women : the modern period ; a biographical dictionary|date=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|page=453|edition=6th pring.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&lpg=PA453&pg=PA453&q=%22louise%20leonard%20mclaren%22%20colombia|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>
In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of [[IBM]] [[Herman Hollerith]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|title=Herman Hollerith|publisher=IBM|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> inventor of [[FM broadcast|FM radio]] [[Edwin Armstrong]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|title=Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves|author=Tsividis, Yannis|date=Spring 2002|publisher=Columbia Alumni Magazine|accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref> [[Francis Mechner]]; integral in development of the [[nuclear submarine]] [[Hyman G. Rickover|Hyman Rickover]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Thomas|title=Rickover: Father of the Nuclear Navy|publisher=Brassey's|year=2007|isbn=1-57488-704-1|page=12}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> founder of [[Google China]] [[Kai-Fu Lee]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google+Conquers+China%3A+An+Interview+with+Kai-Fu+Lee|title=Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu Lee|author=Richmond Ezer Escolar|publisher=Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal|date=June 11, 2008|accessdate=April 12, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404162252/http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google%2BConquers%2BChina%3A%2BAn%2BInterview%2Bwith%2BKai-Fu%2BLee|archivedate=April 4, 2012|df=}}</ref> scientists [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref>Green, Michelle (1986). [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write".] ''People'' '''25''' (June 2): 109-114.</ref> [[Robert Millikan]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf|format=PDF|author=David Goodstein|journal=American Scientist|pages=54–60}}</ref> [[Helium–neon laser]] inventor [[Ali Javan]] and [[Mihajlo Pupin]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|title=Michael Pupin|publisher=Columbia University: Department of Physics|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042332/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|archivedate=January 9, 2011}}</ref> chief-engineer of the [[New York City Subway]], [[William Barclay Parsons]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|title=William Barclay Parsons|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> philosophers [[Irwin Edman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|title=Irwin Edman|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Robert Nozick]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|title=Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick|work=The Independent|location=London|date=January 30, 2001|author=Ryan, Alan|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> economist [[Milton Friedman]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|title=Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> psychologist [[Harriet Babcock]];<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ogilvie|editor1-first=Marilyn|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Joy|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|isbn=0-415-92039-6|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJRFAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> and sociologists [[Lewis A. Coser]] and [[Rose Laub Coser]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/24/obituaries/rose-l-coser-78-taught-sociology-at-stony-brook.html|title=Rose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony Brook|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|date=|website=The New York Times|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/coser-rose-laub|title=Rose Laub Coser|last=Vromen|first=Suzanne|date=|website=Jewish Women's Archive|access-date=}}</ref>
Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers [[Richard Rodgers]],<ref>Rodgers, Richard. ''Musical Stages: An Autobiography'' (2002 Reissue), pp. 12, 20–21, 44. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-306-81134-0}}</ref> [[Oscar Hammerstein II]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hischak|first=Thomas|title=The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|location=Westport, CT|isbn=0-313-34140-0|page=9}}</ref> [[Lorenz Hart]],<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/hart_l.html Hughson Mooney, "Lorenz Hart"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901102124/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/hart_l.html |date=September 1, 2012}}, PBS, Excerpted from the ''DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT 3'': 1941–1945. American Council of Learned Societies, 1973. Reprinted by permission of the American Council of Learned Societies, retrieved April 18, 2011</ref> and [[Art Garfunkel]].<ref>Herman, Jan (February 6, 1977). [http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/gannett.html "TV Makes You Famous; Rock 'n Roll Makes You Rich"]. ''[[Gannett News Service]]''.</ref> Four United States [[Poet Laureate]]s received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]], pioneers of the [[Beat Generation]],<ref>''Literature Resource Center'': [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1410002462&v=2.1&u=iuclassb&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=468444b0b09aacc2b7192350d1606bb6 "The Beat Generation"]. Retrieved November 13, 2013.</ref> and [[Langston Hughes]], a seminal figure in the [[Harlem Renaissance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/langston_hughes.html|title=Columbia University 250: Langston Hughes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> all having attended the university. Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors [[Isaac Asimov]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/isaac_asimov.html|title=Columbia University 250: Isaac Asimov|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> [[J.D. Salinger]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Paul|title=Salinger: A Biography|year=1999|publisher=Renaissance|location=Los Angeles|isbn=1-58063-080-4}}</ref> [[Upton Sinclair]],<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'': [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545642/Upton-Sinclair "Upton Sinclair"]. Retrieved April 15, 2011.</ref> [[Danielle Valore Evans]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.southeastern.edu/news_media/news_releases/2017/march/common_read_evans.html |title= Award winning writer Danielle Evans featured in Southeastern's ‘Common Read’ program |publisher=Southeastern Louisiana University |accessdate=March 23, 2017}}</ref> and [[Hunter S. Thompson]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Hunter|authorlink=Hunter Thompson|editor=Douglas Brinkley|year=1998|title=The Proud Highway: Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman|edition=1st|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|isbn=0-345-37796-6|page=139}}</ref>
University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 28 alumni and former students winning a combined 39 [[Academy Awards]] ({{as of|2011|lc=yes}}).<ref name="Columbia Arts Alumni" /> Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors [[Sidney Lumet]] (''[[12 Angry Men (1957 film)|12 Angry Men]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8440445/Sidney-Lumet.html|title=Film Obituaries; Sidney Lumet|date=April 9, 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Kathryn Bigelow]] (''[[The Hurt Locker]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1932|title=School of the Arts Alumna Kathryn Bigelow Wins Major British Film Award|date=February 22, 2010|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724084931/http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1932|archivedate=July 24, 2011}}</ref> screenwriters [[Howard Koch (screenwriter)|Howard Koch]] (''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/obituaries/howard-koch-a-screenwriter-for-casablanca-dies-at-93.html|title=Howard Koch, a Screenwriter For 'Casablanca,' Dies at 93|work=The New York Times|date=August 18, 1995|author=Gussow, Mel|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> and [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]] (''[[All About Eve]]''),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D9113AF935A35751C0A965958260?pagewanted=print|date=February 6, 1993|title=Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Literate Skeptic of the Cinema, Dies at 83.|first=Peter|last=Flint|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> and actors [[James Cagney]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0717.html|title=James Cagney Is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace|first=Peter|last=Flint|date=March 31, 1986|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> and [[Ed Harris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/30614/Ed-Harris/biography|title=Ed Harris: Full Biography|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160" caption="Notable Columbia University alumni include:">
File:Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806.jpg|[[Alexander Hamilton]]: [[Founding Father of the United States]]; author of ''[[The Federalist Papers]]''; 1st [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] — King's College
File:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg|[[John Jay]]: Founding Father of the United States; author of ''The Federalist Papers''; 1st [[Chief Justice of the United States]]; 2nd [[Governor of New York]] — King's College
File:Gouverneur Morris.jpg|[[Gouverneur Morris]]: Founding Father of the United States; author of the [[United States Constitution]]; [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[List of United States Senators from New York|New York]] — King's College
File:President Barack Obama.jpg|[[Barack Obama]]: 44th [[President of the United States]]; United States Senator from [[List of United States Senators from Illinois|Illinois]]; [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] — Columbia College
File:Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait.jpg|[[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] — Columbia College
File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|[[Theodore Roosevelt]]: 26th President of the United States; Nobel laureate – Columbia Law School
File:FDR in 1933.jpg|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]: 32nd President of the United States; 44th Governor of New York — Columbia Law School
File:Ruth Bader Ginsburg official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|[[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — Columbia Law School
File:Hamilton Fish Brady Edited.jpg|[[Hamilton Fish]]: 26th [[United States Secretary of State]]; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College
File:Secalbright.jpg|[[Madeleine Albright]]: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs
File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|[[B. R. Ambedkar]]: [[List of national founders#Modern|Founding Father of India]]; architect of the [[Constitution of India]]; 1st [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]] — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Shirley Chisholm.jpg|[[Shirley Chisholm]]: first black female member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] — Teachers College
File:Schwinger.jpg|[[Julian S. Schwinger]]: Nobel laureate; pioneer of [[quantum field theory]]; one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century — Columbia College
File:Robert Andrews Millikan 1920s.jpg|[[Robert A. Millikan]]: Nobel laureate; measured the [[elementary electric charge]] — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Portrait of Milton Friedman.jpg|[[Milton Friedman]]: Nobel laureate — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Robert Kraft at Patriots at Raiders 12-14-08.JPG|[[Robert Kraft]]: billionaire; owner of the [[New England Patriots]]; Chairman and CEO of the [[Kraft Group]] — Columbia College
File:Hollerith.jpg|[[Herman Hollerith]]: inventor; co-founder of [[IBM]] – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
File:Warren Buffett KU Visit.jpg|[[Warren Buffett]]: CEO of [[Berkshire Hathaway]]; one of the [[Forbes list of billionaires|world's wealthiest people]] — Columbia Business School
File:S. Robson Walton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[S. Robson Walton]]: Chairman of [[Walmart]]; one of the [[Forbes list of billionaires (2012)|world's wealthiest people]] — Columbia Law School
File:1923 Lou Gehrig.png|[[Lou Gehrig]]: [[Triple Crown (baseball)|Triple Crown]] winner; 2x [[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|MLB Most Valuable Player]]; 6x [[World Series]] Champion; member of [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] — Columbia College
File:Rodgers.jpg|[[Richard Rodgers]]: legendary [[Emmy Award|Emmy]], [[Grammy Award|Grammy]], [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], and [[Tony Award|Tony]] [[List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards#Richard Rodgers|award-winning]] composer; [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner — Columbia College
File:Oscar Hammerstein - portrait.jpg|[[Oscar Hammerstein II]]: 8x Tony Award winner; 2x Academy Award winner — Columbia College
File:O'Keeffe-(hands).jpg|[[Georgia O'Keeffe]]: artist; recognized as the "Mother of [[American modernism]]" — Teachers College
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|New York City|University}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* The [[Bancroft Prize]]
* [[Barnard Center for Research on Women]]
* [[Columbia/Barnard Hillel]], a Jewish student organization at Columbia University
* [[Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning]]
* [[Columbia-Chicago School of Economics]]
* [[Columbia Glacier (Alaska)|Columbia Glacier]], a [[glacier]] in [[Alaska]], U.S., named for Columbia University
* [[Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School]], New York City
* [[Columbia Business Law Review]], a monthly journal published by students at Columbia Law School
* [[Columbia Human Rights Law Review]], a law review published by students at Columbia Law School
* [[Columbia Law Review]], a monthly law review published by students at Columbia Law School
* [[Columbia MM]], a text-based mail client developed at Columbia University
* [[Columbia Non-neutral Torus]], a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory
* [[Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (album)]], an album of electronic music released in 1961
* [[Columbia Revolt]], a black-and-white 1968 documentary film
* [[Columbia Scholastic Press Association]]
* [[Columbia Secondary School]], a secondary school formed with partnership with Columbia University
* [[Columbia Soccer Stadium]] at Columbia University
* [[Columbia Spelling Board]] a historic etymological organization
* [[Columbia University in Films and Television]]
* [[Columbia University Partnership for International Development]]
* [[The Strawberry Statement]]
* [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]
* [[Ditson Conductor's Award]]
* [[Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University]]
* [[The Earth Institute]]
* [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]]
* [[Mount Columbia (Colorado)]]
* [[The School at Columbia University]], New York City
* [[Columbia University in popular culture]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Robert A. McCaughey: ''Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754–2004'', Columbia University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0231130082}}
* ''Living Legacies at Columbia'', ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0231138849}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Columbia University}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ Columbia Athletics website]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Columbia University |volume=6 |short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Columbia University|short=x}}
{{Columbia}}
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[[Category:Columbia University| ]]
[[Category:1754 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:Colonial colleges]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1750s]]
[[Category:McKim, Mead & White buildings]]
[[Category:New York (state) in the American Revolution]]
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[[Category:Rockefeller Center]]
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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Columbia University
| image_name = Columbia University shield.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| native_name = Columbia University in the City of New York
| former_names = King's College<br />(1754–1784)<br />Columbia College<br />(1784–1896)<ref name="Moore 1846 53–60">{{cite book|title=A Historical Sketch of Columbia|last=Moore|first=Nathanal Fischer|year=1846|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|pages=53–60|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref>
| latin_name = Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis<ref>[http://calder.med.miami.edu/papper/images/bio/17%20columbia%20college.jpg Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis image] miami.edu</ref>
| motto = ''In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = In Thy light shall we see light<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/special/cuglance.html|title=Columbia University at a Glance|author=Columbia University|year=2012|accessdate=April 12, 2012}}</ref> ([[Psalms]] 36:9)
| established = {{start date|1754}}
| type = [[Royal College|Royal]] (1754–1776)<br>[[Private university|Private]] (present)
| academic_affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]]<br>[[Universities Research Association|URA]]<br>[[568 Group]]<br>[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]
| endowment = [[US$]]10.9 billion<ref>{{As of|2018|6|30|df=US}}. {{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-17/columbia-university-posts-13-7-return-with-ceo-holland-at-helm|title=Columbia University Posts 13.7% Annual Return|year=2018}}</ref> (2018)
| president = [[Lee Bollinger]]
| provost = [[John Henry Coatsworth]]
| students = 27,942 (excluding 1,928 non-degree students; fall 2014)<ref name="columbia1">{{cite web|title=Full-time, part-time headcount and full-time equivalent enrollment by degree status, Fall 2014|publisher=Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_enrollment_degree_level_1.htm|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref>
| undergrad = 8,410 (fall 2014)<ref name="columbia1"/>
| postgrad = 19,532 (fall 2014)<ref name="columbia1"/>
| faculty = 3,999 (fall 2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=Full-time faculty distribution by school/division, Fall 2004-Fall 2014 |publisher=Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_faculty_history_1.htm|date=March 19, 2015}}</ref>
| city = [[New York City]]
| state = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| country = [[United States]]
| coor = {{Coord|40|48|27|N|73|57|43|W|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], total {{convert|299|acre|km2}}
| colors = [[Columbia Blue]] and White<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visualidentity.columbia.edu/content/colors-1|title=Colors {{!}} Identity Guidelines |accessdate=August 9, 2018}}</ref><br>{{color box|#B9D9EB}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Ivy League]], [[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]<br>[[Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association|MAISA]] (sailing)
| nickname = [[Columbia Lions|Lions]]
| mascot = [[Columbia Lions|Roaree the Lion]]
| website = {{URL|columbia.edu}}
| logo = Columbia University logo.svg
| logo_size = 250
}}
'''Columbia University''' ('''Columbia'''; officially '''Columbia University in the City of New York'''), established in 1754, is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] in [[Upper Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in [[New York (state)|New York]] and the fifth-oldest institution of [[higher learning]] in the United States. It is one of nine [[colonial colleges]] founded prior to the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], seven of which belong to the Ivy League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/shaping_the_world/index.html|title=The Course of History|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=November 22, 2004}}</ref>
Columbia was established as King's College by [[royal charter]] of [[George II of Great Britain]] partially in reaction to the founding of [[Princeton University]] in New Jersey<ref name="McCaughey2003" />. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the [[American Revolutionary War]] and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students, [[Alexander Hamilton]] and [[John Jay]]. In 1896, the campus was moved from [[Madison Avenue]] to its location in [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] and renamed Columbia University.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html|title=A Brief History of Columbia|publisher=Columbia University|year=2011|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref><ref name="studentaffairs.columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php|title=Residential Life|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>
Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the [[Association of American Universities]] and was the first school in the United States to grant the [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D. degree]].<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476|title=Member Institutions|publisher=Association of American Universities|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> The university administers the [[Pulitzer Prize]] annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulitzer.org/administration|title=Pulitzer Administration|publisher=Pulitzer.org|author=Seymour Topping|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref>
The university has produced numerous [[List of Columbia University people|distinguished alumni]]. In 2018, its undergraduate acceptance rate was 5.51%, making it one of the most selective colleges in the United States and the second most selective in the Ivy League after Harvard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2018/03/28/cc-seas-admit-rate-drops-to-record-low-55-percent/|title=CC, SEAS admit rate drops to record-low 5.5 percent|website=columbiaspectator.com|accessdate=March 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Harvard Admits 4.6% of Applicants; Other Ivy League Schools Get Tougher, Too |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/harvard-admits-4-6-of-applicants-other-ivy-league-schools-get-tougher-too-1522335654 |website=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Columbia is ranked as the 3rd best university in the United States by U.S. News & World Report behind only Princeton and Harvard.<ref>https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities</ref>
Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including many undergraduate and graduate schools. It maintains research centers outside of the United States known as [[Columbia Global Centers]]. In athletics, the [[Columbia Lions|Lions]] field varsity teams in 29 sports as a member of the [[NCAA Division I]] Ivy League conference. The university's endowment stood at $10.9 billion in 2018, making it [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|one of the largest]] of any academic institution.
