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University of Pennsylvania

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{{Distinguish|Pennsylvania State University}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Pennsylvania
| image_name = UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| image_alt = Arms of the University of Pennsylvania
| caption =
| latin_name = Universitas Pennsylvaniensis
| motto = ''Leges sine moribus vanae'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = Laws without morals are useless
| established = {{start date|1740|11|14}}<ref group=note>The University officially uses 1740 as its founding date and has since 1899. The ideas and intellectual inspiration for the academic institution stem from 1749, with a pamphlet published by [[Benjamin Franklin]], (1705/1706–1790). When Franklin's institution was established, it inhabited a schoolhouse built on November 14, 1740 for another school, which never came to practical fruition [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/pa_album/ch1.pdf]. Penn archivist Mark Frazier Lloyd [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231438/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/2231] notes: "In 1899, UPenn's Trustees adopted a resolution that established 1740 as the founding date, but good cases may be made for 1749, when Franklin first convened the Trustees, or 1751, when the first classes were taught at the affiliated secondary school for boys, Academy of Philadelphia, or 1755, when Penn obtained its collegiate charter to add a post-secondary institution, the College of Philadelphia." Princeton's library [https://web.archive.org/web/20030319132644/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml] presents another, diplomatically phrased view.</ref>
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Doctoral university|research]] [[university]]
| affiliations = [[Association of American Universities|AAU]] [[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]] [[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]] [[568 Group]] [[Universities Research Association|URA]]
| endowment = {{gain}}[[US$]]13.8 billion<ref>As of Sep 28, 2018. {{cite web |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/09/trustees-gutmann-endowment-fiscal-year-2018-upenn-philadelphia|title=Penn's endowment delivered a 'phenomenal return' of 12.9 percent in fiscal year 2018|publisher=The Daily Pennsylvanian|year=2018}}</ref> (2018)
| budget = $8.78 billion<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts">{{cite web|title=Penn: Penn Facts |url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=March 15, 2018}}</ref> (2017)
| founder = [[Benjamin Franklin]]
| president = [[Amy Gutmann]]
| provost = Wendell Pritchett
| head_label = [[board of directors|Board]] [[chairperson|Chair]]
| head = [[David L. Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/trustees/TrusteeNameList.html|publisher=Office of the University Secretary, Penn|date=January 1, 2018|accessdate=March 15, 2018|title=The Trustees}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 4,638 faculty members<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>
| administrative_staff = 2,489<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>
| students = 21,599 {{small|(2017)}}<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>
| undergrad = 10,496 {{small|(2017)}}<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>
| postgrad = 11,013 {{small|(2017)}}<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>
| city = [[Philadelphia]]
| state = [[Pennsylvania]]
| country = [[United States|US]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|1085|acre|km2}} total: {{convert|299|acre|km2}}, [[University City, Philadelphia|University City]] campus; {{convert|694|acre|km2}}, [[New Bolton Center]]; {{convert|92|acre|km2}}, [[Morris Arboretum]]
| athletics = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Ivy League]] [[Philadelphia Big 5]] [[City 6]]
| colors = Red and Blue<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/styleguide-logo-branding|title=Logo & Branding Standards |publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> {{color box|#990000}} {{color box|#011F5B}}
| nickname = [[Penn Quakers|Quakers]]
| website = {{URL|upenn.edu}}
| logo = University of Pennsylvania wordmark.svg
| logo_size = 200

}}



The '''University of Pennsylvania''' ('''Penn''' or '''UPenn''') is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[Doctoral university|research university]] located in the [[University City, Philadelphia|University City]] section of [[West Philadelphia]]. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the [[Association of American Universities]] and one of the nine [[colonial colleges]] chartered before the [[American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brownlee|first1=David B.|last2=Thomas|first2=George E.|title=Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania|date=2000|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0812235150}}</ref>

[[Benjamin Franklin]], Penn's founder, advocated an educational program that focused as much on practical education for commerce and [[Public services|public service]] as on the classics and theology, though his proposed curriculum was never adopted. The university [[coat of arms]] features a [[dolphin]] on the red [[chief (heraldry)|chief]], adopted directly from the Franklin family's own coat of arms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/FAQ.html#faquniversity|title=Office of the University Secretary: History and Meaning of Penn's Shield |publisher=Upenn.edu|year=2010|accessdate=November 14, 2013}}</ref> Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a [[multidisciplinary]] model pioneered by several European universities, concentrating multiple "[[Faculty (division)|faculties]]" (e.g., [[theology]], [[classics]], medicine) into one institution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php|title=Penn: Penn's Heritage|publisher=Upenn.edu|year=2011|accessdate=August 18, 2011}}</ref> It was also home to many other educational [[innovations]]. The first school of medicine in North America ([[Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|Perelman School of Medicine]], 1765), the first collegiate business school ([[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]], 1881) and the first "[[Student activity center|student union]]" building and organization ([[Houston Hall (University of Pennsylvania)|Houston Hall]], 1896)<ref name="University Archives">{{cite web|last=Tannenbaum|first=Seth S.|title=Undergraduate Student Governance at Penn, 1895–2006|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/studtorg/stugovt/housclub.html|work=University Archives and Research Center|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref> were founded at Penn. With an endowment of $12.21 billion (2017), Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States.<ref name="nacubo-2017NES">
{{cite web
|title = 2017 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments
|publisher = National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO)
|year = 2017
|url = http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2017-Endowment-Market-Values-2.pdf
|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180306015434/http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2017-Endowment-Market-Values-2.pdf
|dead-url = yes
|archive-date = March 6, 2018
|format = PDF
|accessdate = February 20, 2018
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref> All of Penn's schools exhibit very high research activity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2010/TOP/100|title=2010 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities|publisher=[[Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan]]|accessdate=July 19, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120629074711/http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2010/TOP/100|archivedate=June 29, 2012}}</ref> In [[fiscal year]] 2015, Penn's academic research [[budget]] was $851 million, involving more than 4,300 faculty, 1,100 postdoctoral fellows and 5,500 support staff/graduate assistants.<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>

As of 2018, distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state, 25 [[billionaires]]; 3 [[United States Supreme Court]] justices; 33 [[United States Senators]], 42 United States [[Governors]] and 158 members of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]; 8 signers of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]; 12 signers of the [[United States Constitution]], and the current [[Donald Trump|President of the United States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2014/09/16/luxury/top-colleges-with-billionaire-undergraduates/|title=Top 20 Colleges with the most billionaire alumni|agency=[[CNN]]|department=[[CNNMoney]]|date=September 17, 2014|accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name="UBS and Wealth-X">{{cite web|quote=According to annual studies (UBS and Wealth-X Billionaire Census) by [[UBS]] and [[Wealth-X]], the University of Pennsylvania has produced the most billionaires in the world, as measured by the number of undergraduate degree holders. Four of the top five schools were [[Ivy League]] institutions.|url=http://www.wealthx.com/articles/2014/which-universities-produce-the-most-billionaires/|title=Which Universities Produce the Most Billionaires?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/signers.html|title=Penn Signers of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives.upenn.edu|accessdate=January 24, 2017}}</ref> In addition, some [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|35 Nobel laureates]], 169 [[Guggenheim Fellows]], 80 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], and many [[Fortune 500]] CEOs have been affiliated with the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts|title=Facts | University of Pennsylvania|publisher=Upenn.edu|accessdate=January 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business.rutgers.edu/news/rutgers-ranked-where-fortune-500-ceos-went-school-us-news-world-report|title=Rutgers ranked: Where the Fortune 500 CEOs Went to School|date=May 23, 2012|work=Rutgers Business School}}</ref><ref>https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools/articles/2012/05/14/where-the-fortune-500-ceos-went-to-school</ref>

==History==
[[File:PA-Philadelphia-Penn.jpg|thumb|left|Academy and College of Philadelphia (c. 1780), 4th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, home of what became the University from 1751 to 1801]]
[[File:House intended for the President Birch's Views Plate 13.jpg|thumb|left|"House intended for the President of the United States" from "[[Birch's Views of Philadelphia]]" (1800), home of the College of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania from 1801 to 1829]]
[[File:Peale - Benjamin Franklin.jpg|thumb|[[Benjamin Franklin]] was the primary founder, President of the Board of Trustees and a trustee of the [[The Academy and College of Philadelphia|Academy and College of Philadelphia]], which merged with the [[University of the State of Pennsylvania]] to form the University of Pennsylvania in 1791 ([[Charles Willson Peale]], 1785)]]
[[File:University of Pennsylvania, Ninth Street, above Chesnut, by Bartlett & French 2.jpg|thumb|left|Ninth Street Campus (above Chestnut Street): Medical Hall (left) and College Hall (right), both built 1829–1830]]
University of Pennsylvania considers itself the fourth-oldest institution of [[higher education]] in the United States though this is contest by Princeton and Columbia Universities.<ref group="note">Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution. The College of Philadelphia (later Penn), [[Princeton University|College of New Jersey (later Princeton University)]] and [[Columbia University|King's College (later Columbia College, now Columbia University)]] all originated within a few years of each other. After initially designating 1750 as its founding date, Penn later considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century, including alumni observing a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1895, several elite universities in the United States convened in New York City as the "Intercollegiate Commission" at the invitation of [[John James McCook (lawyer)|John J. McCook]], a [[Union Army]] officer during the [[American Civil War]] and member of Princeton's board of trustees who chaired its Committee on Academic Dress. The primary purpose of the conference was to standardize American academic regalia, which was accomplished through the adoption of the [[Academic regalia in the United States|Intercollegiate Code on Academic Costume]]. This formalized protocol included a provision that henceforth [[academic procession]]s would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. The following year, Penn's ''The Alumni Register'' magazine, published by the General Alumni Society, began a campaign to retroactively revise the University's founding date to 1740, in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. Three years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees acceded to this alumni initiative and officially changed its founding date from 1749 to 1740, affecting its rank in academic processions as well as the informal bragging rights that come with the age-based hierarchy in academia generally. See [http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html Building Penn's Brand] for more details on why Penn did this. Princeton implicitly challenges this rationale, [https://www.princeton.edu/main/about/history/] also considering itself to be the nation's fourth oldest institution of higher learning. [https://www.princeton.edu/main/about/history/american-revolution/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403053852/http://www.princeton.edu/main/about/history/american-revolution/ |date=April 3, 2016 }} To further complicate the comparison, a [[University of Edinburgh]]-educated [[Presbyterian]] minister from Scotland, named [[William Tennent]] and his son [[Gilbert Tennent]] operated a "[[Log College]]" in [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania]], from 1726 until 1746; some have suggested a connection between it and Princeton because five members of Princeton's first Board of Trustees were affiliated with the "Log College", including Gilbert Tennent, William Tennent, Jr., and Samuel Finley, the latter of whom later became President of Princeton. All twelve members of Princeton's first Board of Trustees were leaders from the "[[The Old Side-New Side Controversy|New Side]]" or "[[Old and New Light|New Light]]" wing of the [[Presbyterian Church]] in the [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] areas.[https://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/founders.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013448/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/founders.shtml |date=November 5, 2013 }} This antecedent relationship, if considered a formal lineage with institutional continuity, would justify pushing Princeton's founding date back to 1726, earlier than Penn's 1740. However, Princeton has not done so, and a Princeton historian says that "the facts do not warrant" such an interpretation. {{cite web|url=http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051117052303/http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html|archivedate=November 17, 2005|deadurl=yes|accessdate=January 30, 2006}} Columbia also implicitly challenges Penn's use of either 1750, 1749 or 1740, as it claims to be the fifth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States (after Harvard, William & Mary, Yale and Princeton), based upon its charter date of 1754 and Penn's charter date of 1755. [http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html] Academic histories of American higher education generally list Penn as fifth or sixth, after Princeton and immediately before or after that of Columbia. [http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=345&REC=1] [http://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/9120/article_RI234246.pdf?sequence=5] [http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/3878/gslisoccasionalpv00000i00140.pdf?sequence=1]

