Changes
→University rankings
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university.<ref name="Carnegie" /> The nominal cost of attendance is high, but the university's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages.<ref name= fa /> The [[Harvard Library]] is the world's largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries holding over 18 million items.<ref name=hlar>{{cite web|url=http://library.harvard.edu/annual-report-fy-2013|title=Harvard Library Annual Report FY 2013|publisher=Harvard University Library|date=2013|accessdate=January 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609122009/http://library.harvard.edu/annual-report-fy-2013|archive-date=June 9, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="largestlibs" />{{refn|name=speaking|{{cite news |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College |date=February 26, 1998 |author=<!--doesn't seem to be an author given--> |title=Speaking Volumes |work=Harvard Gazette |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/02.26/SpeakingVolumes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990909205056/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/02.26/SpeakingVolumes.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 9, 1999 }} }} The University is cited as one of the world's top tertiary institutions by various [[College and university rankings|organizations]].<ref name="Rankings_ARWU_W"/><ref name="Rankings_QS_W"/><ref name="Rankings_THES_W"/><ref name="Rankings_USNWR_W"/>
Harvard's alumni include [[List of Presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]], several more than thirty foreign heads of state, 62 living [[billionaires]], 359 [[Rhodes Scholar]]s, and 242 [[Marshall Scholars]].<ref name=RS>{{cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/11/harvard-students-rhodes-scholars/|title=Joining the ranks of Rhodes|accessdate=December 3, 2016|publisher= Harvard Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard-stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities.html?boxes=businesschannelsections|title=Billionaire Universities|author=Janhavi Kumar Sapra|date=August 11, 2010|accessdate=August 31, 2010|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.marshallscholarship.org}}</ref> {{as of|2018|October}}, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|158 Nobel laureates]], [[List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation|18 Fields Medalists]], and [[List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation|14 Turing Award winners]] have been affiliated as students, faculty, or researchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=The complete list of Fields Medal winners|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|work=areppim AG|date=2014|accessdate=September 10, 2015}}</ref> In addition, Harvard students and alumni have won 10 [[Academy Award]]s, 48 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners|title=Pulitzer Prize Winners|website=Harvard University|access-date=February 2, 2018}}</ref> and [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|108 Olympic medals (46 gold, 41 silver and 21 bronze)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calbears.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208193984|title=Harvard Olympians|last=|first=|date=|website=gocrimson.com|publisher=|accessdate=February 2, 2018}}</ref>
== History ==
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university.<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University|publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|accessdate=August 28, 2010}}</ref> The university has been [[accreditation|accredited]] by the [[New England Association of Schools and Colleges]] since 1929.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cihe.neasc.org/about_our_institutions/roster_of_institutions/ |publisher=Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, New England Association of Schools and Colleges |title=Roster of Institutions |accessdate=August 28, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828132004/http://cihe.neasc.org/about_our_institutions/roster_of_institutions/ |archivedate=August 28, 2013 |df= }}</ref> The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations (majors),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.handbook.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup106995|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120803025109/http://www.handbook.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup106995|dead-url=yes|archive-date=August 3, 2012|title=Fields of Concentration|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|accessdate=August 28, 2010}}</ref> 134 graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|accessdate=August 28, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archivedate=September 9, 2015}}</ref> and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" /> For the 2008–2009 academic year, Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate degrees, 400 master's degrees, 512 doctoral degrees, and 4,460 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Completions.pdf|title=Degrees Conferred by Program: Academic Year 2008–2009|publisher=Institutional Research, Office of the Provost, Harvard University|accessdate=August 28, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611223134/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Completions.pdf|archivedate=June 11, 2010}}</ref>
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an "arts and sciences focus".<ref name="Carnegie" /> Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343094|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205233348/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343094|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Core Curriculum Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|accessdate=August 28, 2010}}</ref> Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343093|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205233356/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343093|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: Program in General Education Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|accessdate=August 28, 2010}}</ref> Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program, and there is a high level of coexistence{{Explain|date=May 2017}} between graduate and undergraduate degrees.<ref name="Carnegie" /> [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on [[teaching assistant|teaching fellows]] for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hicks|first=D. L. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E5D71130F933A1575AC0A9649C8B63|title=Should Our Colleges Be Ranked?|date=September 20, 2002|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Merrow|first=J.|year=2004|url=http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/perspectives/perspectives2004.June.htm|title=Grade Inflation: It's Not Just an Issue for the Ivy League |work=Carnegie Perspectives|publisher=[[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]]}}</ref>