The university has graduated numerous notable alumni, including five [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], an [[Gouverneur Morris|author]] of the United States Constitution and [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|co-author]] of the [[Declaration of Independence]]; [[List of Presidents of the United States by education|three U.S. presidents]]; 29 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state]]; 10 Justices of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]], two of whom currently serve; [[Nobel laureates by university|96 Nobel laureates]], 101 National Academy members,<ref name="Members By Parent Institution"/> 38 living billionaires.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite news|author=Kathleen Elkins|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/22/colleges-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html|title=The 10 colleges that produce the most billionaires|work=CNBC|accessdate=July 5, 2018}}</ref>; 39 Academy Awards and 125 Pulitzer Prizes.
==History==
{{Main|History of Columbia University}}
===Colonial===
[[File:Kings college 1770.gif|thumb|King's College Hall, 1770]]
Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the [[Province of New York]] began as early as 1704, at which time [[Lewis Morris (governor)|Colonel Lewis Morris]] wrote to the [[United Society Partners in the Gospel|Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]], the missionary arm of the [[Church of England]], persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college.<ref name="McCaughey2003">{{cite book|title=Stand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-231-13008-2|page=1}}<!--|accessdate=April 11, 2011--></ref> However, it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey (the present [[Princeton University]]) across the [[Hudson River]] in [[New Jersey]] that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.<ref name="McCaughey2003" /> In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the [[Church of England]], to direct the funds accrued by the [[state lottery]] towards the foundation of a college.<ref>{{cite book|title=Columbia|last=Keppel|first=Fredrick Paul|year=1914|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|page=26|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref>
Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, [[Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Dr. Samuel Johnson]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Columbia University: 1754–1904|last=Matthews|first=Brander|author2=John Pine|author3=Harry Peck|author4=Munroe Smith|year=1904|publisher=Macmillan Company|location=London, England|pages=8–10|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Official Guide to Columbia University|last=Butler|first=Nicholas Murray|year=1912|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|page=3|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of [[George II of Great Britain|King George II]], making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" />
In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by [[Myles Cooper]], a graduate of [[The Queen's College, Oxford]], and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the [[American Revolution]], his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, [[Alexander Hamilton]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Butler|1912|p=3}}</ref> The [[American Revolutionary War]] broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the [[Continental Army]]. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their [[Evacuation Day (New York)|departure]] in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schecter|first=Barnet|title=The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution|publisher=Walker & Company|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8027-1374-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McCullough|first=David|authorlink=David McCullough|title=[[1776 (book)|1776]]|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7432-2671-4}}</ref> Loyalists were forced to abandon their King's College in New York, which was seized by the rebels and renamed Columbia College. The Loyalists, led by [[Charles Inglis (bishop)|Bishop Charles Inglis]] fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded [[King's-Edgehill School|King's Collegiate School]].<ref name="LP">{{London Gazette |issue=12910 |date=August 7, 1787 |page=373 }}</ref>
===18th century===
[[File:columbia law madison.gif|thumb|upright|The [[Gothic Revival]] Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus]]
After the Revolution, the college turned to the [[New York (state)|State of New York]] in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand.<ref>{{Harvnb|Matthews|1904|p=59}}</ref> The Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College".<ref name="History of Columbia">{{Cite book|last2=|first2=| author2-link=|title=A History of Columbia University, 1754–1904|year=1904|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|id=|isbn=1-4021-3737-0}}</ref> The Act created a [[Board of Regents]] to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the Legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]]",<ref name="History of Columbia" /> a reference to [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]], an alternative name for America. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by [[John Jay]] and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a private board of 24 Trustees.<ref>{{Harvnb|Moore|1846|pp=65–70}}</ref>
On May 21, 1787, [[William Samuel Johnson]], the son of [[Samuel Johnson (American educator)|Dr. Samuel Johnson]], was unanimously elected President of Columbia College. Prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the [[First Continental Congress]] and been chosen as a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]].<ref>{{cite book|title=William Samuel Johnson: A Maker of the Constitution|last=Groce|first=C. G.|year=1937|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York, New York|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]] governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. Both President [[George Washington]] and Vice President [[John Adams]] attended the college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution.<ref>{{Harvnb|Matthews|1904|p=74}}</ref>
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0671).jpg|thumb|left|The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900]]
=== 19th century to present ===
[[File:US-NY(1891) p598 NYC, COLUMBIA COLLEGE.jpg|thumb|1857 building]]
In November 1813, the College agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons]].<ref name="Moore 1846 53–60"/> The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily [[Gothic Revival]] campus on 49th Street and [[Madison Avenue]], where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|F.A.P. Barnard]], the president that Barnard College is named after, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCaughey|first=Robert|date=December 10, 2003|url=http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html|title=Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900|work=Stand, Columbia – A History of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University Press|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909114704/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html|archivedate=September 9, 2006}}</ref> By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population.<ref>{{Harvnb| Butler|1912|pp=5–8}}</ref> University president [[Seth Low]] moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights]].<ref>[http://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2008/05/05/columbia-universitys-lunatic-past "Columbia University's Lunatic Past." ''Ephemeral New York'' website. May 5, 2008]</ref> Under the leadership of Low's successor, [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt.<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" /> Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded [[Teachers College]], as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist [[Grace Hoadley Dodge]].<ref name="stand">{{cite book|last1=McCaughey|first1=Robert|title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University|date=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231503556|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdBXMiac6l0C&pg=PA572&ved=0ahUKEwjQ-NHs4ZXTAhXBXRQKHdzEB1s4ChDoAQgZMAA&q=%22teachers%20college%22%20}}</ref> Teachers College came under the aegis of Columbia University in 1893 and is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html|title=History - Columbia University in the City of New York|website=www.columbia.edu|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref>
Research into the atom by faculty members [[John R. Dunning]], [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]], [[Enrico Fermi]] and [[Polykarp Kusch]] placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref name="Broad">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/science/30manh.html|title=Why They Called It the Manhattan Project|accessdate=October 30, 2007|work=The New York Times|first=William J.|last=Broad|date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> In 1928, [[Seth Low]] Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F39SJn66jF0C&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA&q=%22university%20undergraduates%22%20%22columbia%22%20%22seth%20low%22|title=Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York ... – Robert A. McCaughey – Google Books|publisher=Books.google.com|date=|accessdate=January 5, 2014}}</ref> The college was closed in 1938 due to the adverse effects of the [[Great Depression]] and its students were subsequently absorbed into University Extension.<ref name="spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19280403-01.2.7|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 3 April 1928 — Columbia Spectator|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the [[School of General Studies]] in response to the return of [[GI (military)|GIs]] after World War II.<ref>{{cite web|title=School of General Studies: History|url=http://www.gs.columbia.edu/gs-history|publisher=Columbia School of General Studies|accessdate=June 10, 2011}}</ref> In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/what-makes-gs-different-columbias-traditional-undergraduate-colleges|title=What makes GS different from Columbia's traditional undergraduate colleges?|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> Within the same year, the Division of Special Programs—later the School of Continuing Education, and now the [[Columbia University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]]—was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/archives/resolutions_archives/resolutions/01-02/CEres.htm|title=University Senate|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sps.columbia.edu/about/history|title=History – Columbia University School of Professional Studies|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Almamater.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'']]
In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the University, and in response, the [[Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs]] was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/newcuhome/content/history.html|title=History – Columbia University in the City of New York|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref>
During the 1960s [[Columbia University protests of 1968|Columbia experienced large-scale student activism]], which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's President, [[Grayson Kirk]] and the establishment of the University Senate.<ref>{{cite book|title=1968: The Year That Rocked The World|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|year=2005|publisher=Random House|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-345-45582-7|pages=194–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s|last=Bradley|first=Stefan|year=2009|publisher=University of Illinois|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-252-03452-7|pages=5–19, 164–191}}</ref>
Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with [[Barnard College]], the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.<ref>[http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/03/31/reception-honors-anniversary-cc-coeducation Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation | Columbia Daily Spectator]. Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia University and Barnard College.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=https://www.barnard.edu/about/partnership-columbia|title=Partnership with Columbia}}</ref>
During the late 20th century, the University underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the University consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310122351/http://gsas.columbia.edu/content/gsas-glance|dead-url=yes|archive-date=March 10, 2014|title=GSAS at a Glance – Columbia University – Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref> In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]], and the [[Columbia University School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the [[Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs|School of International and Public Affairs]], which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fas.columbia.edu/home/about-faculty-arts-and-sciences/history|title=History – Faculty of Arts and Sciences|publisher=|accessdate=November 24, 2016}}</ref>
==Campus==
According to ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'', Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City, after the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/columbia-university/ |title=Columbia University |first=Alina |last=Soler |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |accessdate=July 17, 2017 }}</ref>
===Morningside Heights===
[[File:Columbia College Walk.jpg|thumb|College Walk]]
The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] on [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] principles by architects [[McKim, Mead, and White]]. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or {{convert|32|acres|abbr=on}}, in [[Morningside Heights]], New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive [[Columbia University tunnels|underground tunnel system]] more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duncan|first=Steve|date=March 31, 2006|url=http://www.undercity.org/photos/CriticalSpaceEquip/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074427/http://www.undercity.org/photos/CriticalSpaceEquip/index.htm|archivedate=February 17, 2007|title=Finding History In Radioactive Storage Rooms|work=Undercity.org|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Duncan|first=Steve|date=July 20, 2005|url=http://www.undercity.org/photos/1Gallery/CU_hoppersfront2.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074922/http://www.undercity.org/photos/1Gallery/CU_hoppersfront2.htm|archivedate=February 17, 2007|title=Old Coal Hoppers, Columbia University|work=Undercity.org|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Butler Library - 1000px - AC.jpg|thumb|left|[[Butler Library]]]]
The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as [[Butler Library]], is the largest single library in the [[Columbia University Library System]], and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. Proposed as "South Hall" by the university's former President [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] as expansion plans for [[Low Memorial Library]] stalled, the new library was funded by [[Edward Harkness]], benefactor of Yale's [[residential college]] system, and designed by his favorite architect, [[James Gamble Rogers]]. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946. The library design is [[neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] in style. Its facade features a row of columns in the [[Ionic order]] above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the [[Core Curriculum (Columbia College)|Core Curriculum]] of [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/5295/SelfGuided.pdf|title=Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, [[Columbia University Library System|Columbia's library system]] includes over 11.9 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.columbia.edu/about/facts.html|publisher=Columbia University|title=Libraries and Collections: Fast Facts|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|publisher=American Library Association|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Teachers College today.JPG|thumb|[[Teachers College]]]]
Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[Low Memorial Library]], a [[National Historic Landmark]] and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. [[Philosophy Hall]] is listed as the site of the invention of [[FM radio]]. Also listed is [[Pupin Hall]], another [[National Historic Landmark]], which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by [[Enrico Fermi]]. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in [[Copenhagen, Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=87002599}} |author=Carolyn Pitts |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia |year=1987 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=66000550|photos=y}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University--Accompanying photos |year=1983 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall}}, National Park Service and {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=''Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922-2001''|photos=y}}</ref>
[[File:Union Theological Seminary NYC 001 002 combined.jpg|thumb|left|[[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]]]]
A statue by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]] called ''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'' is centered on the front steps of [[Low Memorial Library]]. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus. Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing [[List of Latin phrases (S)|sapientia and doctrina]]. A book signifying knowledge, balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown. Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a Royalist institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture. The statue was dedicated on September 23, 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in golden leaf. During the [[Columbia University protests of 1968]] a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|title=Alma Mater (sculpture)|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a [[women's college]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|title=The Myth of the College Sweetheart|author=Meredith Foster|date=February 11, 2011|work=The Eye|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=April 14, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091227/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|archivedate=March 7, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|title=What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons|publisher=Columbia University Record|date=May 19, 1999|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the [[City Beautiful movement]], the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies. McKim's classical facade epitomizes late 19th century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y2QpgTWH?url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf |archivedate=April 18, 2011 |publisher=Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc. |title=The Steps at Low Library |author=Richard P. Dober |accessdate=April 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> On warm days when the weather is favorable, the Low Steps often become a popular gathering place for students to sunbathe, eat lunch, or play frisbee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces/one?public_place_id=923&type_id=17 |publisher=Project for Public Spaces |title=Columbia University Steps |accessdate=April 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706105309/http://www.pps.org/great_public_spaces//one?public_place_id=923&type_id=17 |archivedate=July 6, 2011 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{wide image| Columbia pano.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library}}