Even Penn's own account of its early history agrees that the original secondary school (the Academy of Philadelphia) did not add an institution of higher learning (the College of Philadelphia) until 1755, but university officials continue to make it their practice to assert their fourth-oldest place in academic processions. Other American universities which began as a colonial-era, early version of secondary schools such as [[St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)|St. John's College]] (founded as "King William's School" in 1696) and the [[University of Delaware]] (founded as "the Free Academy" in 1743) choose to march based upon the date they became institutions of higher learning. Penn History Professor Edgar Potts Cheyney was a member of the Penn class of 1883 who played a leading role in the 1896-1899 alumni campaign to change the university's formal founding date. According to Cheyney's later history of the event, the university did indeed consider its founding date to be 1749 for almost a century. However, it was changed with good reason, and primarily due to a publication about the university issued by the [[United States Secretary of Education|U.S. Commissioner of Education]] written by Francis Newton Thorpe, a fellow alumnus and colleague in the Penn history department. The year 1740 is the date of the establishment of the first educational trust that the University had taken upon itself. Cheyney states further that "it might be considered a lawyer's date; it is a familiar legal practice in considering the date of any institution to seek out the oldest trust it administers". He also points out that Harvard's founding date is also the year in which the [[Massachusetts General Court]] (state legislature) resolved to establish a fund in a year's time for a "School or College". As well, Princeton claims its founding date as 1746, the date of its first charter. However, the exact words of the charter are unknown, the number and names of the trustees in the charter are unknown, and no known original is extant. With the exception of Columbia University, the majority of the American Colonial Colleges do not have clear-cut dates of foundation (Edgar Potts Cheyney, "History of the University of Pennsylvania: 1740-1940", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940: pp. 45-52).</ref> The university also considers itself as the [[first university in the United States]] with both undergraduate and graduate studies.

[[File:Benjamin Franklin statue in front of College Hall.JPG|thumb|right|This statue of [[Benjamin Franklin]] donated by Justus C. Strawbridge to the [[Philadelphia|City of Philadelphia]] in 1899 now sits in front of [[College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)|College Hall]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ceremonies Attending the Unveiling of the Statue of Benjamin Franklin|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GOYEAAAAYAAJ&dq=justus+c+strawbridge&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=November 24, 2007|last=Strawbridge|first=Justus C.|publisher=Allen, Lane & Scott|isbn=1-103-92435-4|year=1899}}</ref>]]
In 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling [[evangelism|evangelist]] [[George Whitefield]], who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by [[Edmund Woolley]] and was the largest building in the city at the time, drawing thousands of people the first time it was preached in.<ref name="MontgomeryHistory">{{cite book|title=[[:File:History of the University of Pennsylvania - Montgomery (1900).djvu|A History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its Foundation to A. D. 1770]]|publisher=George W. Jacobs & Co.|author=Montgomery, Thomas Harrison|year=1900|location=Philadelphia|LCCN=00003240}}</ref>{{rp|26}} It was initially planned to serve as a [[charity school]] as well, but a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklin's autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, "thinking the Rev. [[Richard Peters (priest)|Richard Peters]] a fit person to superintend such an institution". However, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years.<ref name="MontgomeryHistory"/>{{rp|30}} In the fall of 1749, now more eager to create a school to educate future generations, [[Benjamin Franklin]] circulated a pamphlet titled "[[commons:File:Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania (UC) - Benjamin Franklin (1931 1749).djvu|Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania]]", his vision for what he called a "Public Academy of Philadelphia".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/brief.html|title=A Brief History of the University, University of Pennsylvania Archives|first=Steven Morgan|last=Friedman|publisher=Archives.upenn.edu|accessdate=December 9, 2010}}</ref> Unlike the other [[Colonial colleges]] that existed in 1749—[[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[College of William and Mary|William & Mary]], [[Yale]] and [[Princeton University|Princeton]]—Franklin's new school would not focus merely on education for the clergy. He advocated an innovative concept of higher education, one which would teach both the ornamental knowledge of the arts and the practical skills necessary for making a living and doing public service. The proposed program of study could have become the nation's first modern liberal arts curriculum, although it was never implemented because [[William Smith (Episcopalian priest)|William Smith]] (1727-1803), an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] priest who became the first [[provost (education)|provost]] and other [[Board of Trustees|trustees]] strongly preferred the traditional curriculum.<ref name="Penn's Heritage">{{cite web|title=Penn's Heritage|url=http://www.upenn.edu/about/history|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=May 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>N. Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture, 1680-1760 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), pp. 30.</ref>

Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees (November 13, 1749), the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. Although a lot across Sixth Street from the old Pennsylvania State House (later renamed and famously known since 1776 as "[[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]]"), was offered without cost by [[James Logan (statesman)|James Logan]], its owner, the Trustees realized that the building erected in 1740, which was still vacant, would be an even better site. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklin's group to assume their debts and, accordingly, their inactive trusts. On February 1, 1750, the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13, 1751, the "Academy of Philadelphia", using the great hall at 4th and Arch Streets, took in its first secondary students. A charity school also was chartered July 13, 1753<ref name="WoodHistory"/>{{rp|12}} in accordance with the intentions of the original "New Building" donors, although it lasted only a few years. On June 16, 1755, the "[[College of Philadelphia]]" was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction.<ref name="WoodHistory"/>{{rp|13}} All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution.<ref name=autogenerated1/> The first commencement exercises were held on May 17, 1757.<ref name="WoodHistory"/>{{rp|14}}

[[File:Charter of the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania) 1755.jpg|thumb|left|1755 Charter creating the College of Philadelphia]]
[[File:Penn campus 2.jpg|thumb|"The Quad" in the Fall, from Fisher-Hassenfeld College House, facing Ware College House]]
The institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the [[William Smith (Episcopalian priest)|Reverend William Smith's]] [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|"Loyalist"]] tendencies, the revolutionary State Legislature created a [[University of the State of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Penn in the 18th Century, University of Pennsylvania Archives|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html|publisher=Universdity of Pennsylvania|accessdate=April 29, 2006}}</ref> The result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791, the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

Penn has three claims to being the [[first university in the United States]], according to university archives director Mark Frazier Lloyd: the 1765 founding of the first medical school in America<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9432|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|accessdate=February 14, 2013}}</ref> made Penn the first institution to offer both "undergraduate" and professional education; the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of "University"; and existing colleges were established as seminaries (although, as detailed earlier, Penn adopted a traditional seminary curriculum as well).<ref name="first university">{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/firstuniv.html|title=The University of Pennsylvania: America's First University|publisher=University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=April 29, 2006}}</ref>

After being located in downtown Philadelphia for more than a century, the campus was moved across the [[Schuylkill River]] to property purchased from the [[Blockley Almshouse]] in [[West Philadelphia]] in 1872, where it has since remained in an area now known as [[University City, Philadelphia|University City]]. Although Penn began operating as an academy or secondary school in 1751 and obtained its collegiate charter in 1755, it initially designated 1750 as its founding date; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to consider 1749 as its founding date and this year was referenced for over a century, including at the centennial celebration in 1849.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html|title=Penn Trustees 1749-1800|publisher=University of Pennsylvania University Archives|accessdate= July 23, 2013}}</ref> In 1899, the board of trustees voted to adjust the founding date earlier again, this time to 1740, the date of "the creation of the earliest of the many educational trusts the University has taken upon itself".<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the University of Pennsylvania 1740–1940|last=Cheyney|first=Edward Potts|authorlink=Edward Potts Cheyney|year=1940|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|pages=46–48|url=http://repository.upenn.edu/penn_history/5/}} Cheyney was a Penn professor and alumnus from the class of 1883 who advocated the change in Penn's founding date in 1899 to appear older than both Princeton and Columbia. The explanation, "It will have been noted that 1740 is the date of the creation of the earliest of the many educational trusts the University has taken upon itself," is Professor Cheyney's justification (pp. 47-48) for Penn retroactively changing its founding date, not language used by the Board of Trustees.</ref> The board of trustees voted in response to a three-year campaign by Penn's General Alumni Society to retroactively revise the university's founding date to appear older than Princeton University, which had been chartered in 1746.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/alumpres.html|title=Presidents of Penn Alumni|website=www.archives.upenn.edu|access-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref>

===Early campuses===
The Academy of Philadelphia, a secondary school for boys, began operations in 1751 in an unused church building at 4th and Arch Streets which had sat unfinished and dormant for over a decade. Upon receiving a collegiate charter in 1755, the first classes for the College of Philadelphia were taught in the same building, in many cases to the same boys who had already graduated from The Academy of Philadelphia. In 1801, the University moved to the unused Presidential Mansion at 9th and Market Streets, a building that both George Washington and John Adams had declined to occupy while Philadelphia was the temporary national capital.<ref name="WoodHistory">{{cite book|lccn=07007833|OCLC=760190902|title=[[:s:en:The History of the University of Pennsylvania|The History of the University of Pennsylvania, from Its Origin to the Year 1827]]|publisher= McCarty and Davis|author=Wood, George Bacon|authorlink=George Bacon Wood|year=1834}}</ref> Classes were held in the mansion until 1829, when it was demolished. Architect [[William Strickland (architect)|William Strickland]] designed twin buildings on the same site, College Hall and Medical Hall (both 1829–1830), which formed the core of the Ninth Street Campus until Penn's move to West Philadelphia in the 1870s.

===Evolution from commuter school to research university===
As recently as the 1950s, the University of Pennsylvania was considered a "commuter school".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Huntly|title=Pushing For Performance At Penn After 8 Years, The University's President Earns Credit|url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-02-09/news/26151719_1_penn-campus-penn-board-penn-faculty|accessdate=August 4, 2016|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=September 2, 1989}}</ref> The Pennsylvania Urban Redevelopment Act of 1954 enabled the university to expand and build facilities better suited to a residential university.