Harvard's academic programs operate on a [[Semester#Collegiate calendars|semester calendar]] beginning in early September and ending in mid-May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.registrar.fas.harvard.edu/fasro/common/calendar.jsp?cat=ugrad&subcat=calendar|title=5 Year Academic Calendar|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=August 28, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901125404/http://www.registrar.fas.harvard.edu/fasro/common/calendar.jsp?cat=ugrad&subcat=calendar|archivedate=September 1, 2006}}</ref> Undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343175|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205234223/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343175|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: Rate of Work|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|accessdate=August 28, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In many concentrations, students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|accessdate=August 28, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Students graduating in the top 4–5% of the class are awarded degrees ''summa cum laude'', students in the next 15% of the class are awarded ''magna cum laude'', and the next 30% of the class are awarded ''cum laude''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343182|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205234250/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343182|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: Requirements for Honors Degrees|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|accessdate=August 28, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as [[Phi Beta Kappa]] and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://static.fas.harvard.edu/registrar/ugrad_handbook/current/chapter2/prizes.html |title=Prizes |date=2010 |website=Faculty of Arts & Sciences |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Harvard, along with other universities, has been accused of [[grade inflation]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Doesn't Anybody Get a C Anymore?|last=Primack|first=Phil|date=October 5, 2008 |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2008/10/05/doesnt_anybody_get_a_c_anymore/|newspaper=The Boston Globe}}</ref> although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kohn|first=A|url=http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm|title=The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation|newspaper=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|date=November 8, 2002|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409113947/http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm|archivedate=April 9, 2006}}</ref> Harvard College reduced the number of students who receive [[Latin honors]] from 90% in 2004 to 60% in 2005. Moreover, the honors of "John Harvard Scholar" and "Harvard College Scholar" would now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class.<ref>No author given. (2003). [http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/0103128.html Brevia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326123427/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/0103128.html |date=March 26, 2006 }}. [[Harvard Magazine]], January–February 2003.</ref><ref>Milzoff, R. M., Paley, A. R., & Reed, B. J. (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050204131059/http://www.thecrimson.com/fmarchives/fm_03_01_2001/article4A.html Grade Inflation is Real]. ''Fifteen Minutes'' March 1, 2001.</ref><ref>Bombardieri, M. & Schweitzer, S. (2006). "At Harvard, more concern for top grades." ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', February 12, 2006. p. B3 (Benedict Gross quotes, 23.7% A/25% A- figures, characterized as an "all-time high.").</ref><ref>[[Associated Press]]. (2004). [https://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2004-04-26-princeton-grades_x.htm Princeton becomes first to formally combat grade inflation]. [[USA Today]], April 26, 2004.</ref>
In 2012, dozens of students were [[2012 Harvard cheating scandal|expelled for cheating]] after an investigation of more than 120 students.<ref name = NYTimes1>{{cite news|first=Richard |last=Perez-Pena |date=February 1, 2013 |publisher=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/education/harvard-forced-dozens-to-leave-in-cheating-scandal.html |title=Students Disciplined in Harvard Scandal |accessdate=September 15, 2013}}</ref> In 2013, there was a report that as many as 42% of incoming freshmen had cheated on homework prior to entering the university,<ref>{{cite news|first=Simon |last=Moya-Smith |date=September 6, 2013 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/06/20361014-survey-42-percent-of-harvards-incoming-freshman-class-cheated-on-homework |title=Survey: 42 percent of Harvard's incoming freshman class cheated on homework |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}</ref> and these incidents have prompted the university to consider adopting an [[Honor code#Academic honor codes|honor code]].<ref name =Crimson2 /><ref>{{cite news|first=Rebecca |last=Harrington |date=September 14, 2012 |publisher=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/opinion/the-long-legacy-of-cheating-at-harvard.html |title=Song of the Cheaters |accessdate=September 15, 2013 |quote="...an honor code, a system ... Harvard has long resisted}}</ref>
For the 2012–2013 school year, annual tuition was $38,000, with a total cost of attendance of $57,000.<ref name="Costs and Tuition">{{cite web|url=http://www.valuepenguin.com/colleges/massachusetts/harvard-university/tuition|title=Harvard University Tuition And Costs|accessdate=November 22, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022629/http://www.valuepenguin.com/colleges/massachusetts/harvard-university/tuition|archivedate=December 3, 2013}}</ref> Beginning in 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $60,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and families earning between $120,000 and $180,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes.<ref name= fa>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/education/10cnd-harvard.html|title=Harvard Steps Up Financial Aid|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 10, 2007|first1=Sara|first2=Alan|last1=Rimer|last2=Finder}}</ref> In 2009, Harvard offered grants totaling $414 million across all eleven divisions;{{explain|date=October 2015}} $340 million came from institutional funds, $35 million from federal support, and $39 million from other outside support. Grants total 88% of Harvard's aid for undergraduate students, with aid also provided by loans (8%) and work-study (4%).<ref name="Tuition">{{cite web|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_Tuition.pdf|title=Tuition at Harvard Schools: FY1990 – FY2010|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=August 28, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010174710/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_Tuition.pdf|archivedate=October 10, 2010}}</ref> Tuition only covers 6.4% of Harvard's operating costs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cowen|first1=Tyler|title=Legacy Students Make Harvard's Finances Work|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-09-08/legacy-students-make-harvard-s-finances-work|accessdate=September 9, 2017|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>
=== Research ===
| Forbes = 1
| USNWR_NU = 2
| Wamo_NU = 21
| THE_WSJ = 1
| ARWU_W = 1