===Other campuses===
[[File:LDEO Entrance.jpg|thumb|Lamont Campus entrance in [[Palisades, New York|Palisades]], New York]]
[[File:ColumbiaMedicalCenter.jpeg|thumb|Medical Center in [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]]]]
In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a {{convert|17|acre}} site for a new campus in [[Manhattanville]], an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] to 133rd Street, the new campus will house buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|title=Manhattanville in West Harlem|accessdate=April 1, 2007}}</ref> The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings will be {{convert|6800000|sqft|m2}} of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|title=In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents|work=The New York Times|date=November 20, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/nyregion/21gas.html|work=The New York Times|title=2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion Plan|first=Timothy|last=Williams|date=September 21, 2008|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref> Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. {{As of|2008|12}}, the State of New York's [[Empire State Development Corporation]] approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2008/12/18/mville-expansion-clears-last-major-hurdle-state-approves-eminent-domain|title=M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent Domain|date=December 18, 2008|work=Columbia Spectator|first=Maggie|last=Astor|author2=Kim Kirschenbaum|accessdate=August 12, 2009}}</ref> On May 20, 2009, the [[New York State Public Authorities Control Board]] approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan and the first buildings are under construction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia/|title=Columbia Manhattanville Project|work=Press Release|date=May 20, 2009|accessdate=August 12, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506034150/http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia|archivedate=May 6, 2010|df=}}</ref>
[[New York-Presbyterian Hospital]] is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and [[Cornell University]]. According to ''U.S. News & World Report''{{'}}s "America's Best Hospitals 2009", it is ranked sixth overall and third among university hospitals. Columbia's [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|medical school]] has a strategic partnership with [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals overseas. Health-related schools are located at the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], a {{convert|20|acre}} campus located in the neighborhood of [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the New York-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html |title=NYP: Weschster |publisher=New York-Presbyterian Hospital |accessdate=April 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044827/http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html |archivedate=October 4, 2011 }}</ref> On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]]), Columbia owns {{convert|26|acre|adj=on}} Baker Field, which includes the [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the [[Hudson River]], the {{convert|157|acre|adj=on}} [[Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory]] and Earth Institute in [[Palisades, New York|Palisades]], New York. A fourth is the {{convert|60|acre|adj=on}} [[Nevis Laboratories]] in [[Irvington, New York|Irvington]], New York for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris, France holds classes at [[Reid Hall]].<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia" />
===Sustainability===
[[File:Avery Building at Columbia University IMG 0944.JPG|left|thumb|[[Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library]]]]
In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. The plan commits to incorporating smart growth, new urbanism and "green" building design principles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals |title=Manhattanville in West Harlem |publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=April 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212021255/http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals |archivedate=December 12, 2014 }}</ref> Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners, a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30% within the next ten years. Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations. The University requires a minimum of Silver, but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels. This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use; however, the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|publisher=Columbia Environmental Stewardship|title=Projects: Green Buildings|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508230555/http://www.environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|archivedate=May 8, 2014}}</ref>
Every Thursday and Sunday of the month, Columbia hosts a [[Farmers' market|greenmarket]] where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city. In addition, from April to November Hodgson's farm, a local New York gardening center, joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers. The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non-profit group GrowNYC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grownyc.org/columbiagreenmarket|publisher=GrowNYC|title=Columbia Greenmarket|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products, in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university|title=Columbia University Green Report Card|publisher=The College Sustainability Report Card|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university|title=Columbia University Green Report Card|publisher=College Sustainability Report Card|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref>
==Academics==
===Undergraduate admissions and financial aid===
[[File:Vanamquad.JPEG|thumb|Van Am Quad]]
[[File:ColumbiaUndergraduateLogos.jpg|thumb|College (left), SEAS (right)]]
Columbia University received 40,203 applications for the class of 2022 (entering 2018) and a total of 2,214 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 5.5%, making Columbia the third most selective college in the United States behind [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and [[Harvard University|Harvard]] as well as the second most selective college in the [[Ivy League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2018/03/28/cc-seas-admit-rate-drops-to-record-low-55-percent/|title=CC, SEAS admit rate drops to record-low 5.5 percent - Columbia Daily Spectator|website=www.columbiaspectator.com|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref> According to the 2012 college selectivity ranking by [[U.S. News & World Report]], which factors admission and yield rates among other criteria, Columbia was tied with [[Yale]], [[Caltech]] and [[MIT]] as the most selective colleges in the country.<ref>U.S. News & World Report, Americas Best Rankings 2012, National University Rankings, Selectivity Ranking (the former is available only in the print edition and—for purchase—in the online premium edition)</ref> Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516.<ref name=stat>{{cite web|title=Financial Aid Statistics|publisher=Columbia University|url=http://cc-seas.financialaid.columbia.edu/eligibility/facts}}</ref> In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia University Tuition And Costs|url=http://www.collegedata.com/cs/data/college/college_pg03_tmpl.jhtml?schoolId=399|accessdate=November 22, 2016}}</ref>
On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire alumnus [[John Kluge]] to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death; however, the generous donation has helped change financial aid policy at Columbia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sally |last=Beatty |date=April 11, 2007 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB117624800578765660.html |title=Columbia to Get Huge Bequest from John Kluge
|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |accessdate=March 14, 2018}}</ref> Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. {{As of|2008}}, undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university, including room, board, and academic fees, fully paid for by the university. That same year, the university ended loans for incoming and then-current students who were on financial aid, replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/education/11columbia.html|work=The New York Times|title=Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students|date=March 11, 2008|accessdate=March 28, 2010}}</ref> In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]] and the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the [[Common Application]]. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last [[Ivy League]] university to switch to the Common Application.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thechoice.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/common-2/|work=The New York Times|title=Columbia, Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application|date=March 23, 2010|accessdate=April 11, 2011|first=Jacques|last=Steinberg}}</ref>
Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/scholars/named|title=The Named Scholars|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>
In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by [[The New York Times]] as "the first modern college application." The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gross, Jessica|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/magazine/who-made-that-college-application.html|title=Who Made That College Application?|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=November 10, 2013|accessdate=August 31, 2018}}</ref>
===Organization===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Columbia Graduate/Professional Schools<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/schools.html|title=Schools of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| '''College/school''' || '''Year founded'''
|-
| [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeons]] || 1767
|-
| [[Columbia University College of Dental Medicine|College of Dental Medicine]] || 1852
|-
| [[Columbia Law School]] || 1858
|-
| [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] || 1864
|-
| [[Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] || 1880
|-
| [[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] || 1881
|-
| [[Teachers College, Columbia University]] || 1889
|-
| [[Columbia University School of Nursing]] || 1892
|-
| [[Columbia University School of Social Work]] || 1898
|-
| [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] || 1912
|-
| [[Columbia Business School]] || 1916
|-
| [[Columbia Mailman School of Public Health|Mailman School of Public Health]] || 1922
|-
| [[School of International and Public Affairs]] || 1946
|-
| [[Columbia University School of the Arts|School of the Arts]] || 1948
|-
| [[Columbia University's School of Professional Studies|School of Professional Studies]] || 1995
|}
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | Columbia Undergraduate Schools<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/schools.html|title=Schools of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=June 20, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| '''College/school''' || '''Year founded'''
|-
| [[Columbia College, Columbia University]] || 1754
|-
| [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] || 1864
|-
| [[Barnard College| Barnard College, Columbia University]] || 1889
|-
| [[Columbia University School of General Studies]] || 1947
|}
[[File:Scholars Lion.JPG|thumb|left|''Scholars' Lion'', Greg Wyatt (2004)]]
Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian institution of higher education. Its official corporate name is "The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York." The university's first Charter was granted in 1754 by King George II; however, its modern Charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. The university is governed by 24 Trustees, customarily including the President, who serves [[Ex officio member|ex officio]]. The Trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors. Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association. Another six are nominated by the Board in consultation with the Executive Committee of the University Senate. The remaining 12, including the President, are nominated by the Trustees themselves through their internal processes. The term of office for Trustees is six years. Generally, they serve for no more than two consecutive terms. The Trustees appoint the President and other senior administrative officers of the university, and review and confirm faculty appointments as required. They determine the university's financial and investment policies, authorize the budget, supervise the endowment, direct the management of the university's real estate and other assets, and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university.<ref name="Columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/board-trustees.html|title=Board of Trustees|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
The University Senate was established by the Trustees after a university-wide referendum in 1969. It succeeded to the powers of the University Council, which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty, deans, and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university-wide concern. The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university. These include the president of the university, the Provost, the Deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, all who serve ex officio, and five additional representatives, appointed by the President, from the university's administration. The President serves as the Senate's presiding officer. The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies, physical development, budget, and external relations of the university. It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/|title=Columbia University Senate|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref><ref name="senate.columbia.edu">{{cite web|url= |title=Election packet |date=2017 |website=senate.columbia.edu |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html|title=Elections|website=senate.columbia.edu}}</ref>
[[List of Presidents of Columbia University|The President of Columbia University]], who is selected by the Trustees in consultation with the Executive Committee of the University Senate and who serves at the Trustees' pleasure, is the chief executive officer of the university. Assisting the President in administering the University are the Provost, the Senior Executive Vice President, the Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences, several other vice presidents, the General Counsel, the Secretary of the University, and the deans of the Faculties, all of whom are appointed by the Trustees on the nomination of the President and serve at their pleasure.<ref name="Columbia.edu"/> [[Lee C. Bollinger]] became the 19th President of Columbia University on June 1, 2002. A prominent advocate of affirmative action, he played a leading role in the twin Supreme Court cases—[[Grutter v Bollinger]] and [[Gratz v Bollinger]]—that upheld and clarified the importance of diversity as a compelling justification for affirmative action in higher education. A leading First Amendment scholar, he is widely published on freedom of speech and press, and {{when|date=April 2012}} serves on the faculty of Columbia Law School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/president/docs/bio/index.html|title=Office of the President: Lee Bollinger|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref>
Columbia has three official undergraduate colleges: [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College (CC)]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree, the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) is the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree, and [[Columbia University School of General Studies|The School of General Studies (GS)]], the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/content/academics.html|title=Schools of Columbia University|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
Joint degree programs are available through [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]], the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/jts-joint-program|title=JTS Joint Program|website=gs.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref> as well as through the [[Juilliard School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/apply/first-year/juilliard-program|title=Columbia-Juilliard Program {{!}} Columbia Undergraduate Admissions|website=undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wrti.org/post/crossing-boundaries-past-future-pianist-conrad-tao-crossover|title=Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future: Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover|last=Patti|first=Jill Pasternak, Joe|access-date=January 19, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Teachers College]] and [[Barnard College]] are faculties of the university; both colleges’ presidents are deans under the University governance structure.<ref name="columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf |title=Charters and Statutes |website=secretary.columbia.edu |format=PDF}}</ref> The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire University.<ref name="senate.columbia.edu"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Both Barnard and Teachers College graduates are conferred Columbia diplomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barnard.edu/pressroom/fact-sheet|title=Fact Sheet - Barnard College|website=barnard.edu}}</ref><ref name="columbia.edu"/>
Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through [[University College London]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laws.ucl.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/llb-degrees/joint-llb-jd/|title=Joint LLB/Juris Doctor (JD) with Columbia University, New York|accessdate=July 29, 2016|publisher=University College London}}</ref> [[Sciences Po]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/sciences-po/|title=Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> [[City University of Hong Kong]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/cityu-hk|title=Joint Bachelor's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University|publisher=|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> [[Trinity College, Dublin|Trinity College Dublin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.columbia.edu/tcd/dual-ba-program|title=Dual BA Program {{!}} Trinity College Dublin|website=gs.columbia.edu|language=en|access-date=January 6, 2018}}</ref> and the [[Juilliard School]].<ref name="college.columbia">{{cite web|url=https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/apply/first-year/juilliard-exchange|title=Columbia-Juilliard Exchange|publisher=}}</ref>
The university also has several [[Columbia Global Centers]]. in [[Amman]], [[Beijing]], [[Istanbul]], [[Paris]], [[Mumbai]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Santiago]], [[Asunción]] and [[Nairobi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-global-centers|title=Columbia University Global Centers|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=May 4, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028002315/http://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-global-centers|archivedate=October 28, 2011}}</ref>
===Rankings===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Infobox US university ranking
<!-- U.S. rankings -->
| USNWR_NU = 3
| ARWU_NU = 6
| THE_WSJ = 2
| Forbes = 14
| ARWU_W = 8
| QS_W = 16
| THES_W = 12
| USNWR_W = 8
}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Columbia Lions|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=Columbia University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=September 10, 2018|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-2707}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Biological Sciences || 14
|-
| Business || 9
|-
| Chemistry || 10
|-
| Computer Science || 15
|-
| Earth Sciences || 5
|-
| Economics || 9
|-
| Education || 7
|-
| Engineering || 13
|-
| English || 3
|-
| Fine Arts || 6
|-
| Health Care Management || 22
|-
| History || 6
|-
| Law || 5
|-
| Mathematics || 9
|-
| Medicine: Primary Care || 51
|-
| Medicine: Research || 6
|-
| Nursing: Doctorate || 5
|-
| Nursing: Master's || 8
|-
| Nursing–Anesthesia || 22
|-
| Nursing–Midwifery || 12
|-
| Occupational Therapy || 11
|-
| Physical Therapy || 36
|-
| Physics || 11
|-
| Political Science || 7
|-
| Psychology || 17
|-
| Public Affairs || 19
|-
| Public Health || 5
|-
| Social Work || 6
|-
| Sociology || 11
|-
| {{tooltip|Statistics|Biostatistics programs are not considered in the No. 14 ranking. Columbia is No. 20 when Biostatistics programs are considered.}} || 14
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Columbia Lions|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=Columbia University - U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=July 20, 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/columbia-university-190150/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Arts & Humanities || 16
|-
| Biology & Biochemistry || 11
|-
| Chemistry || 85
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 10
|-
| Computer Science || 44
|-
| Economics & Business || 7
|-
| Engineering || 68
|-
| Environment/Ecology || 29
|-
| Geosciences || 4
|-
| Immunology || 15
|-
| Materials Science || 66
|-
| Mathematics || 14
|-
| Microbiology || 22
|-
| Molecular Biology & Genetics || 18
|-
| Neuroscience & Behavior || 8
|-
| Pharmacology & Toxicology || 63
|-
| Physics || 14
|-
| Plant & Animal Science || 210
|-
| Psychiatry/Psychology || 6
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 8
|-
| Social Work || 7
|-
| Space Science || 32
|}
{{col-end}}
[[File:Paul Chapel Columbia jeh.JPG|left|thumb|[[St. Paul's Chapel (Columbia University)|St. Paul's Chapel]]]]
Columbia University was ranked 2nd among U.S. colleges for 2017 by ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' and 2nd among Ivy League schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/united-states/2018#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|title=Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings|publisher=''Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education''|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> It was ranked 3rd overall among U.S. national universities for 2018 by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|title=National University Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=November 3, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|archivedate=May 21, 2011}}</ref> Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by ''U.S. News & World Report'' for its 2016 edition. [[Columbia Law School]] was ranked tied for 4th, the [[Mailman School of Public Health]] 5th, the [[Columbia University School of Social Work|School of Social Work]] 5th, [[Teachers College, Columbia University|Teachers College]] 7th, [[Columbia Business School]] 8th, the [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeons]] tied for 6th for research (and tied for 51st for primary care), the [[Columbia University School of the Arts|Graduate School of Arts]] 6th, the [[Columbia University School of Nursing|School of Nursing]] tied for 8th, and the [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (graduate) was ranked 13th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/columbia-university-190150/overall-rankings|title=National University Rankings: Columbia University|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}</ref>
In 2017, Columbia was ranked 8th in the world by ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'', 18th in the world by ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', 14th globally by ''Times Higher Education World University Rankings'', and 8th in the world by ''U.S. News and World Report''.
Rankings by other organizations include the [[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] #2,<ref>[http://archinect.com/news/article/60523655/di-releases-design-school-rankings-for-2013 DI releases Design School Rankings for 2013], Archinect News, Reporting rankings from DesignIntelligence for best Architecture and Design Schools. By James P. Cramer of DI. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</ref> and its [[Columbia Graduate School of Journalism|Graduate School of Journalism]] #1.<ref>Education Portalhttp://education-portal.com/top_journalism_colleges.html{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://education-portal.com/top_10_journalism_schools.html|title=Top 10 Journalism Schools in the U.S|publisher=Education-portal.com|accessdate=October 30, 2010}}</ref>
Between 1996 and 2008, 18 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of whom nine are faculty members while one is an adjunct senior research scientist ([[Daniel Tsui]]) and the other a Global Fellow ([[Kofi Annan]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php|title=Faculty | Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions|publisher=Studentaffairs.columbia.edu|accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref> Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize include [[Richard Axel]], [[Martin Chalfie]], [[Eric Kandel]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Robert Mundell]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Edmund S. Phelps]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], and [[Horst L. Stormer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php|title=Nobel Prize Winners: Current Faculty|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> Other awards and honors won by faculty include 30 [[MacArthur Foundation]] Award winners,<ref name=awards>{{cite web|year=2005|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/academic/faculty.php|title=Faculty|publisher=Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> 4 [[National Medal of Science]] recipients,<ref name=awards /> 43 [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] Award winners,<ref name=awards /> 20 [[National Academy of Engineering]] Award winners,<ref name="Members By Parent Institution" /> 38 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Award recipients<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951/16476.aspx?ps=50&sb=LastName&sd=ASC&cp=5&filterby=C&browseby=Institution&scroll=2#ResultScroll2 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235528/http://www.iom.edu/CMS/2951/16476.aspx?ps=50&sb=LastName&sd=ASC&cp=5&filterby=C&browseby=Institution&scroll=2 | dead-url = yes | archive-date = September 26, 2007|title=Membership Directory|work=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and 143 [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] Award winners.<ref name=awards />
In 2015, Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ithacajournal.com/story/news/local/2015/04/13/new-york-professor-pay/25683261/|title=Half of N.Y. colleges pay profs less than $100K|author=BRIAN TUMULTY|date=April 13, 2015|work=Ithaca Journal|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities]] ranked Columbia 3rd best university for forming [[CEOs]] in the US and 12th worldwide.
===Research===
[[File:Columbia University Court Yard 01.jpg|left|thumb|Dodge Hall]]
Columbia was the first North American site where the [[uranium]] atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of ''[[Principles of Neural Science]]'', described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible'".<ref>{{cite book|first=Katja|last=Guenther|title=Localization and Its Discontents: A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-226-28820-8|page=155}}</ref> The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner [[Eric Kandel]], [[James H. Schwartz (neurobiologist)|James H. Schwartz]], and [[Thomas Jessell]]. Columbia was the birthplace of [[FM radio]] and the [[laser]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf |title=Columbia To Go |publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=April 29, 2007 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605140310/http://studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/pdf/Columbia_To_Go.pdf |archivedate=June 5, 2007 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> The [[MPEG-2]] algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by [[Dimitris Anastassiou]], a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist [[Martin Chalfie]] was the first to introduce the use of [[Green Fluorescent Protein]] (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/07/26/0726gfp_print.html|title=Biotech's Glowing Breakthrough|first=Matthew|last=Herper|work=Forbes|date=July 26, 2001|accessdate=February 27, 2008}}</ref> Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), [[Session Initiation Protocol]] (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), [[pharmacopeia]], Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue [[LED]]s, and Beamprop (used in photonics).<ref name="inventions_nind">{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV's%20Success%20Stories.pdf|title=New Inventions / New Discoveries|publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures|accessdate=April 29, 2007|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613170734/http://stv.columbia.edu/assets/STV%27s%20Success%20Stories.pdf|archivedate=June 13, 2007|df=}}</ref>
Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.<ref name="inventions_nind" /> More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include [[Remicade]] (for arthritis), [[Reopro]] (for blood clot complications), [[Xalatan]] (for glaucoma), [[Benefix]], [[Latanoprost]] (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, [[homocysteine]] (testing for cardiovascular disease), and [[Zolinza]] (for cancer therapy).<ref name="inventions_stvss">{{cite web|url=http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34#2 |title=Science and Technology Ventures – Success Stories |publisher=Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures |accessdate=February 27, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061844/http://stv.columbia.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=15&Itemid=34 |archivedate=February 21, 2008 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), {{as of|2008|lc=yes}}, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.<ref name="inventions_stvss" /> Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.<ref name="inventions_pbitctc">{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/2006/11/28/patents-bring-cash-columbia|title=Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia|first=Katie|last=Reedy|date=November 28, 2006|publisher=Columbia Spectator|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the [[Columbia Institute for Tele-Information]] dedicated to [[telecommunication]]s and the [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], which is an [[Astronomy|astronomical]] [[observatory]] affiliated with [[NASA]].
==Student life==
===Students===
{| style="float:RIGHT; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|+ ''Demographics of student body – 2014''<ref name="Head count">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_enrollment_ethnicity_1.htm|title=Headcount enrollment by school, race/ethnicity, and citizenship, Fall 2014|publisher=Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research|date=September 12, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">See [[Demographics of the United States]] for references.</ref>
! !! Undergraduate !! Postgraduate
|-
! Asian/Pacific Islander
| 17.1% || 10.9%
|-
! Black
| 7.2% || 4.1%
|-
! Hispanic
| 12.8% || 5.7%
|-
! American Indian/Alaskan Native
| 0.5% || 0.1%
|-
! Two or more races
| 4.7% || 1.7%
|-
! White
| 38.1% || 32.6%
|-
! Non-residents
| 13.4% || 34.3%
|-
!Unknown
| 6.2% || 10.5%
|}
[[File:Walking Through Columbia University (5892973734).jpg|thumb|Earl Hall]]
In 2017, Columbia University's student population was 32,429 (8,868 students in undergraduate programs and 23,561 in postgraduate programs), with 42% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority and 28% born outside of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_enrollment_history_1.htm|title=Office of Planning and Institutional Research - Office of the Provost|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/opir_degrees_awarded_1.htm|title=Office of Planning and Institutional Research - Office of the Provost|website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref> Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000, making it one of the most socioeconomically diverse top-tier colleges.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Sixteen percent of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Fifteen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]] and the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: [[Hartley Hall]], [[Wallach Hall]] (originally Livingston Hall), [[John Jay Hall]], Furnald Hall or Carman Hall. Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The [[Columbia University School of General Studies]], [[Barnard College]] and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/housing.php|title=Housing and Dining|publisher=Columbia University Office of Student Affairs|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
Columbia University is home to many [[Fraternities and sororities in North America|fraternities, sororities]], and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<ref>[http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/faq/campus.php#4 Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life]. Retrieved September 12, 2007.</ref> Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta Chapter of [[Alpha Delta Phi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|title=The Alpha Delta Phi Society: About Us|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207180508/http://www.adpscolumbia.org/home.php|archivedate=February 7, 2011}}</ref> The InterGreek Council is the self-governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia, the Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, and Multicultural Greek Council. The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community. The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other, work together and advocate for community needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/resprograms/fraternity_sorority/council/|title=Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
====Publications====
[[File:Columbia University Press logo (from Gloria D'Amor).jpg|thumb|left|One of the earliest logos of [[Columbia University Press]]]]
The ''[[Columbia Daily Spectator]]'' is the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com|title=Columbia Daily Spectator|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and ''[[The Blue and White]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theblueandwhite.org/|title=Blue & White|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> a monthly literary magazine established in 1890, discusses campus life and local politics in print and on its daily blog, dubbed the ''Bwog''. ''[[The Morningside Post]]'' is a student-run multimedia news publication. Its content: student-written investigative news, international affairs analysis, opinion, and satire.
Political publications include ''[[The Current (Columbia University journal)|The Current]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia-current.org|title=The Columbia Current}}</ref> a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; the ''[[Columbia Political Review]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpreview.org|title=Columbia Political Review|accessdate=December 26, 2008}}</ref> the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; and ''AdHoc'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adhocmag.com|title=AdHoc|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.
''Columbia Magazine'' is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include ''The Columbia Review'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review|title=The Columbia Review|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804021747/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/review/|archivedate=August 4, 2006}}</ref> the nation's oldest college literary magazine; ''Columbia'', a nationally regarded [[literary journal]]; the ''Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/|title=Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism|accessdate=December 7, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009182446/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/english/cjlc/|archivedate=October 9, 2006}}</ref> and ''The Mobius Strip'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobiusmag.com|title=The Mobius Strip|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> an online arts and literary magazine. ''[[Inside New York]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidenewyork.com/about |title=Inside New York |accessdate=October 26, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703021020/http://insidenewyork.com/about/ |archivedate=July 3, 2011 }}</ref> is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with [[Columbia University Press]], the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.