Gradually, over the second half of the 20th century, the school raised its profile, became more selective and dramatically increased its endowment. Between 1995 and 2005, the university spent over a billion dollars on campus improvements to attract top students and faculty.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kostelni|first1=Natalie|title=Temple undertaking massive campus projects|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2005/02/14/story3.html|accessdate=August 5, 2016|work=Philadelphia Business Journal|issue=February 10, 2005}}</ref>

===Educational innovations===
[[File:Universityofpennsylvaniacollegehall.jpg|thumb|College Hall and then Logan Hall viewed from Woodland Ave, c. 1892]]
Penn's educational innovations include: the nation's first medical school in 1765; the first university teaching hospital in 1874; the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]], the world's first collegiate business school, in 1881; the first American student union building, [[Houston Hall (University of Pennsylvania)|Houston Hall]], in 1896;<ref>{{cite book|title=Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania|last1=Thomas|first1=George E.|last2=Brownlee|first2=David Bruce|year=2000|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|page=3 |isbn=0-8122-3515-0}}</ref> the country's second school of veterinary medicine; and the home of [[ENIAC]], the world's first electronic, large-scale, general-purpose digital computer in 1946. Penn is also home to the oldest continuously functioning [[psychology]] department in North America and is where the [[American Medical Association]] was founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psych.upenn.edu/|title=Welcome to the Department of Psychology|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=April 29, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/schools/med.html|publisher=University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania|title=History of the School of Medicine|accessdate=April 29, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215193941/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/schools/med.html|archivedate=December 15, 2005|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In 1921, Penn was also the first university to award a PhD to an African-American woman, [[Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander]] (in economics).<ref name=Almanac>{{cite web |url= http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v49/n02/sadie_timeline.html|title=The life and accomplishments of Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander|date=September 3, 2002|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Almanac|accessdate=March 31, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:U Penn Statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of the Reverend George Whitefield at the University of Pennsylvania]]

===Motto===
Penn's motto is based on a line from [[Horace]]'s III.24 (Book 3, Ode 24), ''quid leges sine moribus vanae proficiunt?'' ("of what avail empty laws without [good] morals?"). From 1756 to 1898, the motto read ''Sine Moribus Vanae''. When it was pointed out that the motto could be translated as "Loose women without morals", the university quickly changed the motto to ''literae sine moribus vanae'' ("Letters without morals [are] useless"). In 1932, all elements of the seal were revised. As part of the redesign, it was decided that the new motto "mutilated" Horace, and it was changed to its present wording, ''Leges Sine Moribus Vanae'' ("Laws without morals [are] useless").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Samuel|year=2002|url=http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0102/0102finals.html|title=Whiskey, Loose Women, and Fig Leaves: The University's seal has a curious history|journal=Pennsylvania Gazette|volume=100|issue=3}}</ref>

===Seal===
[[File:1757 UPenn Seal.png|thumb|left|upright=0.7|1757 Seal of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania]]

The official [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania serves as the signature and symbol of authenticity on documents issued by the corporation.<ref name="sealFAQ">{{cite web |url=https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/FAQ.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions: Questions about the University |publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=October 4, 2011}}</ref> A request for one was first recorded in a meeting of the trustees in 1753 during which some of the Trustees "desired to get a Common Seal engraved for the Use of [the] Corporation". However, it was not until a meeting in 1756 that "a public Seal for the College with a proper device and Motto" was requested to be engraved in silver.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coleman|first=William|title=Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Minute Books, volume 1|year=1749–1768|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|location=University of Pennsylvania Archives|pages=36, 68 |url=http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/pages/index.cfm?so_id=11133}}</ref> The most recent design, a modified version of the original seal, was approved in 1932, adopted a year later and is still used for much of the same purposes as the original.<ref name="sealFAQ"/>

The outer ring of the current seal is inscribed with "Universitas Pennsylvaniensis", the Latin name of the University of Pennsylvania. The inside contains seven stacked books on a desk with the titles of subjects of the [[trivium]] and a modified [[quadrivium]], components of a classical education: Theolog[ia], Astronom[ia], Philosoph[ia], Mathemat[ica], Logica, Rhetorica and Grammatica. Between the books and the outer ring is the Latin motto of the University, "Leges Sine Moribus Vanae".<ref name="sealFAQ"/>

==Campus==
[[File:Foliage at Penn 2005 035.jpg|thumb|right|Overlooking Lower Quad from Upper Quad]]
Much of Penn's architecture was designed by the [[Cope & Stewardson]] firm, whose principal architects combined the [[Gothic architecture]] of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge with the local landscape to establish the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Collegiate Gothic]] style. The present core campus covers over {{convert|279|acre|ha}} in a contiguous area of West Philadelphia's University City section, whereas the older heart of the campus comprises the [[University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District]]. All of Penn's schools and most of its research institutes are located on this campus. The surrounding neighborhood includes several restaurants and pubs, a large upscale grocery store and a movie theater on the western edge of campus.

The campus has several notable art installations. The "Covenant", better known to the student body as "The Tampons",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedp.com/blog/under-the-button/2015/01/the-tampons-look-like-tampons-a-public-reminder|title=The Tampons Look Like Tampons: A Public Reminder|website=www.thedp.com|access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> is a large red structure located on Locust Walk between the high rise residences. It was installed in 1975 and is made of rolled sheets of milled steel. A larger-than-life white button, known as "[[The Button (sculpture)|The Button]]", is another popular sculpture. It sits at the south entrance of Van Pelt Library and has button holes large enough to stand in. Penn also has a replica of the "[[Love (sculpture)|Love]]" sculpture, part of a series created by [[Robert Indiana]]. It is a painted aluminum sculpture and was installed in 1998.

The Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage at Penn was designed by BLT Architects and completed in 1995. Module 6 is located at 38th and Walnut and includes spaces for 627 vehicles, {{convert|9000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of storefront retail operations, a 9,500-ton chiller module and corresponding extension of the campus chilled water loop and a 4,000-ton ice storage facility.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage|url=http://www.blta.com/#/3/0/4/7/|publisher=BLT Architects|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, Penn acquired about {{convert|35|acre|ha}} between the campus and the [[Schuylkill River]] (the former site of the [[Philadelphia Civic Center]] and a nearby {{convert|24|acre|ha|adj=on}} site owned by the [[United States Postal Service]]). Dubbed the Postal Lands, the site extends from Market Street on the north to Penn's Bower Field on the south, including the former main regional U.S. Postal Building at 30th and Market Streets, now the regional office for the U.S. [[Internal Revenue Service]]. Over the next decade, the site will become the home to educational, research, [[biomedical engineering|biomedical]], and [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] facilities. The first phase, comprising a park and athletic facilities, opened in the fall of 2011. Penn also plans new connections between the campus and the city, including a pedestrian bridge. In 2010, in its first significant expansion across the [[Schuylkill River]], Penn purchased 23 acres at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Grays Ferry Avenue from [[DuPont]] for storage and office space.

[[File:Upper Quad Gate in the fall.jpg|thumb|left|Upper Quad Gate]]
In September 2011, Penn completed the construction of the $46.5 million {{convert|24|acre|m2|adj=on}} Penn Park, which features passive and active recreation and athletic components framed and subdivided by canopy trees, lawns, and meadows. It is located east of the Highline Green and stretches from Walnut Street to South Streets. The University also owns the {{convert|92|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[Morris Arboretum]] in [[Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia|Chestnut Hill]] in northwestern Philadelphia, the official arboretum of the state of [[Pennsylvania]]. Penn also owns the {{convert|687|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[New Bolton Center]], the research and large-animal health care center of its Veterinary School. Located near [[Kennett Square, Pennsylvania|Kennett Square]], New Bolton Center received nationwide media attention when [[Kentucky Derby]] winner [[Barbaro (horse)|Barbaro]] underwent surgery at its Widener Hospital for injuries suffered while running in the [[Preakness Stakes]].

Penn borders [[Drexel University]] and is near the [[University of the Sciences in Philadelphia]]. The renowned cancer research center [[Wistar Institute]] is also located on campus. In 2014, a new 7-story glass and steel building was completed next to the Institute's historic 117-year-old brick building further expanding collaboration between the university and the Wistar Institute.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Dominique |title=Wistar strategic plan includes new building and research|url=http://thedp.com/index.php/article/2011/09/wistar_strategic_plan_includes_new_building_and_research|accessdate=November 10, 2011|newspaper=The Daily Pennsylvanian|date=September 26, 2011}}</ref>

===Libraries===
[[File:FisherFineArtsLibrary.JPG|thumb|right|[[Fisher Fine Arts Library]], also referred to as the Furness Library or simply the Fine Arts Library]]
Penn's library began in 1750 with a donation of books from cartographer [[Lewis Evans (surveyor)|Lewis Evans]]. Twelve years later, then-provost [[William Smith (Anglican priest)|William Smith]] sailed to England to raise additional funds to increase the collection size. [[Benjamin Franklin]] was one of the Libraries' earliest donors and, as a Trustee, saw to it that funds were allocated for the purchase of texts from London, many of which are still part of the collection, more than 250 years later. It has grown into a system of 15 libraries (13 are on the contiguous campus) with 400 [[full-time equivalent]] (FTE) employees and a total operating budget of more than $48 million. The library system has 6.19 million book and serial volumes as well as 4.23 million [[microform]] items and 1.11 million e-books.<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/> It subscribes to over 68,000 print serials and e-journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://datafarm.library.upenn.edu/|title=Penn Library Data Farm|accessdate=December 24, 2009}}</ref>

Penn's Libraries, with associated school or subject area: Annenberg (School of Communications), located in the Annenberg School; Biddle (Law), located in the Law School; Biomedical, located adjacent to the Robert Wood Johnson Pavilion of the Medical School; Chemistry, located in the 1973 Wing of the Chemistry Building; Dental Medicine; Engineering, located on the second floor of the Towne Building in the Engineering School; Fine Arts, located within the [[Fisher Fine Arts Library]], designed by [[Frank Furness]]; Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, located on Walnut Street at Washington Square; Lea Library, located within the Van Pelt Library; Lippincott (Wharton School), located on the second floor of the Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center; Math/Physics/Astronomy, located on the third floor of David Rittenhouse Laboratory; Museum (Archaeology); Rare Books and Manuscripts; [[Van Pelt Library|Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center]] (Humanities and Social Sciences) – location of [[Weigle Information Commons]]; Veterinary Medicine, located in Penn Campus and New Bolton Center; and High Density Storage.

The Penn Libraries are strong in Area Studies,<ref>{{cite web|title=Area Studies Collections @ Penn|url=http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/all.html}}</ref> with bibliographers for Africa, East Asia, Judaica, Latin America, Middle East, Russia and Slavic and [[South Asia Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries|South Asia]]. As a result, the Penn Libraries have extensive collections in several hundred languages.

===The University Museum===
[[File:University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.JPG|left|thumb|University Museum and Warden Garden]]
{{Main|University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology}}
Since the University museum was founded in 1887, it has taken part in 400 research projects worldwide.<ref name="About UPM">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.penn.museum/about-us.html|work=Penn Museum|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|accessdate=August 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521153922/http://penn.museum/about-us.html|archivedate=May 21, 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The museum's first project was an excavation of [[Nippur]], a location in current day Iraq.<ref name="Penn museum research">{{cite web|title=Research at the Penn Museum|url=http://www.penn.museum/research.html|work=Penn Museum|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Antrhopology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811205610/http://penn.museum/research.html|archivedate=August 11, 2011|accessdate=August 20, 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The museum has three gallery floors with artifacts from [[Egypt]], the Middle East, [[Mesoamerica]], Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa and indigenous artifacts of the Americas.<ref name="About UPM"/> Its most famous object is the goat rearing into the branches of a rosette-leafed plant, from the [[Ur III|royal tombs of Ur]]. The Museum's excavations and collections foster a strong research base for graduate students in the [[Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World]]. Features of the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] building include a [[rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] and gardens that include Egyptian [[papyrus]]. The [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia|Institute of Contemporary Art]], which is based on Penn's campus, showcases various art exhibitions throughout the year.

===Residences===
{{Main|University of Pennsylvania College Houses}}
Every College House at the University of Pennsylvania has at least four members of faculty in the roles of House Dean, Faculty Master and College House Fellows.<ref name="College House PDF">{{cite web|title=College Houses at Penn|url=http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/collegehouses_11-12.pdf|work=College Houses and Academic Services|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|format=PDF|accessdate=August 19, 2011|archivedate=October 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001225828/http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/collegehouses_11-12.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Within the College Houses, Penn has nearly 40 themed residential programs for students with shared interests such as world cinema or science and technology. Many of the nearby homes and apartments in the area surrounding the campus are often rented by undergraduate students moving off campus after their first year, as well as by graduate and professional students.

The College Houses include W.E.B. Du Bois, Fisher Hassenfeld, Gregory, Harnwell, Harrison, Hill, Kings Court English, New College House, Riepe, Rodin, Stouffer and Ware.<ref>{{cite web|title=College Houses & Academic Services: University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/index.asp|website=Collegehouses.upenn.edu|accessdate=July 23, 2013|archivedate=August 12, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812121818/http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/index.asp|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Fisher Hassenfeld, Ware and Riepe together make up one building called "The Quad".

===Campus police===
The University of Pennsylvania Police Department (UPPD) is the largest private police department in Pennsylvania, with 117 members. All officers are sworn municipal police officers and retain general law enforcement authority while on the campus.<ref name="PPD">{{cite web|title=Penn Police Department|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|url=https://www.publicsafety.upenn.edu/about/uppd/|accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

==Academics==
{{Graduate schools of the University of Pennsylvania}}

The [[University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences|College of Arts and Sciences]] is the undergraduate division of the School of Arts and Sciences. The School of Arts and Sciences also contains the Graduate Division and the College of Liberal and Professional Studies, which is home to the [[Fels Institute of Government]], the master's programs in Organizational Dynamics, and the Environmental Studies (MES) program. [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton]] is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania. Other schools with undergraduate programs include the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing|School of Nursing]] and the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science|School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS)]].

Penn has a strong focus on interdisciplinary learning and research. It offers double degree programs, unique majors, and academic flexibility. Penn's "One University" policy allows undergraduates access to courses at all of Penn's undergraduate and graduate schools except the medical, veterinary and dental schools. Undergraduates at Penn may also take courses at [[Bryn Mawr College|Bryn Mawr]], [[Haverford College|Haverford]], and [[Swarthmore College|Swarthmore]] under a reciprocal agreement known as the [[Quaker Consortium]].

===Coordinated dual-degree and interdisciplinary programs===
Penn offers specialized [[double degree|coordinated dual-degree]] (CDD) programs, which award candidates degrees from multiple schools at the university upon completion of graduation criteria of both schools. Undergraduate programs include:
*[[The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology]]
*Artificial Intelligence: Computer and Cognitive Science
*[[The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business]]
*Nursing and Health Care Management
*[[Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management|The Roy and Diana Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management]]
*[[Vagelos Scholars Program in Molecular Life Sciences]]
*Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER)
*Accelerated 7 year Bio-Dental Program
*[[Singh Program in Networked & Social Systems Engineering (NETS)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NETS Homepage|url=http://www.nets.upenn.edu/|publisher=Penn Engineering|accessdate=November 16, 2014}}</ref>
*Accelerated 6-year Law and Medicine Program<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20160623_Penn_to_launch_joint_degree_program_in_law_and_medicine.html|title=Penn to launch joint degree program in law and medicine|website=Philly.com|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>
*Digital Media Design (DMD)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cg.cis.upenn.edu/dmd_program.html|title=CG@Penn {{!}} DMD Program|last=Mally|first=Adam|website=cg.cis.upenn.edu|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

Dual-degree programs which lead to the same multiple degrees without participation in the specific above programs are also available. Unlike CDD programs, "dual degree" students fulfill requirements of both programs independently without involvement of another program. Specialized dual-degree programs include Liberal Studies and Technology as well as an Artificial Intelligence: Computer and Cognitive Science Program. Both programs award a degree from the College of Arts and Sciences and a degree from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In addition, the [[Vagelos Scholars Program in Molecular Life Sciences]] allows its students to either double major in the sciences or submatriculate and earn both a B.A. and a M.S. in four years. The most recent Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER) will be first offered for the class of 2016. A joint program of Penn's School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Science, VIPER leads to dual Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in Engineering degrees by combining majors from each school.

For graduate programs, Penn offers many formalized [[double degree]] graduate degrees such as a joint J.D./MBA, and maintains a list of interdisciplinary institutions, such as the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, the Joseph H. Lauder Institute for Management and International Studies, and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science.

===Academic medical center and biomedical research complex===
{{multiple image
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|image1=Hamilton Walk at the Perelman School of Medicine.jpg
|width1={{#expr: (150 * 1331/881) round 0}}
|alt1=Hamilton Walk and the John Morgan Building at the Perelman School of Medicine
|caption1=[[Perelman School of Medicine]]
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|alt2=University of Pennsylvania Dental School
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Penn's health-related programs—including the Schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, Nursing, and Veterinary Medicine, and programs in bioengineering (School of Engineering), biology (School of Arts and Sciences), and health management (the Wharton School)—are among the university's strongest academic components.

However, the size of Penn's biomedical research organization adds a very capital intensive component to the university's operations and introduces revenue instability due to changing government regulations, reduced federal funding for research and [[Medicaid]]/[[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] program changes. This is a primary reason highlighted in bond rating agencies' views on Penn's overall financial rating, which ranks one notch below its academic peers. Penn has worked to address these issues by pooling its schools (as well as several hospitals and clinical practices) into the [[University of Pennsylvania Health System]], thereby pooling resources for greater efficiencies and research impact.

===Admissions selectivity===
The ''[[Princeton Review]]'' ranks Penn as the 6th most selective school in the United States.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.mycollegeplanning.com/images/pdfs/The%20Ten%20Toughest%20Schools%20to%20Get%20Into%5B1%5D.pdf|title=The Ten Toughest Schools to Get Into|publisher=My College Planning LLC|format=PDF|accessdate=July 31, 2011|archivedate=April 26, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041205/http://www.mycollegeplanning.com/images/pdfs/The%20Ten%20Toughest%20Schools%20to%20Get%20Into%5B1%5D.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> For the Class of 2022, entering in the fall of 2018, the University received a record-high 44,482 applications and admitted 8.39 percent of the applicants (6.46% in the regular decision cycle), marking Penn's most selective admissions cycle in the history of the University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2018/03/class-of-2022-admissions-regular-decisions-university-of-pennsylvania-upenn-penn-philadelphia-acceptance-rate|title=Penn admits a record-low 8.39 percent of applicants to the Class of 2022|work=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|author= Yoni Gutenmacher |date=March 28, 2018|accessdate=March 29, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Atlantic]]'' also ranked Penn among the 10 most selective schools in the country. At the graduate level, based on admission statistics from ''U.S. News & World Report'', Penn's most selective programs include its law school, the health care schools (medicine, dental medicine, nursing, Social Work and veterinary) and its business school.

==Research, innovations and discoveries==
[[File:Entrance to Logan Hall.jpg|thumb|Claudia Cohen Hall, formerly Logan Hall, home of the College of Arts and Sciences and former home of the Wharton School and originally, the medical school]]
Penn is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] as an "R1" doctoral university: "Highest research activity."<ref name="RU/VH">{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=215062 |publisher=[[Center for Postsecondary Research]] |date=2018 |accessdate=August 5, 2018}}</ref> Its economic impact on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for 2015 amounted to $14.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.philly.com/business/?wss=/philly/business&id=369185191&betaPreview=redesign|title=Study: Penn has $14.3B economic impact|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref> In fiscal year 2015, Penn's research budget was $851 million. In line with its well-known interdisciplinary tradition, Penn's research centers often span two or more disciplines. In the 2010–2011 academic year alone, five interdisciplinary research centers were created or substantially expanded; these include the Center for Health-care Financing,<ref>{{cite news|title=New Penn Medicine/Wharton Center to Study Health-care Financing|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/new-center-study-health-care-financing}}</ref> the Center for Global Women's Health at the Nursing School,<ref name="Nursing Goes Global">{{cite news|title=Nursing Goes Global|url=https://penncurrent.upenn.edu/2011-06-09/news-brief/nursing-goes-global/|publisher=Penn Current|date=June 9, 2011|accessdate=May 8, 2016}}</ref> the $13 million Morris Arboretum's Horticulture Center,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/spotlights/morris-arboretum-sustainability|title=Morris Arboretum's Horticulture Center is a Model of Workaday Sustainability|access-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605024346/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/spotlights/morris-arboretum-sustainability|archive-date=June 5, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the $15 million Jay H. Baker Retailing Center at Wharton<ref name=bakercenter>{{cite web|title=Wharton School Announces $15 Million Gift from Patty and Jay H. Baker to Establish the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center|url=http://news.wharton.upenn.edu/press-releases/2010/10/wharton-school-announces-15-million-gift-from-patty-and-jay-h-baker-to-establish-the-jay-h-baker-retailing-center/|publisher=The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=October 6, 2014}}</ref> and the $13 million Translational Research Center at Penn Medicine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Penn Med receives $13 million for new research center|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/penn-med-receives-13-million-new-research-center|author=Nadine Zylberberg|date=September 17, 2010|newspaper=The Daily Pennsylvanian|accessdate=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829004648/http://thedp.com/article/penn-med-receives-13-million-new-research-center|archive-date=August 29, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> With these additions, Penn now counts 165 research centers hosting a research community of over 4,300 faculty and over 1,100 postdoctoral fellows, 5,500 academic support staff and graduate student trainees.<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/> To further assist the advancement of interdisciplinary research President [[Amy Gutmann]] established the "Penn Integrates Knowledge" title awarded to selected Penn professors "whose research and teaching exemplify the integration of knowledge".<ref name="PIK Professors">{{cite web|url=https://pikprofessors.upenn.edu|title=Penn's PIK Professors|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> These professors hold endowed professorships and joint appointments between Penn's schools. The most recent of the 22 PIK professors is [https://news.upenn.edu/news/george-demiris-appointed-penn-integrates-knowledge-university-professor George Demiris], who started at Penn in January 2018 with a joint appointment at the School of Nursing and the Perelman School of Medicine.<ref name="PIK Professors"/>

Penn is also among the most prolific producers of doctoral students. With 487 PhDs awarded in 2009, Penn ranks third in the Ivy League, only behind [[Columbia University|Columbia]] and [[Cornell]] (Harvard did not report data).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/09tables.xls|title=Association of Research Libraries Annual Tables}}</ref> It also has one of the highest numbers of post-doctoral appointees (933 in number for 2004–2007), ranking third in the Ivy League (behind Harvard and Yale) and tenth nationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/AnyFed2002-2007/Postdoc_App_2001-2007.xls|title=MUP Post Doctoral Appointees Table|access-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822182913/http://mup.asu.edu/AnyFed2002-2007/Postdoc_App_2001-2007.xls|archive-date=August 22, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In most disciplines Penn professors' productivity is among the highest in the nation and first in the fields of Epidemiology, Business, Communication Studies, Comparative Literature, Languages, Information Science, Criminal Justice and Criminology, Social Sciences and Sociology.<ref name="chronicle.com">{{cite web|url=http://chronicle.com/stats/productivity/page.php?year=2007&institution=3257&byinst=Go|title=The Chronicle of Higher Education Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index}}</ref> According to the [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council]] nearly three-quarters of Penn's 41 assessed programs were placed in ranges including the top 10 rankings in their fields, with more than half of these in ranges including the top 5 rankings in these fields.<ref>{{cite web|last=Holtzman|first=Phyllis|title=National Research Council Ranks Penn's Graduate Programs Among Nation's Best|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/national-research-council-ranks-penn-s-graduate-programs-among-nations-best|work=Penn News|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=November 10, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Eniac.jpg|left|thumb|[[ENIAC]], the first general-purpose electronic computer, was born at Penn in 1946]]
Penn's research tradition has historically been complemented by innovations that shaped higher education. In addition to establishing the first medical school, the first university teaching hospital, the first business school and the first student union, Penn was also the cradle of other significant developments. In 1852, Penn Law was the first law school in the nation to publish a law journal still in existence (then called ''The American Law Register,'' now the ''[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review|Penn Law Review]]'', one of the most cited law journals in the world).<ref>{{cite web|title=Law Journals: Submissions and Ranking|url=http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/index.aspx|publisher=Washington and Lee University School of Law|accessdate=November 10, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121012415/http://lawlib.wlu.edu/lj/index.aspx|archivedate=November 21, 2011}}</ref> Under the deanship of [[William Draper Lewis]], the law school was also one of the first schools to emphasize legal teaching by full-time professors instead of practitioners, a system that is still followed today.<ref>Owen Roberts, William Draper Lewis, 89 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1 (1949)</ref> The Wharton School was home to several pioneering developments in business education. It established the first research center in a business school in 1921 and the first center for entrepreneurship center in 1973<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/wharton-history.cfm|title=Wharton History}}</ref> and it regularly introduced novel curricula for which ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' wrote, "Wharton is on the crest of a wave of reinvention and change in management education".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/innovationHistory/leaders.html|title=Wharton: A Century of Innovation|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181606/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/innovationHistory/leaders.html|archivedate=January 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Best B Schools Move over, Northwestern—this time, Wharton is No. 1|url=http://www.businessweek.com/1989-94/pre94/b339564.htm|accessdate=November 10, 2011|newspaper=Businessweek|date=October 24, 1994|author=John Byrne|author2=Lori Bongiorno}}</ref>