[[File:Riverside Church from Columbia University.jpg|thumb|[[Pupin Hall]] (right), [[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]] (center) [[Riverside Church]] (left)]]
Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The ''[[Journal of Politics & Society]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helvidius.org|title=Journal of Politics & Society|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published and distributed nationally by the [[Helvidius Group]]; ''Publius'' is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publiuscu.org/about-publius/|title=Publius: About|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191716/http://www.publiuscu.org/about-publius/|archivedate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> the ''Columbia East Asia Review'' allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the [[Weatherhead East Asian Institute]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastasiareview.org/about/index.shtml|title=East Asia Review: About Us|publisher=East Asia Review|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420091255/http://www.eastasiareview.org/about/index.shtml|archivedate=April 20, 2011}}</ref> and ''[[The Birch]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebirchonline.org|title=The Birch|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind; the ''Columbia Political Review'', the undergraduate magazine on politics operated by the Columbia Political Union; the ''Columbia Economics Review'', the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the ''Columbia Science Review'' is a science magazine that prints general interest articles, faculty profiles, and student research papers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/csr/about.html|title=History and Vision|publisher=Columbia Science Review|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
''[[The Fed (Columbia newspaper)|The Fed]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed|title=The Fed|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804020230/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/thefed/|archivedate=August 4, 2006}}</ref> a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the ''[[Jester of Columbia]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com|title=Jester of Columbia|accessdate=August 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713103115/http://www.jesterofcolumbia.com/|archive-date=July 13, 2011|dead-url=yes}}</ref> the newly (and frequently) revived campus humor magazine both inject humor into local life. Other publications include ''The Columbian'', the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/gradzone/guests/gifts|title=The Columbian|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> the ''Gadfly'', a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gadflymagazine.com/about/|title=The Gadfly: About|publisher=The Gadlfy|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509035515/http://www.gadflymagazine.com/about/|archivedate=May 9, 2011}}</ref> and ''Rhapsody in Blue'', an undergraduate urban studies magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/rhapsody/|title=The Rhapsody|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624020241/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/rhapsody/|archivedate=June 24, 2010}}</ref> Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include ''Current Musicology''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.columbia.edu/%7Ecurmus/|title=Current Musicology|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> and ''[[The Journal of Philosophy]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journalofphilosophy.org/|title=The Journal of Philosophy|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref> During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish ''The Bronx Beat'', a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx. Teachers College publishes the ''Teachers College Record'', a journal of research, analysis, and commentary in the field of education, published continuously since 1900.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Rennick|url=http://www.tcrecord.org/About.asp|title=About the Journal|publisher=TCRecord|date=January 14, 2008|accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref>
Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year, and offers a reporting, analysis, criticism, and commentary. CJR.org, its web site, delivers real-time criticism and reporting, giving CJR a presence in the ongoing conversation about the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cjr.org/index.php|publisher=Columbia Journalism Review|title=About Us: Mission Statement|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
====Broadcasting====
[[File:Earl Hall Columbia University NYC.jpg|thumb|Earl Hall]]
Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate [[campus radio]] broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, WBAR. [[WKCR]], the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-State area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with [[Edwin Howard Armstrong|Major Edwin Armstrong]]. The station went operational on July 18, 1939, from a 400-foot antenna tower in Alpine, New Jersey, broadcasting the very first FM transmission in the world. Initially, WKCR wasn't a radio station, but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications. As membership grew, however, the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting. Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts, donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/wkcr/history|title="The Original FM": The Columbia University Radio Club|publisher=Columbia University|year=2009|accessdate=January 12, 2013}}</ref> The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at [[4 Times Square]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest [[Student television station]] and home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnewsonline.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104113018/http://www.ctvnewsonline.com/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 4, 2006 |title=CTV News |accessdate=August 10, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv|title=CTV|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820181902/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ctv/|archivedate=August 20, 2006}}</ref>
====Debate and Model UN====
The [[Philolexian Society]] is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philo/history/|title=History|publisher=Philolexian Society|date=February 1, 2010|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> The society annually administers the [[Joyce Kilmer]] Bad Poetry Contest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/05/nyregion/about-new-york-no-not-a-curse-but-a-jersey-prize-for-worst-verse.html|title=No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse|author=Jaynes, Gregory|date=December 5, 1987|accessdate=April 16, 2011|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]], and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/debate|title=Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref>
The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's [[Model United Nations]] activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN and oversees a competitive team, which travels to colleges around the country and to an international conference every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/7|title=CIRCA – About|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182951/http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/7|archivedate=July 25, 2011}}</ref> The competitive team consistently wins best and outstanding delegation awards and is considered one of the top teams in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/19|title=CIRCA – Traveling team awards|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725183345/http://circa.cmunce.org/drupal/node/19|archivedate=July 25, 2011}}</ref>
===Technology and entrepreneurship===
[[File:Pupin Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Pupin Hall]], the physics building, showing the rooftop observatory]]
[[File:CUMathematics11.16.08ByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|Mathematics Hall]]
The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include [[Peter Thiel]], [[Jack Dorsey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/09/17/jack-dorsey-square-twitter-paypal-intuit/2777621/|title=Square's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC|author=Jon Swartz, USA TODAY|date=September 17, 2013|work=USA TODAY|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> [[Alexis Ohanian]], [[Drew Houston]], and [[Mark Cuban]]. By 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital.
CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called [[Campus Network]] that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. [[Mark Zuckerberg]] later asked Goldberg to join him in [[Palo Alto]] to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cormier, Amanda|date=October 7, 2010|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2010/10/07/columbias-web-30|title=Columbia's Web 3.0|publisher=The Eye|accessdate=October 30, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102155611/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2010/10/07/columbias-web-30|archivedate=November 2, 2010}}</ref> The [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide, made possible through partners such as [[Microsoft Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctice.columbia.edu/content/engaged-entrepreneurship|title=Engaged Entrepreneurship|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210084331/http://ctice.columbia.edu/content/engaged-entrepreneurship|archivedate=December 10, 2010}}</ref>
Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kathleen|first=Mary|url=http://www.thedeal.com/newsweekly/2010/june-7-2010/vc-mecca-on-the-hudson.php#bottom|title=Mecca on the Hudson?|work=The Deal|date=June 7, 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908162123/http://www.thedeal.com/newsweekly/2010/june-7-2010/vc-mecca-on-the-hudson.php|archivedate=September 8, 2010}}</ref> Mayor Bloomberg has provided over $6.7 million towards entrepreneurial programs that partner with Columbia and other universities in New York. Professor Chris Wiggins of the [[Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science|Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science]] is working in conjunction with Professors Evan Korth of [[New York University]] and Hilary Mason, chief scientist at [[bit.ly]] to facilitate the growth of student tech-startups in an effort to transform a traditionally financially centered New York City into the next [[Silicon Valley]]. Their website, hackny.org, is a gathering ground of ideas and discussions for New York's young entrepreneurial community, the [[Silicon Alley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/technology/07reboot.html|work=The New York Times|title=New York Isn't Silicon Valley, and That's Why They Like It|first=Jenna|last=Wortham|date=March 6, 2010}}</ref>
On June 14, 2010, Mayor [[Michael R. Bloomberg]] launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry.<ref name="NYC20100614">{{cite press release|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2010a/pr268-10.html|title=Mayor Bloomberg launches NYC Media Lab|publisher=The City of New York|date=June 14, 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2010}}</ref> Situated at the [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering]], the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, [[New York University]], and [[New York City Economic Development Corporation]] acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research. The Lab is modeled after similar ones at [[MIT]] and [[Stanford]]. A $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation was used to establish the NYC Media Lab. Each year, the lab will host a range of roundtable discussions between the private sector and academic institutions. It will support research projects on topics of content format, next-generation search technologies, computer animation for film and gaming, emerging marketing techniques, and new devices development. The lab will also create a media research and development database. Columbia University will coordinate the long-term direction of the media lab as well as the involvement of its faculty and those of other universities.<ref name="NYC20100614" />
===Athletics===
[[File:Bigredmarchingband.jpg|thumb|[[Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium|Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]]]]
{{Main|Columbia Lions}}
{{See also|Harlem River#Recreational uses|l1=C-Rock}}
A member institution of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) in [[NCAA Division I|Division I]] [[Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]], Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the [[Ivy League]]. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat [[Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]]. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/athletics.php|title=Athletics|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:GehrigCU.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Lou Gehrig]]]]
Former students include [[Baseball Hall of Famers]] [[Lou Gehrig]] and [[Eddie Collins]], [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|football Hall of Famer]] [[Sid Luckman]], [[Marcellus Wiley]], and world champion women's weightlifter [[Karyn Marshall]].<ref name=tws02oct01>{{Cite news|author=Carft, Julie|title=Image is Heavy Burden – Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project 'Femininity, Intelligence'|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 29, 1989|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-07-29/sports/sp-145_1_karyn-marshall|accessdate=October 2, 2009}}</ref><ref name=SI>{{Cite news|url=http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1067134/index.htm|title=A Lift For Wall Street|last=Lidz|first=Franz|date=March 21, 1988|work=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=June 28, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011090230/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1067134/index.htm|archivedate=October 11, 2011}}</ref> On May 17, 1939, fledgling [[NBC]] broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the [[Princeton Tigers]] at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html Baker Field: Birthplace of Sports Television] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007095924/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/spr99/34a.html |date=October 7, 2008 }}. Columbia University.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletes_bios.html|title=20th-Century Greats|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref>
Columbia University athletics has a long history, with many accomplishments in athletic fields. In 1870, Columbia played against [[Rutgers University]] in the second football game in the history of the sport. Eight years later, Columbia crew won the famed [[Henley Royal Regatta]] in the first-ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters. In 1900, Olympian and Columbia College student [[Maxie Long]] set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds. In 1983, Columbia men's soccer went 18-0 and was ranked first in the nation, but lost to Indiana 1-0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game; nevertheless, the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletics_timeline.html|title=Columbia Athletics Highlight|publisher=Columbia University|year=2004|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still the record for the NCAA [[Football Championship Subdivision]]. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16-13 victory over archrival [[Princeton University]]. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.<ref>[http://www.wikicu.com/Losing_streak Losing streak]. Wikicu.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.</ref> A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City. The tradition began in 2002, a year after the Fordham-Columbia game was postponed due to the September 11 attacks.
===World Leaders Forum===
[[File:Uniwersytet Columbia.jpg|thumb|left|World Leaders Forum at [[Low Memorial Library]]]]
Established in 2003 by university president [[Lee C. Bollinger]], the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia. The World Leaders Forum is a year-around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures, while educating students about problems and progress around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/president-lee-c-bollingers-statement-about-world-leaders-forum|title=About the World Leaders Forum|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828133419/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/president-lee-c-bollingers-statement-about-world-leaders-forum|archive-date=August 28, 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
All Columbia undergraduates and graduates as well as students of [[Barnard College]] and other Columbia affiliated schools can register to participate in the World Leaders Forum using their student IDs. Even for individuals who do not have the privilege to attend the event live, they can watch the forum via online videos on Columbia University's website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/faq|title=World Leaders Forum: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Worldleaders.columbia.edu|accessdate=April 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181823/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/faq|archive-date=July 19, 2011|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Past forum speakers include former President of the United States [[Bill Clinton]], the Prime Minister of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Former President of Ghana [[John Agyekum Kufuor]], President of Afghanistan [[Hamid Karzai]], Prime Minister of Russia [[Vladimir Putin]], President of the Republic of Mozambique [[Joaquim Alberto Chissano]], President of the Republic of Bolivia [[Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert]], President of the Republic of Romania [[Ion Iliescu]], President of the Republic of Latvia [[Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga]], the first female President of Finland [[Tarja Halonen]], President [[Yudhoyono]] of Indonesia, President [[Pervez Musharraf]] of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President [[Jalal Talabani]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]], President of the Islamic Republic of Iran [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]], financier [[George Soros]], Mayor of New York City [[Michael R. Bloomberg]], President [[Václav Klaus]] of the Czech Republic, President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations [[Kofi Annan]], and [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants|title=Participants | Columbia University World Leaders Forum|publisher=Worldleaders.columbia.edu|accessdate=October 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917111318/http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants|archive-date=September 17, 2010|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
===Other===
[[File:116th Street Columbia University Station.JPG|thumb|Access to Columbia is enhanced by the [[116th Street–Columbia University (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|116th Street–Columbia University]] subway station ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}) on the [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]].]]