Several major scientific discoveries have also taken place at Penn. The university is probably best known as the place where the first general-purpose electronic computer ([[ENIAC]]) was born in 1946 at the [[Moore School of Electrical Engineering]].<ref name="Moore Engineering">{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/computers/intro.html|title=Important Milestones and Fascinating Innovations During the Last Fifty Years of Computing Research at the University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> It was here also where the world's first spelling and grammar checkers were created, as well as the popular [[COBOL]] programming language.<ref name="Moore Engineering"/> Penn can also boast some of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine. The [[dialysis]] machine used as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function was conceived and devised out of a pressure cooker by William Inouye while he was still a student at Penn Med;<ref name="Medical Innovations">{{cite web|url=http://www.med.upenn.edu/research/visitors/highlights.shtml|title=Some Research Highlights at PENN Medicine|access-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620150709/http://www.med.upenn.edu/research/visitors/highlights.shtml|archive-date=June 20, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the [[Rubella]] and [[Hepatitis B]] vaccines were developed at Penn;<ref name="Medical Innovations"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/390/000130997/|title=Baruch S. Blumberg|publisher=Nndb.com|accessdate=March 18, 2012}}</ref> the discovery of cancer's link with genes, [[cognitive therapy]], [[Retin-A]] (the cream used to treat acne), [[Resistin]], the [[Philadelphia gene]] (linked to [[chronic myelogenous leukemia]]) and the technology behind [[Positron Emission Tomography|PET Scans]] were all discovered by Penn Med researchers.<ref name="Medical Innovations"/> More recent gene research has led to the discovery of the genes for [[fragile X syndrome]], the most common form of inherited mental retardation; [[spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy]], a disorder marked by progressive muscle wasting; and [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease]], a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the hands, feet and limbs.<ref name="Medical Innovations"/> [[Conductive polymer]] was also developed at Penn by [[Alan J. Heeger]], [[Alan MacDiarmid]] and [[Hideki Shirakawa]], an invention that earned them the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]. On faculty since 1965, [[Ralph L. Brinster]] developed the scientific basis for [[in vitro fertilization]] and the transgenic mouse at Penn. The theory of [[BCS theory|superconductivity]] was also partly developed at Penn, by then faculty member [[John Robert Schrieffer]] (along with [[John Bardeen]] and [[Leon Cooper]]). The university has also contributed major advancements in the fields of economics and management. Among the many discoveries are [[conjoint analysis]], widely used as a predictive tool especially in market research, [[Simon Kuznets]]'s method of measuring [[Gross National Product]],<ref name="125 Influential People and Ideas">{{cite web|url=http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/infodocs/alum_mag/am07anniv.pdf|title=125 Influential People and Ideas|access-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064028/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/infodocs/alum_mag/am07anniv.pdf|archive-date=June 10, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the [[Penn effect]] (the observation that consumer price levels in richer countries are systematically higher than in poorer ones) and the "Wharton Model"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/727461/Wharton-Model|title=Wharton Model (economics) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica.com|accessdate=March 18, 2012}}</ref> developed by Nobel-laureate [[Lawrence Klein]] to measure and forecast economic activity. The idea behind [[Health Maintenance Organization]]s also belonged to Penn professor Robert Eilers, who put it into practice during then President Nixon's health reform in the 1970s.<ref name="125 Influential People and Ideas"/>

==Rankings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Infobox US university ranking
|ARWU_W=18
|ARWU_N=15
|Forbes=7
|QS_W=19
|THES_W=10
|USNWR_NU=8
|USNWR_W=14
|Wamo_NU=5
|USNWR_REG=
}}
{{col-break}}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Penn Quakers|color=white}}"|National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=June 2, 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-pennsylvania-215062/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
!Program
!Ranking
|-
|Biological Sciences || 19
|-
|Business || 1
|-
|Chemistry || 19
|-
|Clinical Psychology || 11
|-
|Computer Science || 19
|-
|Earth Sciences || 77
|-
|Economics || 10
|-
|Education || 3
|-
|Engineering || 19
|-
|English || 3
|-
|Fine Arts || 33
|-
|History || 11
|-
|Law || 7
|-
|Mathematics || 17
|-
|Medicine: Primary Care || 8
|-
|Medicine: Research || 5
|-
|Nursing: Master's || 3
|-
|Nursing–Anesthesia || 29
|-
|Nursing–Midwifery || 7
|-
|Physics || 16
|-
|Political Science || 19
|-
|Psychology || 8
|-
|Public Affairs || 45
|-
|Social Work || 12
|-
|Sociology || 11
|-
|{{tooltip|Statistics|Biostatistics programs are not considered in the No. 8 ranking. UPenn is No. 10 when Biostatistics programs are considered.}} || 8
|-
|Veterinary Science || 7
|}
{{col-break}}
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Penn Quakers|color=white}}"|Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=July 14, 2017|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-pennsylvania-215062/overall-rankings}}</ref>
|-
!Program
!Ranking
|-
|Arts and Humanities || 13
|-
|Biology and Biochemistry || 17
|-
|Chemistry || 43
|-
|Clinical Medicine || 8
|-
|Computer Science || 89
|-
|Economics and Business || 3
|-
|Engineering || 146
|-
|Immunology || 10
|-
|Materials Science || 41
|-
|Mathematics || 65
|-
|Microbiology || 10
|-
|Molecular Biology and Genetics || 12
|-
|Neuroscience and Behavior || 10
|-
|Pharmacology and Toxicology || 43
|-
|Physics || 42
|-
|Plant and Animal Science || 105
|-
|Psychiatry/Psychology || 9
|-
|Social Sciences and Public Health || 19
|-
|Space Science || 90
|}
{{col-end}}
;General rankings
According to ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' 's 2018 rankings, Penn is ranked 8th among national universities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities|title=National University Rankings|publisher=''U.S. News & World Report''|accessdate=March 29, 2018}}</ref> ''U.S. News'' also includes Penn in its Most Popular National Universities list<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. News Staff|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2012/01/24/the-most-popular-national-universities|title=The Most Popular National Universities|publisher=Usnews.com|date=January 24, 2012|accessdate=March 18, 2012}}</ref> and so does ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' in its Dream Colleges list.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-hopes-worries|title=2015 College Hopes & Worries Survey Report|publisher=[[The Princeton Review]]|accessdate=March 21, 2016}}</ref> As reported by ''[[USA Today]]'', Penn was ranked 1st in the United States by College Factual for 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://college.usatoday.com/2014/09/08/upenn-named-best-college-nationwide-for-2015/|title=UPenn named best college nationwide for 2015|work=USA TODAY College}}</ref>

In their 2016/2017 editions, Penn was ranked 18th in the world by the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', 18th by the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' (ARWU) and 13th by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]''. According to the 2015 ARWU ranking, Penn is also the 8th and 9th best university in the world for economics/business and social sciences studies, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2015|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Pennsylvania.html|publisher=ShanghaiRanking Consultancy.|accessdate=October 24, 2015}}</ref> University of Pennsylvania ranked 12th among 300 Best World Universities in 2012 compiled by [[Human Resources & Labor Review]] (HRLR) on Measurements of World's Top 300 Universities Graduates' Performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61 |title=World Top 300 Universities Alumni Ranking |publisher=Chasecareer.net |accessdate=June 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100108/http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61 |archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref>

;Research rankings
The Center for Measuring University Performance places Penn in the first tier of the United States' top research universities (tied with [[Columbia University|Columbia]], [[MIT]] and [[Stanford]]), based on research expenditures, faculty awards, PhD granted and other academic criteria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mup.asu.edu/research_data.html|title=Research- The Center for Measuring University Performance|publisher=Mup.asu.edu|accessdate=November 2, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031204542/http://mup.asu.edu/research_data.html|archivedate=October 31, 2011}}</ref> Penn was also ranked 18th of all U.S. colleges and universities in terms of R&D expenditures in fiscal year 2013 by the [[National Science Foundation]].<ref name="nsf.gov">{{cite web|url=http://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2013/html/HERD2013_DST_17.html|title=Table 17. Higher education R&D expenditures, ranked by FY 2013 R&D expenditures: FYs 2004–13 |publisher=National Science Foundation|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}</ref> The High Impact Universities research performance index ranks Penn 8th in the world, whereas the 2010 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities (published by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan) ranks Penn 11th in the world for 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2007|title=2007 National Taiwan University Ranking|publisher=NTU Ranking|access-date=February 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131431/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2007|archive-date=February 11, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> 2008 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2008|title=2008 National Taiwan University Ranking|publisher=NTU Ranking|access-date=February 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131335/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2008|archive-date=February 11, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and 2010 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2010|title=2010 National Taiwan University Ranking|publisher=NTU Ranking|access-date=February 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131535/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2010|archive-date=February 11, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and 9th for 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2009|title=2009 National Taiwan University Ranking|publisher=NTU Ranking|access-date=February 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131514/http://nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw/DataPage/University.aspx?query=&university=University%20of%20Pennsylvania&y=2009|archive-date=February 11, 2018|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers measures universities' research productivity, research impact, and research excellence based on the scientific papers published by their academic staff. The [[SCImago Journal Rank|SCImago]] Institutions Rankings World Report 2012, which ranks world universities, national institutions and academies in terms of research output, ranks Penn 7th nationally among U.S. universities (2nd in the Ivy League behind Harvard) and 28th in the world overall (the first being France's [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scimagoir.com/pdf/sir_2012_world_report.pdf|title=SIR World Report 2012 :: Global Ranking|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181127/http://www.scimagoir.com/pdf/sir_2012_world_report.pdf|archivedate=January 16, 2013|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

;Other rankings
The [[Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities|Mines ParisTech International Professional Ranking]], which ranks universities on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies, ranks Penn 11th worldwide and 2nd nationally behind Harvard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/Ranking2011EN-Fortune2010.html|title=International Professional Ranking Of Higher Education Institutions 2011 Survey|publisher=MINES Paris Tech|accessdate=July 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720162348/http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/Ranking2011EN-Fortune2010.html|archive-date=July 20, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to a ''US News'' article in 2010, Penn is tied for second (tied with [[Dartmouth College]] and [[Tufts University]]) for the number of undergraduate alumni who are current Fortune 100 CEOs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burnsed|first=Brian|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-colleges/2010/11/15/where-ceos-at-americas-largest-companies-went-to-college.html|title=Where CEOs at America's Largest Companies Went to College|publisher=Usnews.com|date=November 15, 2010|accessdate=July 1, 2012}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Penn 17th, based on a variety of criteria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/colleges/university-of-pennsylvania/|work=[[Forbes]]|title=University of Pennsylvania Profile|accessdate=March 21, 2016}}</ref>

;Undergraduate programs
Penn's arts and science programs are all well regarded, with many departments ranked among the nation's top 10. At the undergraduate level, [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton]] (Penn's business school) and Penn's nursing school have maintained their No. 1, 2 or 3 rankings since ''U.S. News'' began reviewing such programs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The College of Arts and Sciences' English Department is also consistently ranked in the top five humanities programs in the country, ranking 3rd in the most current ''U.S. News'' report. In the School of Engineering, top departments are [[bioengineering]] (typically ranked in the top 5 by ''U.S. News''), [[mechanical engineering]], [[chemical engineering]] and [[nanotechnology]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} The school is also strong in some areas of computer science and [[artificial intelligence]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}

;Graduate and professional programs
Among its professional schools, the schools of [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|business]], [[Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|communication]], [[University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine|dentistry]], [[Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania|medicine]], [[University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing|nursing]], and veterinary medicine rank in the top 5 nationally (see ''U.S. News'' and National Research Council).{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Penn's [[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Law School]] is ranked 7th, its Design school is 8th, and its [[University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education|School of Education]] and School of Social Policy and Practice are ranked in the top 10 (see ''U.S. News'').{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In the 2010 [[QS Global 200 Business Schools Report]], Penn was ranked 2nd in North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/global-200/2010/region/north-america|title=QS Global 200 Business Schools Report 2010 North America|work=TopMBA|publisher=QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited|accessdate=July 31, 2011}}</ref>

;Executive salary
Amy Gutmann's total compensation in 2016 was $3,333,378, placing her as the second highest paid college president in the Ivy League, behind Columbia University's Lee C. Bollinger.<ref>{{Citation|title=Amy Gutmann's salary dipped 2.7 percent from last year|periodical=[[Daily Pennsylvanian]]|accessdate=Jan 31, 2017|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2016/10/executive-salaries-2016#id=table}}</ref>

==Student life==
{|style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px;" class="wikitable sortable"
!Ethnic enrollment, Fall 2014<ref name=CDS>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/ir/Common%20Data%20Set/UPenn%20Common%20Data%20Set%202014-15.pdf|title=University of Pennsylvania Common Data Set 2014-14, Part B |publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}</ref>
!Under- graduates 
|-
|[[African American]]
|693 (7.1%)
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
|9 (0.1%)
|-
|[[Asian American]] and Pacific Islander
|1,917 (19.7%)
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latino American]]
|1,008 (10.3%)
|-
|[[White American|White]]
|4,355 (44.7%)
|-
|International
|1,103 (11.3%)
|-
|Two or more races
|373 (3.8%)
|-
|Unknown
|288 (3.0%)
|-
|Total
|9,746 (99.9%)
|}
[[File:Library of the Philomathean Society.jpg|thumb|Library of [[the Philomathean Society]]]]
[[File:The Castle.jpg|thumb|Psi Upsilon Fraternity a.k.a. The Castle]]
[[File:PDT and KS.JPG|thumb|[[Phi Delta Theta]] and [[Kappa Sigma]]]]

===Demographics===
Of those accepted for admission to the undergraduate Class of 2018, 52 percent are [[Asian people|Asian]], [[Hispanic]], African-American or [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]].<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/> In addition, 53% of current students are women.<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>

Twelve percent of the undergraduate Class of 2018 were [[international student]]s.<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/> The composition of international students accepted in the Class of 2018 is: 43% from Asia; 15% from Africa and the Middle East; 20% from Europe; 15% from Canada and [[Mexico]]; 5% from the [[Caribbean]], Central America and South America; 3% from Australia and the [[Pacific Islands]].<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts" /> The acceptance rate for international students applying for the class of 2018 was 429 out of 6,428 (6.7%).<ref name="Penn: Penn Facts"/>

Circa 1999 about 28% of the students were Jewish.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pam, Caroline C.|url=http://observer.com/1999/05/enrollment-of-jews-at-princeton-drops-by-40-percent-in-15-years/|title=Enrollment of Jews at Princeton Drops by 40 Percent in 15 Years|publisher=''[[The New York Observer]]''|date=1999-05-31|accessdate=2018-08-31}}</ref>

===Selected student organizations===
The [[Philomathean Society]], founded in 1813, is the United States' oldest continuously existing collegiate literary society and continues to host lectures and intellectual events.<ref name="History of Philomathean society">{{cite book|title=A History of the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania|author=Philomathean Society|authorlink=Philomathean Society|year=1913|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|location=Philadelphia|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paFBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> The [[Mask and Wig|Mask and Wig Club]] is the oldest all-male musical comedy troupe in the country. [[The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club]], founded in 1862, is one of the oldest continually operating collegiate choruses in the United States. [[Bruce Montgomery (entertainer)|Bruce Montgomery]], its best-known and longest-serving director, led the club from 1956 until 2000.<ref name="Montgomery Obituary">{{cite journal|title=Mr. Montgomery, Long-time Glee Club Director and Renaissance Man|journal=University of Pennsylvania Almanac|date=July 15, 2008|volume=55|issue=1|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v55/n01/obit.html|accessdate=August 20, 2011}}</ref> The International Affairs Association (IAA) was founded in 1963 as an organization to promote international affairs and diplomacy at Penn and beyond.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maa|first=Peter|title=Penn IAA – About us|url=http://penniaa.com/aboutus.php|work=Penn IAA|publisher=Penn IAA|accessdate=July 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824071325/http://penniaa.com/aboutus.php|archive-date=August 24, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> With over 400 members, it is the largest student-funded organization on campus. The IAA serves as an umbrella organization for various conferences (UPMUNC, ILMUNC and PIRC), as well as a host of other academic and social activities. The Penn Debate Society (PDS), founded in 1984 as the Penn Parliamentary Debate Society, is Penn's debate team, which competes regularly on the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]] and the international British Parliamentary circuit.<ref name="Penn Debate Society">{{cite web|url=http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/debate/index.html|title=Penn Debate Society|publisher=}}</ref> The PDS has a history of success, consistently fielding debaters ranked in the top 10 nationally and advancing teams to elimination rounds at the [[World University Debating Championships]].

[[The University of Pennsylvania Band]] has been a part of student life since 1897.<ref name="Who are we?!">{{cite web|title=Who are we?!|url=http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/pennband/about.html|work=Penn Band|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Band|accessdate=August 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005010616/http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/pennband/about.html|archive-date=October 5, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The Penn Band performs at football and basketball games as well as university functions (e.g. [[Graduation|commencement]] and [[convocation]]) throughout the year and was the first college band to perform at [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]].<ref name="Who are we?!"/> Membership fluctuates between 80 and 100 students.<ref name="Who are we?!" />

;Performing arts organizations
Penn is home to numerous organizations that promote the arts, from dance to spoken word, jazz to stand-up comedy, theatre, a cappella and more. The Performing Arts Council (PAC) oversees 45 student organizations in these areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/|title=Performing Arts Council at the University of Pennsylvania|publisher=}}</ref> The PAC has four subcommittees: A Cappella Council; Dance Arts Council; Singer, Musicians, and Comedians (SMAC); and Theatre Arts Council (TAC-e).

The Dance Arts Council (DAC) comprises 13 organizations, including the African Rhythms, Pan-Asian Dance Troupe and the West Philly Swingers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/whoisdac.php|title=Performing Arts Council at the University of Pennsylvania|publisher=}}</ref> The Arts House Dance Company is one of the council's most prominent groups. Founded in 1985, the Company is known for its strong technique, innovative student choreography and vivid stage presence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artshousedance.com/#|title=Arts House Dance Company|publisher=}}</ref>

The A Cappella Council (ACK) is composed of 14 a cappella groups. Penn's a cappella groups entertain audiences with repertoires including pop, rock, R&B, jazz, Hindi, and Chinese songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/ack.php|title=Performing Arts Council at the University of Pennsylvania|publisher=}}</ref> ACK is also home to Off The Beat, which has received the most Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards of any collegiate group in the United States and the most features on the Best of College A Cappella albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pennoffthebeat.com|title=Off The Beat|publisher=}}</ref>

;Religious organizations
Dating back to 1857, The Christian Association (a.k.a. The CA) is the oldest religious organization at the University and is composed primarily of students from [[Mainline Protestant]] backgrounds.<ref>Cheyney, Edward Potts. "A History of the University of Pennsylvania, 1740-1940." Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1940): 433-434.</ref> When the University moved to its current campus in the 1880s the CA was based out of Houston Hall. After moving around several times it relocated to its new building at 36th and Locust Streets (now the ARCH Building), which it occupied from 1928 until 2000. During its most active period it ran several foreign missions as well as a camp for socio-economically disadvantaged children in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/ups/ups48_1.html|title=Guide, Christian Association Records, 1857-2000, University of Pennsylvania University Archives|publisher=}}</ref> At present the CA occupies part of the parsonage at Tabernacle United Church of Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upennca.org/|title=The Christian Association at The University of Pennsylvania|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Rohr Jewish Learning Institute]]'s Sinai Scholars Society Academic Symposium is a prestigious event that brings together Jewish college students with noted Jewish academics for a day of in-depth discussion and debate at the university.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Margolin|first1=Dovid|title=Sinai Scholarship: Top Students, Academics Explore Torah's Depths at National Forum|url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2955336/jewish/Sinai-Scholarship-Top-Students-Academics-Explore-Torahs-Depths-at-National-Forum.htm|agency=Chabad.org|date=May 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=CHE|first1=JENNY|title=Floch ’11 presents winning paper|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2011/04/07/floch-11-presents-winning-paper/|agency=The Dartmouth|publisher=Dartmouth College|date=April 7, 2011}}</ref>

The Penn Newman Catholic Center (the 'Newman Center') was founded in 1893 with the mission of supporting students, faculty and staff in their religious endeavors. The organization brings prominent Christian figures to campus, including [[James Martin (priest, born 1960)|James Martin]] in September 2015.<ref name="thedp.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2015/09/penn-students-excited-for-pope-visit|title=Catholic groups expecting record turnout for Pope's visit|publisher=}}</ref> During the 2015 [[World Meetings of Families]], which included a visit from [[Pope Francis]] to Philadelphia, the Newman Center hosted over 900 Penn students and alumni.<ref name="thedp.com"/>

;''The Daily Pennsylvanian''
{{See also|The Daily Pennsylvanian}}
''[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]'' is an independent, student-run newspaper, which has been published daily since it was founded in 1885.<ref name="About The Daily Pennsylvanian">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://thedp.com/about-us|publisher=The Daily Pennsylvanian|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref> The newspaper went unpublished from May 1943 to November 1945 due to [[World War II]].<ref name="About The Daily Pennsylvanian"/> In 1984, the university lost all editorial and financial control of ''The Daily Pennsylvanian'' when the newspaper became its own corporation.<ref name="About The Daily Pennsylvanian" /> In 2007, ''The Daily Pennsylvanian'' won the [[Pacemaker Award]] administered by the [[Associated Collegiate Press]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studentpress.org/acp/winners/npm07.html|work=ACP|publisher=National Scholastic Press Association/Associated Collegiate Press|title=2007 ACP Newspaper Pacemaker Winners|accessdate=August 19, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927161701/http://www.studentpress.org/acp/winners/npm07.html|archivedate=September 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Athletics==
{{Main|Penn Quakers}}
Penn's [[college athletics|sports]] teams are nicknamed the [[Religious Society of Friends|Quakers]], but the teams are often also referred to as [[The Red and the Blue|The Red & Blue]]. The athletes participate in the [[Ivy League]] and [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] (Division I FCS for football) in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]. In recent decades, they often have been [[sports league|league]] champions in football (14 times from 1982 to 2010) and basketball (22 times from 1970 to 2006). The first athletic team at Penn was its [[cricket]] team.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kieran|first=John|title=Sports of the Times|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 8, 1932|page=22}}</ref>
[[File:U. of Pa. varsity, 1915 (LOC).jpg|thumb|right|Varsity rowers approach [[Poughkeepsie Bridge]] on the Hudson River, 1915]]

===Rowing===
[[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] at Penn dates back to at least 1854 with the founding of the [[University Barge Club]]. The university currently hosts both heavyweight and lightweight men's teams and an openweight women's team, all of which compete as part of the [[Eastern Sprints]] League. Penn Rowing has produced a long list of famous coaches and Olympians, including [[Susan Francia]], [[John B. Kelly Jr.]], [[Joe Burk]], Rusty Callow, [[Harry Parker (rower)|Harry Parker]] and [[Ted Nash (rower)|Ted Nash]]. In addition, the 1955 men's heavyweight crew is one of only four American university crews to win the [[Grand Challenge Cup]] at the [[Henley Royal Regatta]]. The teams row out of [[College Boat Club]], No.11 [[Boathouse Row]].