The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/|title=Columbia University Orchestra|work=Columbia University Orchestra|accessdate=August 3, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624152440/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cuo/|archivedate=June 24, 2015}}</ref>
There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cupal/#members|title=CUPAL: Member Organizations|publisher=Columbia University of Performing Arts|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> The [[Columbia University Marching Band]] tells jokes during the campus tradition of Orgo Night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumb.org/orgo-night-a-columbia-university-marching-band-tradition/|title=Orgo Night! A Columbia University Marching Band Tradition|publisher=Columbia University Marching Band|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622012640/http://www.cumb.org/orgo-night-a-columbia-university-marching-band-tradition/|archivedate=June 22, 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Le Penseur at Columbia University (6435262909).jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur'') at Columbia University]]
The [[Columbia Queer Alliance]] is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student [[Homophile]] League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist [[Stephen Donaldson (activist)|Stephen Donaldson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cqanyc.com/|publisher=Columbia Queer Alliance|title=About Us|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Queer Man on Campus: A History of Non-heterosexual College Men, 1945–2000|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2002|isbn=0-415-93336-6|page=167}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of [[Alexander Hamilton]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocatesforrotc.org/columbia/hamilton.html|title=Columbia University Hamilton Society: About|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref>
The university also houses an independent nonprofit organization, Community Impact, which strives to serve disadvantaged people in the Harlem, Washington Heights, and Morningside Heights communities. From its earliest inception as a single service initiative formed in 1981 by Columbia University undergraduates, Community Impact has grown into Columbia University's largest student service organization. CI provides food, clothing, shelter, education, job training, and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities. CI consists of a dedicated corps of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs, which serve more than 8,000 people each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ci/index.html|title=Community Impact|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=December 29, 2010}}</ref>
==Student activism==
===Protests of 1968===
[[File:Hamilton statue at Columbia University IMG 0958.JPG|thumb|[[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] was occupied by protesting students in 1968]]
{{Main|Columbia University protests of 1968}}
Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two main issues. The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring [[Morningside Park (New York City)|Morningside Park]]; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring [[Harlem]]. A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in [[the Pentagon]]'s weapons research think-tank, the [[Institute for Defense Analyses]] (IDA). Students barricaded themselves inside [[Low Memorial Library|Low Library]], [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]], and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/nyregion/28columbia.html "Columbia's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. April 28, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/1968.html#notes|title=Columbia University – 1968|publisher=|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref>
The protests achieved two of their stated goals. Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym, building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead. A popular myth states that the gym's plans were eventually used by [[Princeton University]] for the expansion of its athletic facilities, but as [[Jadwin Gymnasium]] was already 50% complete by 1966 (when the Columbia gym was announced) this was clearly not correct.<ref>Hevesi, Dennis. [http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19660920-01.2.16&e=-------en-20--10062--txt-IN-Columbia----l "Gym Groundbreaking Will Be Held Next Month"], ''[[Columbia Spectator]]'', September 29, 1966.</ref> At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests. Many of the Class of '68 walked out of their graduation and held a countercommencement on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park, the place where the protests began.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/sites/cct/files/cct_spring_1968.pdf|title=Columbia College Today|author=George Keller|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614084125/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/sites/cct/files/cct_spring_1968.pdf|archivedate=June 14, 2011}}</ref> The protests hurt Columbia financially as many potential students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to the school. [[Allan Bloom]], a professor of philosophy at the [[University of Chicago]],
believed that the protest efforts at Columbia were responsible for pushing higher education further toward the liberal left. As a result of the protests, Bloom stated, "American universities were no longer places of intellectual and academic debate, but rather places of 'political correctness' and liberalism."<ref>{{cite book|title=Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960s|last=Bradley|first=Stefan|year=2009|publisher=University of Illinois|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-252-03452-7|pages=5–19, 164–191, 174}}<!--| accessdate=April 18, 2011--></ref> {{when|date=January 2013}}
===Protests against racism and apartheid===
[[File:Columbia University by Rangilo.JPG|thumb|left|School of Arts]]
Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of [[Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)|Hamilton Hall]] and the Business School<ref>"[[Disinvestment from South Africa#University campuses]]"</ref> during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]] regime in South Africa. A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978, when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968, students marched and rallied in protest of university investments in South Africa. The Committee Against Investment in South Africa (CAISA) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. university.
The initial (and partial) Columbia divestment,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 7, 1978|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/07/archives/columbia-senate-supports-selling-south-african-stocks-selectively.html}}</ref>
focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government|publisher=Columbia Spectator|date=June 8, 1978}}</ref> It followed a year-long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Henry Kissinger]] to an endowed chair at the university in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|title=400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post|publisher=Columbia Spectator|date=March 3, 1977}}</ref>
Broadly backed by student groups and many faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held teach-ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa. Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Demonstration at Columbia|work=New York Daily News|date=May 2, 1978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Student Sit-in at Columbia|work=New York Post|date=May 2, 1978}}</ref>
===Ahmadinejad speech controversy===
[[File:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 13 by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Students protest Ahmadinejad's invitation to speak at Columbia University]]
The [[School of International and Public Affairs]] extends invitations to heads of state and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United Nations General Assembly. In 2007, [[Iran]]ian President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] was one of those invited to speak on campus. Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24, 2007, as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/07/09/ahmadinejad2.html|title=President Bollinger's Statement About President Ahmadinejad's Scheduled Appearance|date=September 19, 2007|publisher=Columbia News}}</ref> The invitation proved to be highly controversial. Hundreds of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech itself was televised worldwide. University President [[Lee C. Bollinger]] tried to allay the controversy by letting Ahmadenijad speak, but with a negative introduction (given personally by Bollinger). This did not mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the campus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/24/politics/main3292477.shtml|title=Candidates Speak Out On Ahmadinejad Visit|date=September 24, 2007|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Columbia students, though, turned out en masse to listen to the speech on the South Lawn. An estimated 2,500 undergraduates and graduates came out for the historic occasion.
During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized [[Israel]]'s policies towards the [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]; called for research on the historical accuracy of [[the Holocaust]]; raised questions as to who initiated the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]]; defended Iran's [[Nuclear program of Iran|nuclear power program]], criticizing the UN's policy of sanctions on his country; and attacked [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's [[Human rights in Iran|treatment]] of [[Women's rights in Iran|women]] and [[LGBT rights in Iran|homosexuals]], he asserted that women are respected in Iran and that "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals like in your country... In Iran, we do not have this phenomenon. I don't know who told you this."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7010962.stm|title=Iran president in NY campus row|date=September 25, 2007|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=March 11, 2010}}</ref> The latter statement drew laughter from the audience. The Manhattan District Attorney's Office accused Columbia of accepting grant money from the [[Alavi Foundation]] to support faculty "sympathetic" to Iran's Islamic republic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Schools' Iran $ pipeline|first=Isabel|last=Vincent|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/columbia_rutgers_on_spy_group_gift_JOTKcEIJ5qgzRWPVeBxxNN|newspaper=New York Post|date=November 22, 2009|accessdate=February 8, 2013}}</ref>
===ROTC controversy===
Beginning in 1969, during the Vietnam War, the university did not allow the U.S. military to have [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (ROTC) programs on campus,<ref>Feith, David J., "[http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MGQ2Y2YyYTAxOTliMzQ3NjE2MmY1YzE3ZTI2YzIwMjQ= Duty, Honor, Country… and Columbia]", ''National Review'', September 15, 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917214649/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=MGQ2Y2YyYTAxOTliMzQ3NjE2MmY1YzE3ZTI2YzIwMjQ%3D |date=September 17, 2008 }}</ref> though Columbia students could participate in ROTC programs at other local colleges and universities.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/academics/special_programs/army_rotc_ram_battal/affiliated_instituti_29928.asp Army ROTC at Fordham University] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032509/http://www.fordham.edu/academics/special_programs/army_rotc_ram_battal/affiliated_instituti_29928.asp |date=November 29, 2014 }} Accessed September 9, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afrotc.com/college-life/college/?recruiter_id=860|title=U.S. Air Force ROTC – College Life – College|publisher=Afrotc.com|accessdate=February 22, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205131845/http://www.afrotc.com/college-life/college/?recruiter_id=860|archivedate=December 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="home.manhattan.edu">{{cite web|url=http://home.manhattan.edu/~afrotc/CROSSTOWNS.htm|accessdate=January 14, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427060511/http://home.manhattan.edu/~afrotc/CROSSTOWNS.htm|archivedate=April 27, 2014|title=AFROTC Detachment 560, "The Bronx Bombers", CROSS-TOWN SCHOOLS.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sunymaritime.edu/NROTC/Command%20Information/Command.aspx/ NAVY ROTC IN NEW YORK CITY] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618044804/http://www.sunymaritime.edu/NROTC/Command%20Information/Command.aspx/ |date=June 18, 2013 }}</ref> At a forum at the university during the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election campaign]], both [[John McCain]] and [[Barack Obama]] said that the university should consider reinstating ROTC on campus.<ref name="home.manhattan.edu" /><ref>McGurn, William, "[http://s.wsj.net/article/SB122273091416788171.html A Columbia Marine To Obama: Help!]", ''Wall Street Journal'', September 30, 2008, Page 17.</ref><ref>[https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/colleges-univers.cfm Colleges and Universities with NROTC Units] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070802104405/https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/colleges-univers.cfm |date=August 2, 2007 }}</ref> After the debate, the President of the University, [[Lee C. Bollinger]], stated that he did not favor reinstating Columbia's ROTC program, because of the military's anti-gay policies. In November 2008, Columbia's undergraduate student body held a referendum on the question of whether or not to invite ROTC back to campus, and the students who voted were almost evenly divided on the issue. ROTC lost the vote (which would not have been binding on the administration, and did not include graduate students, faculty, or alumni) by a fraction of a percentage point.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
In April 2010 during [[Admiral]] [[Mike Mullen]]'s address at Columbia, President [[Lee C. Bollinger]] stated that the ROTC would be readmitted to campus if the admiral's plans for revoking the [[don't ask, don't tell]] policy were successful. In February 2011 during one of three town-hall meetings on the ROTC ban, former Army staff sergeant Anthony Maschek, a [[Purple Heart]] recipient for injuries sustained during his service in Iraq, was booed and hissed at by some students during his speech promoting the idea of allowing the ROTC on campus.<ref>Karni, Annie, "[http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/hero_unwelcome_Zi3u1fwtRpo87vXAiAQfSN]", ''New York Post'', February 20, 2011.</ref> In April 2011 the Columbia University Senate voted to welcome the ROTC program back on campus.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/02/columbia-rotc_n_843992.html], "Huff Post College", April 2, 2011.</ref> Secretary of the Navy [[Ray Mabus]] and Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger signed an agreement to reinstate [[Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps]] (NROTC) program at Columbia for the first time in more than 40 years on May 26, 2011. The agreement was signed at a ceremony on board the {{USS|Iwo Jima|LHD-7|6}}, docked in New York for the Navy's annual Fleet Week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/2438|title=Archived copy|accessdate=August 20, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014849/http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/2438|archivedate=October 8, 2011}} "Navy and Columbia Sign NROTC Agreement," May 26, 2011</ref>
=== Divestment from private prisons ===
In February 2014, after learning that the university had over $10 million invested in the private prison industry, a group of students delivered a letter President Bollinger's office requesting a meeting and officially launching the Columbia Prison Divest (CPD) campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/columbia-students-lee-bollinger-divest-prisons-now/|title=Columbia Students to Lee Bollinger: Divest From Prisons Now!|last=Sestanovich|first=Clare|date=March 20, 2015|work=The Nation|access-date=November 14, 2017|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> {{As of|2013|6|30|df=US}}, Columbia held investments in [[CoreCivic|Corrections Corporation of America]], the largest private prison company in the United States, as well as [[G4S|G4s]], the largest multinational security firm in the world. Students demanded that the university divest these holdings from the industry and instate a ban on future investments in the private prison industry.<ref name="The New Divestment Movement">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/mass-incarceration-college-corrections-corporation/|title=The New Divestment Movement|access-date=November 14, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Aligning themselves with the growing [[Black lives|Movement for Black Lives]] and in conversation with the heightened attention on race and the system of [[mass incarceration]], CPD student activists hosted events to raise awareness of the issue and worked to involve large numbers of members of the Columbia and West Harlem community in campaign activities.<ref name="The New Divestment Movement"/> After eighteen months of student driven organizing, the Board of Trustees of Columbia University voted to support the petition for divestment from private prison companies, which was confirmed to student leaders on June 22, 2015.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/23/us/columbia-university-prison-divest/index.html|title=Columbia is first U.S. university to divest from prisons - CNN|last=CNN|first=Wilfred Chan|work=CNN|access-date=November 14, 2017}}</ref> The Columbia Prison Divest campaign was the first campaign to successfully get a U.S. university to divest from the private prison industry.<ref name="auto"/>
==Traditions==
{{details|Columbia traditions}}
===Orgo Night===
In one of the school's longest-lasting traditions, begun in 1975,<ref>{{cite news | website=The New York Times | date=December 20, 1975 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/20/archives/columbia-cram-session-can-be-fun-too.html|title=Columbia Cram Session Can Be Fun, Too | access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam—often the first day of final exams—the [[Columbia University Marching Band]] invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in [[Butler Library]] to distract and entertain studying students with some forty-five minutes of raucous jokes and music, beginning and ending with the singing of the school's fight song, "[[Roar, Lion, Roar]]". After the main show before a crowd that routinely began filling the room well before the announced midnight start time, the Band led a procession to several campus locations, including the residential quadrangle of [[Barnard College]] for more music and temporary relief from the stress of last-minute studying.
In December 2016, following several years of sporadic complaints by students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters left them "triggered" and "traumatized" and called for the show to be canceled,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/opinion/2014/12/11/if-you-go-orgo-night-youre-part-problem/| title=If you go to Orgo Night, you're part of the problem | work=Columbia Daily Spectator |access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> as well as a ''New York Times'' article on the Band's treatment of sexual assault on campus,<ref>{{cite news | last=Taylor | first=Kate | title=This Year, Columbia Event Finds Joke Fodder in Sexual Assault Debate | website=The New York Times | date=May 9, 2015 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/09/nyregion/columbia-bands-traditional-show-includes-jokes-about-sexual-assault-debate.html | access-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref>
University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in the traditional Butler Library location. Protests and accusations of censorship<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2016/12/13/marching-band-denied-access-butler-library-orgo-night|title=University denies marching band access to Butler Library for Orgo Night – Columbia Daily Spectator|last=|first=|date=|website=columbiaspectator.com|publisher=|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> followed, but University President [[Lee Bollinger]] maintained that complaints and publicity about the shows had "nothing to do with" the prohibition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2016/12/15/bollinger-defends-universitys-decision-ban-orgo-night-butler|title=Bollinger defends University's decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler – Columbia Daily Spectator|website=columbiaspectator.com|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> In subfreezing weather, the Band instead performed—at midnight, as usual—outside the main entrance of Butler Library.