===Rugby===
The Penn Men's [[Rugby football|Rugby]] Football Club is recognized as one of the oldest collegiate rugby teams in America. The earliest documentation of its existence comes from a 1910 issue of the ''Daily Pennsylvanian.'' The team existed on and off during the [[World War]]s.

The current club has its roots in the 1960s and from the influence of star winger Andrew Margolis. The University of Pennsylvania rugby teams play in the [[Ivy Rugby Conference]] and have finished as runners-up in both 15s and 7s.<ref>Rugby Mag, College 7s Looks to CRC, December 12, 2012, http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments-special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181127/http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments-special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html |date=January 16, 2013 }}</ref> {{as of|2011}}, the club now utilize the state-of-the-art facilities at [[Penn Park]]. Quakers Rugby played on national TV at the 2013 [[Collegiate Rugby Championship]], a college rugby tournament played every June at [[PPL Park]] in Philadelphia and broadcast live on NBC. In their inaugural year of participation, the Penn men's rugby team won the Shield Competition, beating local rivals Temple University 17–12 in the final. In doing so, they became the first Philadelphia team to beat a non-Philadelphia team in CRC history, with a 14–12 win over the University of Texas in the Shield semi-final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usasevenscrc.com/fixtures-and-results/|title=Fixtures and Results|work=usasevenscrc.com}}</ref>

===Cricket===
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and in the early twentieth Philadelphia was the center of [[cricket in the United States]]. Cricket had gained in popularity among the upper class from their travels abroad and cricket clubs sprung up all across the Eastern Seaboard (even today Philadelphia still has three cricket clubs—the [[Philadelphia Cricket Club|Philadelphia]], the [[Merion Cricket Club|Merion]] and the [[Germantown Cricket Club|Germantown]]). Many East Coast universities and colleges fielded cricket teams with the University of Pennsylvania and [[Haverford College]] being two of the best in the country. (Cricket was the first organized sport at Pennsylvania.) The Penn Cricket Team frequently toured Canada and the British Isles, and even defeated a combined Oxford-Cambridge team in 1895.<ref name="Penn Cricket">{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/cricket/histy.html | title=Penn Cricket in the 1800s: Penn's first organized sport: Historical overview | publisher=University of Pennsylvania | work=University Archives and Records Center | date=February 2006 | accessdate=July 4, 2018 | author=Seth S. Tannenbaum and Clifton R. Hood}}</ref> Perhaps the University's most famous cricket player was [[George Patterson (cricketer)|George Patterson]] who went on to play for the professional [[Philadelphia Cricket Team]]. Following the First World War, cricket began to experience a serious decline as baseball became the preferred sport of the warmer months, but to this day the University still fields a cricket team.

===Football===
{{Main|Penn Quakers football}}
[[File:FranklinFieldPenn.jpg|thumb|right|[[Franklin Field]], home to football, field hockey, lacrosse and track and field]]
Penn first fielded a [[American football|football]] team against [[Princeton University|Princeton]] at the [[Germantown Cricket Club]] in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876.<ref name="Fight song">[[Rottenberg, Dan]] (1985) "Fight On, Pennsylvania" Trustees of University of Pennsylvania pg. 25, 28, 33, 34.</ref>

Penn football made many contributions to the sport in its early days. During the 1890s, Penn's famed coach and alumnus [[George Washington Woodruff]] introduced the quarterback kick, a forerunner of the [[forward pass]], as well as the [[Placekicker|place-kick]] from scrimmage and the delayed pass. In 1894, 1895, 1897 and 1904, Penn was generally regarded as the national champion of collegiate football.<ref name="Fight song" /> The achievements of two of Penn's outstanding players from that era—[[John Heisman]] and [[John Outland]]—are remembered each year with the presentation of the [[Heisman Trophy]] to the most outstanding college football player of the year, and the [[Outland Trophy]] to the most outstanding college football [[Lineman (gridiron football)|interior lineman]] of the year.

In addition, each year the [[Bednarik Award]] is given to college football's best defensive player. [[Chuck Bednarik]] (Class of 1949) was a three-time [[All-America]]n [[Center (American football)|center]]/[[linebacker]] who starred on the 1947 team and is generally regarded as Penn's all-time finest. In addition to Bednarik, the 1947 squad boasted four-time All-American [[Offensive tackle|tackle]] [[George Savitsky]] and three-time All-American [[Halfback (American football)|halfback]] [[Skip Minisi]]. All three standouts were subsequently elected to the [[College Football Hall of Fame]], as was their coach, [[George Munger (American football)|George Munger]] (a star running back at Penn in the early 1930s). Bednarik went on to play for 12 years with the [[Philadelphia Eagles]], becoming the [[National Football League|NFL's]] last 60-minute man. He was elected to the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] in 1969. During his presidency of the institution from 1948 to 1953, [[Harold Stassen]] attempted to recultivate Penn's heyday of big-time [[college football]], but the effort lacked support and was short-lived.

[[ESPN]]'s ''[[College GameDay (football)|College GameDay]]'' traveled to Penn to highlight the [[Harvard University|Harvard]]-Penn game on November 17, 2002, the first time the popular college football show had visited an Ivy League campus.

===Basketball===
[[File:The Palestra.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Palestra]], "Cathedral of Basketball"]]
{{Main|Penn Quakers men's basketball}}
Penn [[basketball]] is steeped in tradition. Penn made its only (and the Ivy League's second) [[Final Four]] appearance in 1979, where the Quakers lost to [[Magic Johnson]]-led [[Michigan State Spartans|Michigan State]] in Salt Lake City. (Dartmouth twice finished second in the tournament in the 1940s, but that was before the beginning of formal League play.) Penn's team is also a member of the [[Philadelphia Big 5]], along with [[La Salle University|La Salle]], [[Saint Joseph's University|Saint Joseph's]], [[Temple University|Temple]] and [[Villanova University|Villanova]]. In 2007, the men's team won its third consecutive Ivy League title and then lost in the first round of the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Tournament]] to [[Texas A&M Aggies|Texas A&M]].

===Facilities===
[[Franklin Field]] is where the Quakers play football, [[field hockey]], [[lacrosse]], [[sprint football]] and track and field (and formerly soccer). It is the oldest stadium still operating for football games and was the first stadium to sport two tiers. It hosted the first commercially televised football game, was once the home field of the Philadelphia Eagles, and was the site of 18 [[Army–Navy Game|Army–Navy]] games between 1899 and 1935.<ref>Didinger, Ray; Lyons, Robert S. (2005). ''The Eagles Encyclopedia''. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 205. {{ISBN|1-59213-449-1}}. Retrieved 2009-01-08</ref>

Today it is also used by Penn students for recreation such as [[intramural sports|intramural]] and club sports, including [[Touch football (American)|touch football]] and cricket. Franklin Field hosts the annual collegiate track and field event "the [[Penn Relays]]."

Penn's home court, the [[Palestra]], is an arena used for men's and women's basketball teams, volleyball teams, [[wrestling]] team and [[Philadelphia Big 5|Philadelphia Big Five basketball]], as well as high school sporting events. The Palestra has hosted more NCAA Tournament basketball games than any other facility. Penn baseball plays its home games at [[Meiklejohn Stadium]].

The [[1980 Olympic boycott|Olympic Boycott Games]] of 1980 were held at the University of Pennsylvania in response to Moscow's hosting of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] following the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet incursion in Afghanistan]]. Twenty-nine of the boycotting nations participated in the Boycott Games.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of University of Pennsylvania people}}
{{See also|List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania}}


<gallery class="center" classes="center">
File:Francis Hopkinson.jpg|[[Francis Hopkinson]], signed the [[Declaration of Independence]] and designed the first official [[American Flag]]
File:George Clymer.jpg|[[George Clymer]], [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding father]]; early advocate for complete independence from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]
File:JusticeJamesWilson.jpg|[[James Wilson]], [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding father]]; one of the six original justices appointed by [[George Washington]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]
File:Benjamin Rush Painting by Peale.jpg|[[Benjamin Rush]], [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father of the United States]]; [[Surgeon General]] of the [[Continental Army]]
File:William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg|9th President of the United States [[William Henry Harrison]]
File:Doc HollidayatAge20.jpg|[[Doc Holliday]], famed gunslinger, attended the [[Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery]]
File:Martha Hughes Cannon.jpg|[[Martha Hughes Cannon]], first female State Senator elected in the United States
File:WM. Wrigley, Jr. LC-DIG-ggbain-29898.jpg|[[William Wrigley, Jr.]], founder and [[eponym]] of the [[Wrigley Company|Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company]]
File:Ezra Pound 2.jpg|American poet and critic [[Ezra Pound]], a major figure in the early modernist movement, studied at the College<ref>Moody (2007), 14; for Cheltenham Township High School, see McDonald (2005), 91, and Stock (1970), 11.</ref>
File:William Carlos Williams passport photograph 1921.jpg|Physician and poet [[William Carlos Williams]] graduated from Penn's School of Medicine
File:Kwame Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|[[Kwame Nkrumah]], first President of [[Ghana]], and previously first [[Prime Minister of Ghana]]
File:Official Portrait of President Donald Trump (cropped).jpg|45th President of the United States [[Donald Trump]]
File:Warren Buffett KU Visit.jpg|[[Warren Buffett]], considered by some to be one of the most successful investors in the world<ref>{{cite web|title=Ten great investors|url=http://www.incademy.com/courses/ten-great-investors/-warren-buffett/1/1040/10002|website=Incademy Investor Education|publisher=Harriman House Ltd.|accessdate=November 20, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120201106/http://www.incademy.com/courses/ten-great-investors/-warren-buffett/1/1040/10002|archivedate=November 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Farrington|first1=Robert|title=The top 10 investors of all time|url=http://thecollegeinvestor.com/972/the-top-10-investors-of-all-time/|website=The College Investor|publisher=The College Investor, LLC|accessdate=November 20, 2015}}</ref>
File:Arlen Specter, official Senate photo portrait.jpg|[[Arlen Specter]], former U.S. Senator majored in international relations and graduated [[Phi Beta Kappa]] in 1951
File:Noam Chomsky, 2004.jpg|[[Noam Chomsky]] studied philosophy and linguistics at Penn, graduating with a BA in 1949, an MA in 1951 and a PhD in 1955
File:Huntley-Wynn-CROP.jpg|[[Steve Wynn]], known for his involvement in the American luxury [[casino]] and [[hotel industry]]
File:Ed Rendell ID2004 crop.JPG|[[Ed Rendell]], 45th [[List of Governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]]; 96th [[List of mayors of Philadelphia|Mayor of Philadelphia]]
File:Ambassador Jon Huntsman.jpg|[[Jon Huntsman Jr.]], politician, businessman and diplomat
File:Elon Musk 2015.jpg|[[Elon Musk]], co-founder of [[PayPal]],<ref name="He Won’t Back Down: Elon Musk">[http://whartonmagazine.com/issues/fall-2010/he-wont-back-down/ He Won’t Back Down: Elon Musk], ‘‘Wharton School’’, September 1, 2010</ref> and founder and CEO of [[Tesla Motors]]<ref name="knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu">[http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/entrepreneur-elon-musk-why-its-important-to-pinch-pennies-on-the-road-to-riches/ Entrepreneur Elon Musk: Why It's Important to Pinch Pennies on the Road to Riches], ‘‘Knowledge@Wharton’’, Mar 27, 2009</ref> and [[SpaceX]]<ref name="SpaceX Leadership: Elon Musk">[http://www.spacex.com/about/leadership SpaceX Leadership: Elon Musk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516101427/http://www.spacex.com/about/leadership |date=May 16, 2014 }}, ‘‘SpaceX’’, November 21, 2011.</ref>
</gallery>