The Band's official alumni organization, the Columbia University Band Alumni Association, registered protests with the administration,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiabandalumni.org/orgo-night/ | title=Orgo Night! |website=columbiabandalumni.org |access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name "A. Hamiltonius" published a series of pamphlets exhaustively addressing the issue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaorgonight.blogspot.com/|title=In Defense of Orgo Night|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> but at the end of the spring 2017 semester the University administration held firm,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/04/25/university-stands-by-decision-to-ban-orgo-night-from-butler-as-alumni-pressure-mounts/#.WP64g_uI60w.email|title=University stands by decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler as alumni pressure mounts - Columbia Daily Spectator|website=columbiaspectator.com|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}</ref> prompting the Marching Band to again stage its show outside the building. For Orgo Night December 2017, Band members quietly infiltrated the Library with their musical instruments during the evening and popped up at midnight to perform the show inside despite the ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecollegefix.com/post/40269/|title=How Columbia’s politically incorrect marching band outwitted the administration’s censorship attempt|last=Piper|first=Greg|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=December 22, 2017|work=The College Fix}}</ref> Prior to the spring 2018 exam period, the administration warned the group's leaders against a repeat and restated the injunction, warning of sanctions; the Band again staged its Orgo Night show in front of the library.<ref>{{cite web|author=May 03, 201811:06 pm 1 Comments |url=http://bwog.com/2018/05/03/orgo-night-spring-2018-liveblog/ |title=Orgo Night Spring 2018 Liveblog – Bwog |publisher=Bwog.com |date=2018-05-03 |accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref>
===Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies===
[[File:Collegewalk2.jpg|thumb|Tree-Lighting at College Walk]]
The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by ''a cappella'' groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html|title=Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony|author=Jason Hollander|publisher=Columbia University News|accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the [[American Revolutionary War]], but lapsed before being revived by University President [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] in the early 20th century. A troop of students dressed as [[Continental Army]] soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of ''[[A Visit From St. Nicholas]]'' by [[Clement Clarke Moore]] and ''[[Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus]]'' by [[Francis Pharcellus Church]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hollander|first=Jason|date=December 3, 1999|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/99/12/treeLighting.html|title=Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree-Lighting Ceremony|work=Columbia News|accessdate=August 10, 2006}}</ref>
===The Varsity Show===
[[The Varsity Show]] is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894, making it one of Columbia's oldest traditions. Past writers and directors have included Columbians [[Richard Rodgers]] and [[Oscar Hammerstein II|Oscar Hammerstein]], [[Lorenz Hart]], [[I.A.L. Diamond]], and [[Herman Wouk]]. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 10, 2005|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/04/04/varsity_show.html|title=The Varsity Show, April 15–18|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=December 3, 2006}}</ref>
==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Columbia University people}}
{{Cleanup gallery|date=October 2018}}
The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five [[Founding Fathers of the United States]], including an [[Gouverneur Morris|author]] of the United States Constitution and [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|a member]] of the [[Committee of Five]];{{refn|Founding Fathers include: [[Alexander Hamilton]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Alexander Hamilton|last=Chernow|first=Ron|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-1-59420-009-0|page=51}}<!--|accessdate=April 14, 2011--></ref> [[John Jay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/jay/biography.html|title=A Brief Biography of John Jay|publisher=Columbia University|year=2002|work=The Papers of John Jay}}</ref> [[Robert Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Dangerfield|first=George|title=Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York, 1746–1813|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co|location=New York, New York|year=1960|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Egbert Benson]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000388|title=Egbert Benson|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Gouverneur Morris]].<ref>{{cite book|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/morrisg.htm|chapter=Gouverneur Morris|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/ss-fm.htm|title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution|first=Robert K|last=Wright Jr.|year=1987|accessdate=April 13, 2011|id=CMH Pub 71-25}}</ref>|group="n"}} {{As of|2011}}, there were 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners,<ref name="Columbia Arts Alumni">{{cite web|url=http://www.cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|publisher=Columbia University|title=Columbia Arts Alumni|accessdate=June 28, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123215722/http://cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|archivedate=January 23, 2011}}</ref> as well as three United States presidents.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|publisher=US National Park Service|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/presidents/bio.htm|title=The Presidents of the United States – Biographical Sketches|accessdate=April 13, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630010841/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/bio.htm|archivedate=June 30, 2007|df=}}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.<ref name="Members By Parent Institution">{{cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30|title=Members By Parent Institution|work=National Academy of Engineering|accessdate=August 10, 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615200340/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members%20By%20Parent%20InstitutionC?OpenView&Start=30|archivedate=June 15, 2006}}</ref>
In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2016/11/29/the-universities-churning-out-the-most-billionaires-infographic/#6ca1ff5d6613|work=Forbes|title=The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires|date=November 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Marie Thibault">{{cite news|author=Marie Thibault|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities_slide_4.html|title=In Pictures: Billionaire University|work=Forbes|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref>
Former U.S. Presidents [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S President [[Barack Obama]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/08/11/obama.html|title=Columbia News Announcement|publisher=Columbia.edu|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court]] [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/womens-rights/tribute-legacy-ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-wrp-staff|title=Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|date=March 7, 2006|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> former U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Madam Secretary: A Memoir|last=Albright|first=Madeleine|year=2003|publisher=Miramax|isbn=0-7868-6843-0|page=71}}<!--| accessdate=April 16, 2011--></ref> former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank [[Alan Greenspan]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Justin|title=Greenspan: The Man behind Money|publisher=Basic Books|date=October 15, 2009|isbn=0-7382-0275-4|pages=27–31|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], and U.S. Solicitor General [[Donald Verrilli Jr.]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Tucker-Hamilton|first=Racine|author2=Hickey, Matthew|title=Interview with Eric H. Holder, Jr.|work=Oral history project|format=Interview|publisher=The History Makers|date=December 17, 2004|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/programs/dvl/files/Holder_Ericf.html|accessdate=November 18, 2008}}</ref> [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] served as the thirteenth president of Columbia University from 1948 to 1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/dwight_d_eisenhower.html|title=Columbia 250: Dwight Eisenhower|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> The university has also educated 26 foreign [[Head of state|heads of state]], including President of Georgia [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], President of East Timor [[Jose Ramos Horta]], President of Estonia [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]] and other historical figures such as [[Wellington Koo]], [[Radovan Karadžić]], [[Gaston Eyskens]], and [[T. V. Soong]].{{refn| Foreign heads of state include: [[Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/Fadhel.html|title=Experiences In Arab Affairs|author=Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Giuliano Amato]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=2716|title=An Interview with Giuliano Amato|publisher=The Florentine|date=November 29, 2007|author=Daniel Peterson|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Hafizullah Amin]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Amstutz|first=Bruce|title=Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation|year=1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=0-7881-1111-6|page=303}}<!--| accessdate=April 18, 2011--></ref> [[Nahas Angula]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,109045.html|title=Namibia PM is Nahas Angula...Educated in the US|work=Newsday|date=October 13, 2009|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Marek Belka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205183638/http://www.un.org/sg/senstaff_details.asp?smgID=3|archivedate=February 5, 2009|title=The Biography of Marek Belka|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.org/node/152|title=Fernando Henrique Cardoso|publisher=Fulbright Association|accessdate=April 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316234404/http://www.fulbright.org/node/152|archivedate=March 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Gaston Eyskens]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/Honorary_Degree_Recipients_1945-2010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913142024/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/pdf_and_word/Honorary_Degree_Recipients_1945-2010.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 13, 2011|title=Honorary Degree Recipients|page=8|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Mark Eyskens]], [[Jose Ramos Horta]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://columbiacommunique.org/?p=829|title=State Building Challenges in Timor Leste|author=Alyssa Smith|date=October 7, 2010|publisher=Columbia Communique|accessdate=April 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813205422/http://columbiacommunique.org/?p=829|archivedate=August 13, 2011}}</ref> [[Lee Huan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/12/lee-huan-obituary|title=Lee Huan obituary|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=December 12, 2010|author=Kerry Brown|accessdate=April 18, 2010}}</ref> [[Toomas Hendrik Ilves]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.ee/en/media/interviews/3304-qfrom-estonia-to-leoniaq-the-record-23-april-2008/index.html|title=From Estonia to Leonia|author=Herb Jackson|publisher=Estonian Office of the President|accessdate=April 18, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514110653/http://www.president.ee/en/media/interviews/3304-qfrom-estonia-to-leoniaq-the-record-23-april-2008/index.html|archivedate=May 14, 2011}}</ref> [[Wellington Koo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/v_k_wellington_koo.html|publisher=Columbia University|title=Columbia 250: Wellington Koo|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Benjamin Mkapa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Benjamin_W._Mkapa.aspx|title=Benjamin Mkapa|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Mikhail Saakashvili]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3231852.stm|title=Profile: Mikhail Saakashvili|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=April 18, 2011|date=January 25, 2004}}</ref> [[Mohammad Musa Shafiq]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afghanistanjusticeproject.org/UNMappingReportAfghanistan-3.pdf|title=Historical Note on Afghanistan|publisher=United Nations|page=15|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010024/http://afghanistanjusticeproject.org/UNMappingReportAfghanistan-3.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011}}</ref> [[Salim Ahmed Salim]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/hlpanel/salim-salim-bio.htm|publisher=United Nations|title=Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim|accessdate=April 18, 2011}}</ref> [[Ernesto Samper]],<ref name="usinfo.org">{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.org/usia/exchanges.state.gov/education/educationusa/leaders.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of Education|title=U.S. Students yesterday, world leaders tomorrow|accessdate=April 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125112223/http://usinfo.org/usia/exchanges.state.gov/education/educationusa/leaders.htm|archivedate=November 25, 2005}}</ref> [[Tang Shaoyi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Reilly|first=Taylor|title=Science and Football III|page=348|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1997|isbn=0-419-22160-3}}<!--| accessdate=April 18, 2011--></ref> [[Abdul Zahir (Afghan Prime Minister)|Abdul Zahir]],<ref name="usinfo.org" /> [[Zhou Ziqi]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gerth|first=Karl|title=China made: Consumer Culture and the creation of the nation|publisher=Harvard University|year=2004|page=224|isbn=0-674-01654-8}}<!--| accessdate= April 18, 2011--></ref> [[Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/842406?story_id=E1_RQNQDG|title=Charlemagne: Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz|publisher=The Economist|date=November 1, 2001|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> [[Sun Fo]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical dictionary of Republican China|last=Boorman|first=Howard|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1970|accessdate=June 17, 2011|pages=163–165}}</ref> [[Chen Gongbo]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Science and Football III|last=Reilly|first=Thomas|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=0-419-22160-3|pages=46–47}}<!--| accessdate= June 17, 2011--></ref> [[Nwafor Orizu]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Education: Prince with a Purpose|publisher=Time Magazine|date=January 1, 1945|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791871,00.html|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> [[Juan Bautista Sacasa]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Juan Bautista Sacasa|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515180/Juan-Bautista-Sacasa|accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> and [[T. V. Soong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.cultural-china.com/en/50History7158.html|title=T. V. Soong (Song Ziwen) – A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of China|publisher=Cultural China|accessdate=June 17, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204854/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/50History7158.html|archivedate=October 5, 2011}}</ref> |group="n"}} The author of India's constitution and [[Dalit]] leader Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] was also an alumnus of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss9/record2109.21.html|title=Alumnus, Author of Indian Constitution Honored.}}</ref>
Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the [[Astor family]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Letters To The Editor; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii. A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1890/08/24/archives/letters-to-the-editor-the-interesting-career-of-john-jacob-astor-ii.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 24, 1890|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Cuyler|publisher=Lewis Historical Pub. Co.|year=1914|title=Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley|accessdate=April 16, 2011|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iNIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1263&lpg=PA1263&q=William%20Waldorf%20Astor%20columbia%20law%20school|page=1263}}</ref> attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor [[Warren Buffett]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett|title=World's Billionaires: Warren Buffett|date=March 1, 2011|work=Forbes Magazine|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman,<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Television News|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1999|isbn=1-57356-108-8}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> chairman of [[Wal-Mart]] [[S. Robson Walton]]<ref>{{cite news|title=The Waltons: Inside America's Richest Family|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/11/15/8191093/index.htm|work=Fortune|first=Andy|last=Serwer|date=November 15, 2004|accessdate=April 12, 2011}}</ref> and [[Bain Capital]] Co-Managing Partner, [[Jonathan Lavine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-15/bain-to-manage-harvard-endowment-s-3-4-billion-of-real-estate|title=Bain to Manage Harvard Endowment’s $3.4 Billion of Real Estate|date=December 15, 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=January 26, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/11/17/columbia-college-awards-highest-honor-to-jonathan-s-lavine-cc-88/|title=Columbia College awards highest honor to Jonathan S. Lavine, CC ’88 - Columbia Daily Spectator|website=www.columbiaspectator.com|access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> CEO's of top Fortune 500 companies include [[James P. Gorman]] of [[Morgan Stanley]],<ref>The Age (2009). [http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourneraised-gorman-new-chief-of-morgan-stanley-20090911-fkw8.html Melbourne-raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley]. Retrieved September 13, 2009.</ref> [[Robert J. Stevens]] of [[Lockheed Martin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/leadership/bios/stevens.html|title=Robert J. Stevens|publisher=Lockheed Martin|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503062237/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/leadership/bios/stevens.html|archivedate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Philippe Dauman]] of [[Viacom]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=312188&ticker=VIA:US|title=Business Profile: Philippe P. Dauman|publisher=Bloomberg Business|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> [[Ursula Burns]] of [[Xerox]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2009/05/22/xeroxs-next-ceo-ursula-burns/|title=Xerox's next CEO: Ursula Burns|publisher=Fortune Magazine|date=May 22, 2009|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Vikram Pandit]] of [[Citigroup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/pandit/index.html|title=Office of the Secretary of The University|accessdate=April 15, 2011|publisher=Columbia University|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029053249/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/secretary/bios/pandit/index.html|archivedate=October 29, 2010}}</ref> Notable labor organizer and women's educator [[Louise Leonard McLaren]] received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sicherman|first1=Barbara|last2=Green|first2=Carol Hurd|title=Notable American women : the modern period ; a biographical dictionary|date=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|page=453|edition=6th pring.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&lpg=PA453&pg=PA453&q=%22louise%20leonard%20mclaren%22%20colombia|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref>
In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of [[IBM]] [[Herman Hollerith]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/builders/builders_hollerith.html|title=Herman Hollerith|publisher=IBM|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> inventor of [[FM broadcast|FM radio]] [[Edwin Armstrong]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Spring2002/Armstrong.html|title=Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves|author=Tsividis, Yannis|date=Spring 2002|publisher=Columbia Alumni Magazine|accessdate=April 15, 2011}}</ref> [[Francis Mechner]]; integral in development of the [[nuclear submarine]] [[Hyman G. Rickover|Hyman Rickover]];<ref>{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Thomas|title=Rickover: Father of the Nuclear Navy|publisher=Brassey's|year=2007|isbn=1-57488-704-1|page=12}}<!--| accessdate= April 16, 2011--></ref> founder of [[Google China]] [[Kai-Fu Lee]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google+Conquers+China%3A+An+Interview+with+Kai-Fu+Lee|title=Google Conquers China: An Interview with Kai-Fu Lee|author=Richmond Ezer Escolar|publisher=Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal|date=June 11, 2008|accessdate=April 12, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404162252/http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/chazen/journal/article/137235/Google%2BConquers%2BChina%3A%2BAn%2BInterview%2Bwith%2BKai-Fu%2BLee|archivedate=April 4, 2012|df=}}</ref> scientists [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref>Green, Michelle (1986). [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/green_sjgould.html "Stephen Jay Gould: driven by a hunger to learn and to write".] ''People'' '''25''' (June 2): 109-114.</ref> [[Robert Millikan]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~dg/MillikanII.pdf|format=PDF|author=David Goodstein|journal=American Scientist|pages=54–60}}</ref> [[Helium–neon laser]] inventor [[Ali Javan]] and [[Mihajlo Pupin]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|title=Michael Pupin|publisher=Columbia University: Department of Physics|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109042332/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/physics/about/main/one/michaelpupin.html|archivedate=January 9, 2011}}</ref> chief-engineer of the [[New York City Subway]], [[William Barclay Parsons]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/william_barclay_parsons.html|title=William Barclay Parsons|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> philosophers [[Irwin Edman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|title=Irwin Edman|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Robert Nozick]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/irwin_edman.html|title=Obituary: Professor Robert Nozick|work=The Independent|location=London|date=January 30, 2001|author=Ryan, Alan|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> economist [[Milton Friedman]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/milton_friedman.html|title=Columbia University 250: Milton Friedman|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> psychologist [[Harriet Babcock]];<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Ogilvie|editor1-first=Marilyn|editor2-last=Harvey|editor2-first=Joy|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York, NY [u.a.]|isbn=0-415-92039-6|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJRFAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> and sociologists [[Lewis A. Coser]] and [[Rose Laub Coser]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/24/obituaries/rose-l-coser-78-taught-sociology-at-stony-brook.html|title=Rose L. Coser, 78; Taught Sociology At Stony Brook|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|date=|website=The New York Times|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/coser-rose-laub|title=Rose Laub Coser|last=Vromen|first=Suzanne|date=|website=Jewish Women's Archive|access-date=}}</ref>
Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers [[Richard Rodgers]],<ref>Rodgers, Richard. ''Musical Stages: An Autobiography'' (2002 Reissue), pp. 12, 20–21, 44. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-306-81134-0}}</ref> [[Oscar Hammerstein II]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hischak|first=Thomas|title=The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|location=Westport, CT|isbn=0-313-34140-0|page=9}}</ref> [[Lorenz Hart]],<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/hart_l.html Hughson Mooney, "Lorenz Hart"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901102124/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/hart_l.html |date=September 1, 2012}}, PBS, Excerpted from the ''DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT 3'': 1941–1945. American Council of Learned Societies, 1973. Reprinted by permission of the American Council of Learned Societies, retrieved April 18, 2011</ref> and [[Art Garfunkel]].<ref>Herman, Jan (February 6, 1977). [http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/gannett.html "TV Makes You Famous; Rock 'n Roll Makes You Rich"]. ''[[Gannett News Service]]''.</ref> Four United States [[Poet Laureate]]s received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]], pioneers of the [[Beat Generation]],<ref>''Literature Resource Center'': [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1410002462&v=2.1&u=iuclassb&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=468444b0b09aacc2b7192350d1606bb6 "The Beat Generation"]. Retrieved November 13, 2013.</ref> and [[Langston Hughes]], a seminal figure in the [[Harlem Renaissance]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/langston_hughes.html|title=Columbia University 250: Langston Hughes|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> all having attended the university. Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors [[Isaac Asimov]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/isaac_asimov.html|title=Columbia University 250: Isaac Asimov|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref> [[J.D. Salinger]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Paul|title=Salinger: A Biography|year=1999|publisher=Renaissance|location=Los Angeles|isbn=1-58063-080-4}}</ref> [[Upton Sinclair]],<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'': [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545642/Upton-Sinclair "Upton Sinclair"]. Retrieved April 15, 2011.</ref> [[Danielle Valore Evans]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.southeastern.edu/news_media/news_releases/2017/march/common_read_evans.html |title= Award winning writer Danielle Evans featured in Southeastern's ‘Common Read’ program |publisher=Southeastern Louisiana University |accessdate=March 23, 2017}}</ref> and [[Hunter S. Thompson]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Hunter|authorlink=Hunter Thompson|editor=Douglas Brinkley|year=1998|title=The Proud Highway: Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman|edition=1st|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|isbn=0-345-37796-6|page=139}}</ref>
University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 28 alumni and former students winning a combined 39 [[Academy Awards]] ({{as of|2011|lc=yes}}).<ref name="Columbia Arts Alumni" /> Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors [[Sidney Lumet]] (''[[12 Angry Men (1957 film)|12 Angry Men]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/8440445/Sidney-Lumet.html|title=Film Obituaries; Sidney Lumet|date=April 9, 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=April 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Kathryn Bigelow]] (''[[The Hurt Locker]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1932|title=School of the Arts Alumna Kathryn Bigelow Wins Major British Film Award|date=February 22, 2010|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=April 16, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724084931/http://news.columbia.edu/oncampus/1932|archivedate=July 24, 2011}}</ref> screenwriters [[Howard Koch (screenwriter)|Howard Koch]] (''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/obituaries/howard-koch-a-screenwriter-for-casablanca-dies-at-93.html|title=Howard Koch, a Screenwriter For 'Casablanca,' Dies at 93|work=The New York Times|date=August 18, 1995|author=Gussow, Mel|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> and [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]] (''[[All About Eve]]''),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D9113AF935A35751C0A965958260?pagewanted=print|date=February 6, 1993|title=Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Literate Skeptic of the Cinema, Dies at 83.|first=Peter|last=Flint|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 11, 2011}}</ref> and actors [[James Cagney]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0717.html|title=James Cagney Is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace|first=Peter|last=Flint|date=March 31, 1986|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 14, 2011}}</ref> and [[Ed Harris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/30614/Ed-Harris/biography|title=Ed Harris: Full Biography|work=The New York Times|accessdate=April 17, 2011}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" widths="160" heights="160" caption="Notable Columbia University alumni include:">
File:Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806.jpg|[[Alexander Hamilton]]: [[Founding Father of the United States]]; author of ''[[The Federalist Papers]]''; 1st [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] — King's College
File:John Jay (Gilbert Stuart portrait).jpg|[[John Jay]]: Founding Father of the United States; author of ''The Federalist Papers''; 1st [[Chief Justice of the United States]]; 2nd [[Governor of New York]] — King's College
File:Gouverneur Morris.jpg|[[Gouverneur Morris]]: Founding Father of the United States; author of the [[United States Constitution]]; [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[List of United States Senators from New York|New York]] — King's College
File:President Barack Obama.jpg|[[Barack Obama]]: 44th [[President of the United States]]; United States Senator from [[List of United States Senators from Illinois|Illinois]]; [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] — Columbia College
File:Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait.jpg|[[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] — Columbia College
File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|[[Theodore Roosevelt]]: 26th President of the United States; Nobel laureate – Columbia Law School
File:FDR in 1933.jpg|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]: 32nd President of the United States; 44th Governor of New York — Columbia Law School
File:Ruth Bader Ginsburg official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|[[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States — Columbia Law School
File:Hamilton Fish Brady Edited.jpg|[[Hamilton Fish]]: 26th [[United States Secretary of State]]; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College
File:Secalbright.jpg|[[Madeleine Albright]]: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs
File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|[[B. R. Ambedkar]]: [[List of national founders#Modern|Founding Father of India]]; architect of the [[Constitution of India]]; 1st [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]] — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Shirley Chisholm.jpg|[[Shirley Chisholm]]: first black female member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] — Teachers College
File:Schwinger.jpg|[[Julian S. Schwinger]]: Nobel laureate; pioneer of [[quantum field theory]]; one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century — Columbia College
File:Robert Andrews Millikan 1920s.jpg|[[Robert A. Millikan]]: Nobel laureate; measured the [[elementary electric charge]] — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Portrait of Milton Friedman.jpg|[[Milton Friedman]]: Nobel laureate — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
File:Robert Kraft at Patriots at Raiders 12-14-08.JPG|[[Robert Kraft]]: billionaire; owner of the [[New England Patriots]]; Chairman and CEO of the [[Kraft Group]] — Columbia College
File:Hollerith.jpg|[[Herman Hollerith]]: inventor; co-founder of [[IBM]] – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
File:Warren Buffett KU Visit.jpg|[[Warren Buffett]]: CEO of [[Berkshire Hathaway]]; one of the [[Forbes list of billionaires|world's wealthiest people]] — Columbia Business School
File:S. Robson Walton by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[S. Robson Walton]]: Chairman of [[Walmart]]; one of the [[Forbes list of billionaires (2012)|world's wealthiest people]] — Columbia Law School
File:1923 Lou Gehrig.png|[[Lou Gehrig]]: [[Triple Crown (baseball)|Triple Crown]] winner; 2x [[Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|MLB Most Valuable Player]]; 6x [[World Series]] Champion; member of [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] — Columbia College
File:Rodgers.jpg|[[Richard Rodgers]]: legendary [[Emmy Award|Emmy]], [[Grammy Award|Grammy]], [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], and [[Tony Award|Tony]] [[List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards#Richard Rodgers|award-winning]] composer; [[Pulitzer Prize]] winner — Columbia College
File:Oscar Hammerstein - portrait.jpg|[[Oscar Hammerstein II]]: 8x Tony Award winner; 2x Academy Award winner — Columbia College
File:O'Keeffe-(hands).jpg|[[Georgia O'Keeffe]]: artist; recognized as the "Mother of [[American modernism]]" — Teachers College
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|New York City|University}}
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* The [[Bancroft Prize]]
* [[Barnard Center for Research on Women]]
* [[Columbia/Barnard Hillel]], a Jewish student organization at Columbia University
* [[Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning]]
* [[Columbia-Chicago School of Economics]]
* [[Columbia Glacier (Alaska)|Columbia Glacier]], a [[glacier]] in [[Alaska]], U.S., named for Columbia University
* [[Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School]], New York City
* [[Columbia Business Law Review]], a monthly journal published by students at Columbia Law School
* [[Columbia Human Rights Law Review]], a law review published by students at Columbia Law School
* [[Columbia Law Review]], a monthly law review published by students at Columbia Law School
* [[Columbia MM]], a text-based mail client developed at Columbia University
* [[Columbia Non-neutral Torus]], a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory
* [[Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (album)]], an album of electronic music released in 1961
* [[Columbia Revolt]], a black-and-white 1968 documentary film
* [[Columbia Scholastic Press Association]]
* [[Columbia Secondary School]], a secondary school formed with partnership with Columbia University
* [[Columbia Soccer Stadium]] at Columbia University
* [[Columbia Spelling Board]] a historic etymological organization
* [[Columbia University in Films and Television]]
* [[Columbia University Partnership for International Development]]
* [[The Strawberry Statement]]
* [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]
* [[Ditson Conductor's Award]]
* [[Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University]]
* [[The Earth Institute]]
* [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]]
* [[Mount Columbia (Colorado)]]
* [[The School at Columbia University]], New York City
* [[Columbia University in popular culture]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Robert A. McCaughey: ''Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754–2004'', Columbia University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0231130082}}
* ''Living Legacies at Columbia'', ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0231138849}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Columbia University}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.gocolumbialions.com/ Columbia Athletics website]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Columbia University |volume=6 |short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Columbia University|short=x}}
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