Penn has produced many alumni that have distinguished themselves in the sciences, academia, politics, the military, arts and media.<ref>{{cite web|author=Online College Tips – Online Colleges|url=http://www.onlinecollege.org/2011/03/14/the-10-most-powerful-alumni-networks/|title=The 10 Most Powerful Alumni Networks | Online College Tips – Online Colleges|publisher=Onlinecollege.org|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=March 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414140119/http://www.onlinecollege.org/2011/03/14/the-10-most-powerful-alumni-networks/|archive-date=April 14, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Fourteen heads of state or government have attended or graduated from Penn, including current president [[Donald J. Trump]], former president [[William Henry Harrison]], who attended the medical school for less than a semester;<ref>[[William Henry Harrison]] studied medicine at Penn from 1790 until his father died in 1791; after his father's death Harrison left the University to join the army.{{cite web|title=William H. Harrison|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=190|work=Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|accessdate=August 19, 2011}}</ref> former Prime Minister of the [[Philippines]] [[Cesar Virata]]; the first president of [[Nigeria]], [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]; the first president of [[Ghana]], [[Kwame Nkrumah]]; and the current president of [[Ivory Coast]], [[Alassane Ouattara]]. Other notable politicians who hold a degree from Penn include India's Minister of State for Finance [[Jayant Sinha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/portfolios-of-the-union-council-of-ministers-2/|title=Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers|author=» Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers|work=pmindia.gov.in}}</ref> current ambassador to Russia, former ambassador to China, former 2012 presidential candidate, and former Utah governor [[Jon Huntsman, Jr.]], Mexico's current minister of finance, [[Ernesto J. Cordero]], former Pennsylvania senator [[Arlen Specter]], and former Pennsylvania governor and DNC Chair [[Ed Rendell]].

The university's presence in the judiciary in and outside of the United States is also notable. It has produced three [[United States Supreme Court]] justices, [[William J. Brennan]], [[Owen J. Roberts]] and [[James Wilson]], Supreme Court justices of foreign states (e.g., [[Ronald Wilson]] of the [[High Court of Australia]] and [[Ayala Procaccia]] of the [[Israel Supreme Court]]), [[European Court of Human Rights]] judge Nona Tsotsoria, Irish [[Court of Appeal (Ireland)|Court of Appeal]] justice [[Gerard Hogan]] and founders of international law firms, e.g. [[James Harry Covington]] (co-founder of [[Covington & Burling]]), [[Martin Lipton]] (co-founder of [[Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen, & Katz]]) and [[George Wharton Pepper]] (U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and founder of [[Pepper Hamilton]]).

Penn alumni also have a strong presence in financial and economic life. Penn has educated several governors of central banks including [[Yasin Anwar]] (State Bank of Pakistan), [[Ignazio Visco]] (Bank of Italy), [[Kim Choongsoo]] (Bank of Korea), [[Zeti Akhtar Aziz]] (Central Bank of Malaysia), [[Pridiyathorn Devakula]] (Governor, Bank of Thailand, and former Minister of Finance), [[Farouk El Okdah]] (Central Bank of Egypt) and [[Alfonso Prat Gay]] (Central Bank of Argentina), as well as the director of the [[United States National Economic Council]], [[Gene Sperling]]. Founders of technology companies include [[Ralph J. Roberts]] (co-founder of [[Comcast]]), [[Elon Musk]] (co-founder of [[PayPal]], founder and CEO of [[Tesla Motors]] and [[SpaceX]]), [[Leonard Bosack]] (co-founder of [[Cisco]]), [[David J. Brown|David Brown]] (co-founder of [[Silicon Graphics]]) and [[Mark Pincus]] (founder of [[Zynga]], the company behind [[Farmville]]). Other notable businessmen and entrepreneurs who attended or graduated from the University of Pennsylvania include [[William S. Paley]] (former president of [[CBS]]), [[Warren Buffett]]<ref group="note">Buffett studied at Penn for two years before he transferred to the [[University of Nebraska]].</ref> (CEO of [[Berkshire Hathaway]]), [[Donald Trump, Jr.]], and [[Ivanka Trump]], [[Safra Catz]] (president and CFO of [[Oracle Corporation]]), [[Leonard Lauder]] (chairman emeritus of [[Estée Lauder Companies]] and son of founder [[Estée Lauder (person)|Estée Lauder]]), [[Steven A. Cohen]] (founder of [[SAC Capital Advisors]]), [[Robert Kapito]] (president of [[BlackRock]], the world's largest asset manager) and [[P. Roy Vagelos]] (former president and CEO of multinational pharmaceutical company [[Merck & Co.]]).

Among other distinguished alumni are the current or past presidents of [[Harvard University]], [[Drew Gilpin Faust]]; the [[University of California]], [[Mark Yudof]]; and [[Northwestern University]], [[Morton O. Schapiro]]; poets [[William Augustus Muhlenberg]], [[Ezra Pound]] and [[William Carlos Williams]], linguist and political theorist [[Noam Chomsky]], [[architect]] [[Louis Kahn]], cartoonist [[Charles Addams]], actress [[Candice Bergen]], theatrical producer [[Harold Prince]], counter-terrorism expert and author [[Richard A. Clarke]], pollster and strategist [[Frank Luntz]], attorney [[Gloria Allred]], journalist [[Joe Klein]], fashion designer [[Tory Burch]], recording artist [[John Legend]], football athlete and coach [[John Heisman]], current U.S. Deputy Attorney General [[Rod Rosenstein]], and SEC Chairman [[Jay Clayton (attorney)|Jay Clayton]].

Within the ranks of Penn's most historic graduates are also eight signers of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] and nine signers of the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. These include [[George Clymer]], [[Francis Hopkinson]], [[Thomas McKean]], [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]], [[William Paca]], [[George Ross (delegate)|George Ross]], [[Benjamin Rush]], [[James Wilson]], [[Thomas Fitzsimons]], [[Jared Ingersoll]], [[Rufus King]], [[Thomas Mifflin]], [[Gouverneur Morris]] and [[Hugh Williamson]].

In total, 30 Penn affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of whom four are current faculty members and nine are alumni.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Penn also counts 115 members of the [[United States National Academies]], 79 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Academy of Arts and Sciences]], eight [[National Medal of Science]] laureates, 108 [[Sloan Fellowship|Sloan Fellows]], 30 members of the [[American Philosophical Society]] and 170 [[Guggenheim Fellowship]]s.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Controversies==
From 1930 to 1966, there were 54 documented [[Rowbottom (riot)|Rowbottom riots]], a student tradition of rioting which included everything from car smashing to panty raids.<ref name=Rowbottom>{{cite web|last=McConaghy|first=Mary D.|title=Student Traditions Rowbottom: Documented Rowbottoms, 1910–1970|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/traditions/rowbottom/list.html|work=University Archives and Records Center|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=August 25, 2011|author2=Ashish Shrestha }}</ref> After 1966, there were five more instances of "Rowbottoms", the latest occurring in 1980.<ref name=Rowbottom />

In 1965, Penn students learned that the university was sponsoring research projects for the United States' [[United States biological weapons program|chemical and biological weapons program]].<ref name="CB Controversy">{{cite journal|last=Herman|first=Edward S.|author2=Robert J. Rutman |author3=University of Pennsylvania |title=University of Pennsylvania's CB Warfare Controversy|journal=BioScience|date=August 1967|volume=17|issue=8|pages=526–529|jstor=1294007|doi=10.2307/1294007}}</ref> According to [[Edward S. Herman|Herman]] and Rutman, the revelation that "CB Projects Spicerack and Summit were directly connected with U.S. military activities in Southeast Asia", caused students to petition Penn president [[Gaylord Harnwell]] to halt the program, citing the project as being "immoral, inhuman, illegal, and unbefitting of an academic institution".<ref name="CB Controversy" /> Members of the faculty believed that an academic university should not be performing classified research and voted to re-examine the University agency which was responsible for the project on November 4, 1965.<ref name="CB Controversy"/>

In 1984, the Head Lab at the University of Pennsylvania was raided by members of the [[Animal Liberation Front]].<ref name="Eco-Violence report">{{cite journal|title=Eco-Violence: The Record|journal=Intelligence Report|date=Fall 2002|issue=107|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2002/fall/from-push-to-shove/eco-violence-the-rec|accessdate=August 23, 2011}}</ref> Sixty hours' worth of video footage was stolen from the lab.<ref name="Ethics Report">{{cite web|last=McCarthy|first=Charles R.|title=Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants|url=http://onlineethics.org/reseth/nbac/hmccarthy.html|work=Onlineethics.org|publisher=Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science|accessdate=August 23, 2011|archivedate=April 23, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423073833/http://onlineethics.org/reseth/nbac/hmccarthy.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The video footage was released to [[PETA]] who edited the tapes and created the documentary ''[[Unnecessary Fuss]]''.<ref name="Ethics Report"/> As a result of an investigation called by the Office for Protection from Research Risks, the chief veterinarian was fired and the Head Lab was closed.<ref name="Ethics Report"/>

The school gained notoriety in 1993 for the [[water buffalo incident]] in which a student who told a group of black students to "shut up, you water buffalo" was charged with violating the university's racial harassment policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kors-university.html|author1=Alan Charles Kors|author2=Harvey A. Silverglate|title=The Shadow University|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 17, 2013}}</ref>

In recent years, mental health has become an issue on campus with ten student suicides between the years of 2013 to 2016.<ref name="lala">{{cite news|last1=Lala|first1=Elisa|title=Penn student's death ruled suicide; 10th in three years at university|url=http://www.phillyvoice.com/tenth-student-suicide-3-years-penn/|accessdate=August 4, 2016|work=PhillyVoice|publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC.|date=January 12, 2016|ref=lala}}</ref> The school responded by launching a task force.<ref name="ozio">{{cite news|last1=Ozio|first1=Ron|title=Penn Forms New Task Force on Student Psychological Health and Welfare|url=https://news.upenn.edu/news/penn-forms-new-task-force-student-psychological-health-and-welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2016|work=Penn News|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|date=February 19, 2014|ref=ozio}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Philadelphia|Pennsylvania|University}}
*[[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni]]
*[[Education in Philadelphia]]
*[[Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP)]]
*[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|University of Pennsylvania}}
{{Wikisource portal|University of Pennsylvania}}
*{{Official website}}
*[http://www.pennathletics.com/ University of Pennsylvania athletics website]

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